Cyber governance

Use at the new internet communication technologies to

❖ Govern
❖ Regulate
❖ Protect
❖ represent

Battersby, P. (2014). Part 1: The Globalization of Governance. In M. Steger (Author), The SAGE
Handbook of Globalization (p. 486). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
 - used by international institutions in the global level to
communicate decisions, justifications, and outcomes
but not to facilitate deliberative or participatory decision
making.
Battersby, P. (2014). Part 1: The Globalization of Governance. In M. Steger (Author), The SAGE Handbook
of Globalization (p. 486). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
 CultureCULTURAL
Imperialism
• An aspect of IMPERIALISM • One community
human life that
CULTURAL
• Imposing to other communities the
shape and defines
shows superiority
by destroying the
IMPERIALISM
culture of a dominant community
us. way of life of the
• Engages our • This may lead to the eradication of other communities.
language, socialthe diversified culture of the entire

practices, values,
world.
and ideas
 Local
Communications
media could distort communities
Late 1960s Cultural were unable to
In Latin and
and remake the
resist the spread
South Hegemony
person’s culture and
America values in ways that of global
empowered the capitalism
elites
Self-justifying
Systematic and Process by which a
fundamental replacing
act of cultural
society is brought into
of one’s way of life erasure the modern world
with another, whether system and forced to
through soft appeal or their social institution
hard power to correspond to the
Violent structure of the
culture clash is dominating system
inevitable
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION
- developed sporadically, erratically, in fits and starts
- driven by human needs, desires, and actions resulting
in great benefits and sometimes greater harm.
EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION

2. Script

The five time periods of

media in globalization:
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION

1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
- Most overlooked medium
- Oldest yet most enduring of all media
- Language has allowed humans to cooperate since the beginning.
- Sharing information about land, water, climate, etc. has aided
humans’ ability to travel and adapt to different environments.
- “Language was their most important tool.” – Ostler, 2005.
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION

2. SCRIPT
- Developed from cave paintings, petroglyphs, hieroglyphs.
- Most popular writing surface: papyrus.

Symbols (represent Alphabets (smallest

‘cuneiform’ marks
syllables) sounds of languages)

- Script allowed humans to communicate over great

expanses and solved the problem of how language relies
on human memory (which is limited and not always
perfect).
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION

3. THE PRINTING PRESS

- Started the ‘Information Revolution’
- Before: Production and copying of written documents was slow,
cumbersome, expensive. The rich and powerful controlled
information.
- Johannes Gutenberg (German): invented printing press
- After: Production became cheaper and more accessible. Literacy
of common people revolutionized life.
- Preserved and standardized knowledge, encouraged challenge of
political and religious authority.
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION
4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
- Beginning in the 19th century
- “electronic media” requires electromagnetic energy (electricity)
Telegraph – Samuel F.B. Morse (1830s)
Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
Radio – ‘wireless telegraph’ (late 1890s)
Film – Silent motion pictures (1870s) as mass medium (1890s)
Television – (1920s) in 1960s, half the countries had television
stations. World was brought into home.
- Marshall McLuhan proclaimed the world a ‘global village’, largely
because of television.
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION
5. DIGITAL MEDIA
- is electronic media that rely on digital codes – (0s and 1s)
- Apple, Facebook, Google, etc. arose in this era.
Computers
- Usual representation of digital media.
- Streamlines tasks, open up new areas, allow any company or
industry to access a global marketplace.
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION
NO GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA
- With the human impulse to globalize and the need to
communicate, it’s hard to imagine globalization occurring
without the media that developed along with it.
 GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND
GLOBAL VILLAGE
Through media, the people of the world came to know the world.

GLOBAL IMAGINARY
MANFRED STEGER (2008)
- “the globe itself as imagined community”

BENEDICT ANDERSON (1991)

- Primary focus: origin of nations and nationalism: imagined
communities.
 GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND
GLOBAL VILLAGE
GLOBAL IMAGINARY

BENEDICT ANDERSON
“ People will never meet face to face with all or even
most of the other members of their nation, but they
can imagine themselves as one; ‘in the minds of
each lives the image of their communion”
 GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND
GLOBAL VILLAGE
GLOBAL VILLAGE

MARSHALL MCLUHAN
- A scholar from the 1960’s
- Global village: ‘A Pentecostal condition of
universal understanding and unity’
- Media and globalization have connected the
world and its people from end to end like a
village.
 GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND
GLOBAL VILLAGE
GLOBAL VILLAGE

LEWIS MUMFORD
- McLuhan’s fiercest critic
- He also believed in the global village being a
utopia, but instead saw media technology
being used for capitalism, militarism, profit
and power.
- Globalization + Media = dark world.
 MEDIA AND ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
- Media created conditions for global capitalism.
- Not just dollars/cents, but stories, myths, narratives that
celebrate products and consumptions.
- “global media: new missionaries of global capitalism”

OLIGOPY
- The result of small and local media companies being brought up by a handful
of huge global corporations (who themselves were once small and local).
- Ex. Disney, Time Warner, etc. own or control 75% of world’s media
(McChesney, 2010).
- Interested in one thing: profit.
 MEDIA AND ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
NO NEWS TODAY
- Transnational conglomerates are less interested than local media
in providing news and information necessary for citizens.
- News has become softer, lighter, and less challenging.
- Rather than public affairs and issues, local media outlets carry
mass-produced content of their conglomerate owners.
 MEDIA AND POLITICAL
GLOBALIZATION
- Globalization has led to the formation and the overthrow of
kingdoms and empires.
- Some argue that the nation-state is being weakened as people
and borders become more fluid in our globalized world.

ULTIMATE FORM OF CENSORSHIP:

100 journalists and media workers are killed in the line of duty
each year due to being war zones, covering natural disasters, drug
raids, and assassinated. (International Federation of Journalists)
Globalization has made the world a harrowing place for journalists.
 MEDIA AND POLITICAL
GLOBALIZATION

“The CNN Effect”

- Foreign policy, especially actions of the US govt. – seemed to be driven by
dominant stories appearing on CNN and other 24-hour news networks
(Bahador, 2007).
- Other scholars that has studied this say: policy making was driven by
numerous factors.

Officials around the world influence and mold the news so that it builds support
for their domestic and foreign policies.
 MEDIA AND POLITICAL
GLOBALIZATION
Structural factors that shape reporting:
- Media’s ownership and/or close relationships with corporations.
- Journalists’ close relationships with biased or involved sources in government
and business.
- The drive for profits from circulations, ratings, and advertisement revenues
- Bribery of journalists (called “brown envelope journalism” in Africa)
These forces allow the government and dominant private interests to get their
messages across to the public.

Globalization complicates but does not lessen political

intimidation and control of media.
 MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION

The media are people.

These people are active economic agents and aggressive
political lobbyists on matters of culture.
MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION

2. Cultural Convergence

3 OUTCOMES OF
MEDIA’S INFLUENCE OF
GLOBALIZATION ON
CULTURE:
 MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION
OUTCOME #1:
CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
- Cultures are different and strong. Distinctive cultures will
endure. Some cultures are destined to clash.

Ex. Islam and West will be locked in conflict.

Publication of Danish editorial cartoons that mocked Mohammed.
 MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION
OUTCOME #2:
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
- A global culture, likely American culture, some fear, will overtake
many local cultures.
Cultural Imperialism
- more developed cultures will ‘invade’ and take over the
cultures of less developed nations.

Ex. The disappearance of hundreds of languages as a few others became more

dominant.
 MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION
OUTCOME #3:
CULTURAL HYBRIDITY
- Blending or mixture of cultures.
- Result in new and surprising cultural forms.
- Common, desirable, occurs throughout history (Pieterse, n.d.)

Ex. Jazz music (European + African)

 MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION
GLOCALIZATION
- Media and globalization within local cultures.
- The global takes local form.
- Local culture = static and fixed.

Ex. The British television show “Pop Idol”, spawned the hit T.V. show
“American Idol”.
 MEDIA AND CULTURAL
GLOBALIZATION
DARK CONTOURS OF THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
- Globalization and media has done wondrous deeds together, like
how McLuhan envisioned it.
- However, Lewis Mumford saw media technology used not to
better the world, but to exploit the world in pursuit of property,
profit, and power.
- Globalization and media too often have fulfilled Mumford’s
fears.