CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

1. This theory states that criminals are a lower form of life, nearer to their apelike ancestors than non-criminal in traits
and disposition.
A. Born Criminal C. Atavism B. Classical theory D. Positivist theory
2. It describes the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development.
A. Born Criminal C. Atavism B. Classical theory D. Positivist theory
3. The ones who advocated the Italian or Positivist School of Thought were:
A. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo
B. Cesare Beccaria, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo
C. Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Lombroso, and Cesare Beccaria
D. None of the above
4. Who traced the roots of criminal behavior which is not in physical features but to their psychological equivalents,
which he called “moral anomalies?”
A. Cesare Lombroso C. Cesare Beccaria B. Enrico Ferri D. Raffaele Garofalo
5. Who argued that criminals should not be held morally responsible for their crimes, because they did not choose to
commit crimes rather, were driven to commit crimes due to economic, social and political factors?
A. Cesare Lombroso C. Cesare Beccaria B. Enrico Ferri D. Raffaele Garofalo
6. He is considered as the Founder of Criminal Anthropology.
A. Cesare Beccaria C. Jeremy Bentham B. Cesare Lombroso D. Raffaele Garofalo
7. Which of the following statements correctly described “moral responsibility?”
A. Criminals are a lower form of life, nearer to their apelike ancestors.
B. People are driven to commit crimes due to economic, social and political factors.
C. People have the freewill to choose between right and wrong.
D. None of the above
8. The latin maxim “nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege” means advocated by Cesare Beccaria:
A. In the act of committing a felony.
B. The law maybe harsh but that is the law.
C. There is no crime when there is no law punishing it.
D. Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith.
9. It is an act or omission punishable by the Revised Penal Code.
A. Offense C. Delinquency B. Felony D.Misdemeanor
10. It is an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.
A. Offense C. Misdemeanor B. Crime D. Felony
11. It refers to an act or omission punishable by the Special Laws.
A. Felony C. Offense B. Misdemeanor D. Crime
12. What is the other term of Italian School?
A. Positivist School C. Classicist School B. Chicago School D. Neo-Classical School
13. The two primary doctrines initiated by the Classical School were:
A. Atavism and Hedonism C. Hedonism and Freewill
B. Determinism and Positivism D. Insanity and Imbecility
14. Who advocated the Classical School of Thought in explaining the causes of crime?
A. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham C. Raffaele Garofalo
B. Cesare Lombroso D. Enrico Ferri
15. He believed that punishment should fit the crime and not be excessive.
A. Cesare Beccaria C. Cesare Lombroso
B. Enrico Ferri D. Raffaele Garofalo
16. What school provided remedy to some of the problems created by the classical school?
A. Determinist School C. Italian School
B. Neo-Classical School D. Classical School
17. He adopted the inductive method and set out to create a science that would explain the causes of crime within
society and the individual offender.
A. Cesare Beccaria C. Raffaele Garofalo
B. Cesare Lombroso D. Enrico Ferri
18. It is a principle which states that man is entirely unrestricted in his ability to choose between good and evil or man
has the capacity to choose what is right and what is wrong.
A. Freewill C. Hedonism B. Positivism D. Determinism
19. A school of thought which believes that criminals should be treated not punished.
A. Italian/Positivist School of Thought C. Neo-classical School of Thought
B. Classical School of Thought D. All of These
20. A level of awareness where it storehouses all significant and disturbing memories and experiences which we need to
keep out of awareness because they are too threatening to acknowledge fully.
A. Conscious C. Subconscious B. Preconscious D. Unconscious
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21. It is a series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately to control some
class of event.
A. Theory C. Statement B. Concept D. Hypothesis
22. He was the best-known Lombroso’s associate. His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of
free will, which argued that criminals should be held morally responsible for their crimes because they must have made
a rational decision to commit the crime.
A. Jeremy Bentham C. Enrico Ferri B. Raffaele Garofalo D. Cesare Beccaria
23. He was an Italian nobleman, magistrate, senator, and professor of law who rejected the doctrine of free will and
supported the position that the only way to understand crime was to study it by scientific methods.
A. Jeremy Bentham C. Enrico Ferri B. Raffaele Garofalo D. Cesare Beccaria
24. He believed that an individual always acts to seek pleasure and avoid pain and developed utilitarian principles of
punishment based on the amount of happiness (pleasure) or (unhappiness) (pain).
A. Cesare Beccaria C. Enrico Ferri B. Jeremy Bentham D. Raffaele Garofalo
25. This states that crime is essentially a social and natural phenomenon, and cannot be treated by the imposition of a
punishment but rather through the enforcement of individual measures in each particular case after a thorough,
personal and individual investigation.
A. Classical C. Positivist B. Neo-Classical D. Italian
26. This school believed that there are situations or circumstances that made it impossible to exercise freewill thus the
reason to EXEMPT individuals from criminal liability; particularly the insane and children.
A. Classical C. Positivist B. Neo-Classical D. Italian
27. Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of social control is based on the idea that an act is not judged by an irrational system
of absolutes but by a supposedly verifiable principle which is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
A. Hedonism C. Determinism B. Utilitarianism D. Freewill
28. Which of the following correctly shows the formula criminal behavior?
A. C=T+S B. C=T+R C. C=R+S D. R=C+S
R S T T
29. It is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract concepts in a meaningful way.
A. Concept C. Theory B. Principle D. Variable
30. It is a product of the person’s tendency plus the total situation of the moment interacting with his mental resistance.
A. Sin C. Fault B. Felony D. Crime
31. What does “R” stand for in the criminal formula?
A. Resemblance C. Resistance B. Report D. Risks
32. What discipline uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of
individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings?
A. Social psychology C. Sociology
B. Criminology D. Psychology
33. It is the word for concepts with no physical referent.
A. Construct C. Theory B. Principle D. Concept
34. What principle or a body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of interrelated
phenomena?
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
35. It is a symbolic representation of an actual thing.
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
36. What expresses the relationship between two or more concepts or constructs?
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
37. What are the basic components of theory?
A. Concepts and constructs C. Principles and arguments
B. Concepts and principles D. Principles and propositions
38. It is a set of logically related explanatory hypotheses that are consistent with a body of empirical facts and may
suggest more empirical relationships.
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
39. It provides concepts to name what we observe and to explain relationships between concepts.
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
40. Who said this maxim, “In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are not?”
A. Sigmund Freud C. Freda Adler B. Albert Einstein D. Socrates
41. Theory is an abstracted practice, and _______is an applied theory.
A. practice C. hypothesis B. concept D. principle
42. In theory, many assumptions are made to explain the phenomenon and concepts. Is the statement correct?
A. Yes C. No B. I think so D. Sometime
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43. It is a thought, an idea about the way the world works that allows you to predict what will happen if you do
something.
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
44. Theories are theoretical. Practice is practical. Is the statement correct?
A. Yes C. No B. I think so D. Sometimes
45. Police officers, firearms, handcuffs are examples of what?
A. Concept C. Construct B. Principle D. Hypothesis
46. It is synonymous with the terms thesis, hypothesis, supposition, and proposition.
A. Theory C. Construct B. Principle D. Hypothesis
47. Ideally, what comes first theory or practice?
A. Theory C. Both B. Practice D. None of these
48. What level of awareness of the human mind that serves as the scanner for us causing us to perceive an event,
triggers a need to react?
A. Conscious C. Unconscious B. Subconscious D. All of these
49. It is where all of our memories and past experiences reside.
A. Conscious C. Unconscious B. Subconscious D. All of these
50. How many percent does our conscious level of awareness in our mind have?
A. 10 C. 30 B. 50 D. 20
51. It is the accepted behavior that an individual is expected to conform to in a particular group, community, or culture.
A. Social Norm C. Norm B. Folkway D. Law
52. These are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state.
A. Mores C. Norms B. Folkways D. Laws
53. It is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong.
A. Social Ethics C. Ethics B. Moral Philosophy D. Both b and c
54. Who said that each person has a natural obligation to achieve, become, and make something of himself by pursuing
his true ends and goals in life?
A. Aristotle C. Plato B. Albert Einstein D. Socrates
55. It also refers to the reaction to facts of the relationship between the individual and his environment.
A. Human behavior C. Behavior B. Conduct norms D. Norms
56. It refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness.
A. Moi C. Conscience B. Personne D. Ego
57. It is composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is.
A. Moi C. Conscience B. Personne D. Ego
58. Who believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involved reasoning?
A. Socrates C. Plato B. Aristotle D. Sigmund Freud
59. Who said that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge?
A. Socrates C. Plato B. Aristotle D. Sigmund Freud
60. In _____, people are considered as living machines that receive information from the world, process it in various
ways, and then act on it.
A. sociology C. psychology B. philosophy D. theory
61. It is the storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall, such as what your telephone number is or
the name of a person you just met.
A. Conscious C. Unconscious B. Subconscious D. All of these
62. Who stated that social norm is the accepted behavior that an individual is expected to conform to in a particular
group, community, or culture?
A. William Graham Sumner C. Lisa Roundy B. David Emile Durkheim D. Albert Einstein
63. The terms folkways and mores are both coined by American Sociologist
A. William Graham Sumner C. Lisa Roundy B. David Emile Durkheim D. Albert Einstein
64. What act that is prohibited or restricted by social custom, like abortion in Philippine culture?
A. Taboo C. Mores B. Law D. Folkway
65. Each man is responsible for his own _____.
A. character C. behavior B. ethics D. norms
66. Do your responses or actions are influence the way your brain processed the perceived stimulus?
A. Yes C. No B. Sometimes D. I think so
67. Having a sacred marriage ceremony is an example of:
A. Folkway C. Mores B. Law D. Taboo
68. Is it possible that a person attains the state of reality without passing the three levels of awareness of the human
mind?
A. Yes C. No B. Sometimes D. I think so
69. Are all illegal behaviors also unethical behaviors?
A. Yes C. No B. Sometimes D. I think so
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70. Mrs. Bea is a teacher; she’s also a wife and a mother of two (2) kids. As a teacher she needs to maintain a stern but
calm personality in order to be respected by her students. As a mother, she may be sweet towards her husband and
caring and loving towards her children. Mrs. Bea’s self that shifts in order to blend and fit with the given situation is her
______.
A. moi C. behavior B. personne D. character
71. But Mrs. Bea’s self that is static or constant is her _____.
A. norms C. personne B. ethics D. moi
72. Who believed that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge?
A. Plato C. Socrates B. Aristotle D. Durkheim
73. Who said that social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the
thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other
human beings?
A. David Abrahamsen C. Sigmund Freud B. William Graham Sumner D. Gordon Allport
74. Your behavior is determined how you reasoned out is what example of the perspective of human behavior?
A. Philosophical C. Sociological
B. Psycho-sociological D. Psychological
75. The components of theory are principles and concepts. The statement is:
A. True C. False B. Yes D. No
76. Theory comes first after law. The statement is:
A. True C. False B. Yes D. No
77. Theory is an abstracted practice, and practice is an applied ____.
A. science C. concept B. theory D. principle
78. A ____ is a thought, an idea about the way the world works that allows you to predict what will happen if you do
something.
A. practice C. theory B. concept D. law
79. Practice allows you to test the ___ and see if it is accurate.
A. outcome C. theory B. input D. principle
80. Practice is ____.
A. doing C. learning B. fun D. great
81. If theories are theoretical. Practice is __________
A. practical C. simple B. logical D. phenomenal
82. Who quoted this statement? “In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are not.”
A. David Emile Durkheim C. Albert Einstein B. Socrates D. Plato
83. What comes first, is it theory or practice?
A. Theory C. Practice B. Both D. None of these
84. What stage of theory development that attempts to explain what is happening?
A. Speculative C. Constructive B. Descriptive D. None of these
85. What stage of theory development that gathers graphic data to define what is really happening?
A. Speculative C. Constructive B. Descriptive D. All of these
86. What stage of theory development that revises old theories and develops new ones based on continuing research?
A. Speculative C. Constructive B. Descriptive D. All of these
87. The proposition goes like this: 80% of humans are gay. Joe is a gay. Therefore, the probability that Joe is gay is 80%. If
you were required to guess, you would choose “gay” in the absence of any other evidence. What kind of reasoning is
shown in the scenario?
A. Abductive C. Inductive B. Deductive D. None of these
88. All birds are flying. Maya is a bird. Therefore, Maya is flying. What kind of reasoning is presented in the scenario?
A. Abductive C. Inductive B. Deductive D. None of these
89. You're a juror and the defendant looks like the image of the man on the security camera robbing the bank. He
stutters and pauses, like he is guilty, when answering questions posed by the prosecutor. You conclude, as a juror on
your first day as a member of the jury, that he is guilty, but you are not certain. What kind of reasoning is disclosed in
the scenario?
A. Abductive C. Inductive B. Deductive D. None of these
90. The critical point relating to theory construction is its purpose to _____.
A. predict C. tell B. create D. criticize
91. It is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
A. Hypothesis C. Assumption B. Objective D. Proposition
92. What is the first step in developing a grounded or inductive theory?
A. Research design C. Data collection B. Data ordering D. Literature comparison
93. Which among the following does not belong to the group?
A. Inductive C. Descriptive B. Deductive D. Abductive
94. Who was Dr. David Abrahamsen?
A. Forensic Psychiatrist C. Forensic Psychologist B. Criminologist D. Sociologist
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95. Who said that, “Mankind was governed by two sovereign motives, pain and pleasure and the principle of utility
recognized this state of affairs?”
A. David Emile Durkheim C. Jeremy Bentham B. Sigmund Freud D. Cesare Beccaria
96. A primary premise of the classical school was the fundamental equality of all people, which meant that every person
should be treated equally under the ____.
A. humanity C. society B. law D. community
97. According to the classical school of thought, those who violated the law were motivated by personal needs such as
greed, revenge, survival and ____.
A. hedonism C. positivism B. freewill D. profit
98. It explained that every act had a cause.
A. Determinism C. Positivism B. Hedonism D. Freewill
99. Children and _____ should not be regarded as criminals; hence they are free from punishment.
A. insane C. imbecile B. lunatics D. crazy
100. It stated that man’s choices, decisions and actions are decided by antecedent causes, inherited or environmental,
acting upon his character.
A. Theory of Logomacy C. Doctrine of Free will B. Utilitarianism D. Doctrine of Determinism
101. Tall-slender men are predisposed for:
A. Murder C. Robbery B. Forgery D. Both A and C
102. Medium height-heavy men are prone for:
A. Murder C. Robbery B. Forgery D. Anti-social behavior
103. Short-slender men are prone for:
A. Burglary and larceny C. Murder and arson B. Larceny D. Forgery
104. Short-medium heavy are predisposed for:
A. Murder C. Robbery B. Forgery D. Arson
105. He was an American physical anthropologist who believed in Cesare Lombroso’s theory of the born criminal,
according to which criminals could be identified based on their physical characteristics.
A. Ernst Kretschmer C. Earnest Hooton B. William Sheldon, Jr. D. Arthur Estabrook
106. He advocated the removal of criminals from society, seeing no hope in their rehabilitation.
A. Ernst Kretschmer C. Earnest Hooton B. William Sheldon, Jr. D. Arthur Estabrook
107. Who was a trained anthropologist and supported the work of Glueck couples regarding the study of body physique.
A. Wesley Dupertuis C. Arthur Estabrook B. Bryan Roth D. Richard Dugdale
108. Who is Ernst Kretschmer?
A. Psychiatrist C. Neurologist B. Psychopathologist D. All of these
109. What theory which associates body physique to behavior and criminality?
A. Somatotyping C. Body B. Physique theory D. Body build theory
110 Who constituted three principal types of body physiques into asthenic, athletic and pyknic?
A. Ernst Kretschmer C. Earnest Hooton B. William Sheldon, Jr. D. Arthur Estabrook
111. Since Kretschmer was a psychiatrist, he related these body shapes to various____.
A. manic depression C. schizophrenia B. psychiatric disorders D. obsession
112. What refers to any of several psychological disorders of mood characterized usually by alternating episodes of
depression and mania?
A. Manic depression C. Schizophrenia B. Frustration D. Obsession
113. It is a mental disorder that is characterized by disturbances in thought, perception and behavior.
A. Manic depression C. Schizophrenia B. Frustration D. Obsession
114. An American psychologist and physician who devised his own group of somatotypes: the endomorph, mesomorph
and the ectomorph.
A. Ernst Kretschmer C. Earnest Hooton B. William Sheldon, Jr. D. Arthur Estabrook
115. What type of body physique according to Sheldon that is prone to be involved in illegal behavior?
A. Ectomorph C. Mesomorph B. Endomorph D. Pyknic
116. Who supported the findings of Sheldon regarding body physique?
A. Sheldon Glueck C. Eleanor T. Glueck B. Arthur Estabrook D. Both A and C
117. Who suggested that human somatotype can determine which type of crime a person will commit?
A. Ernst Kretschmer C. Earnest Hooton B. William Sheldon, Jr. D. Arthur Estabroo
118. After marrying into other families, generally of about the same type, there were how many recorded descendants
of Martin Kallikak, Sr.?
A. 143 C. 1,146 B. 581 D. 262
119. Who was the great-great grandfather of Deborah, an 8-year old girl who was interviewed by Goddard?
A. Martin Kallikak, Jr. C. Martin Kallikak, Sr. B. Max D. Undetermined
120. Who was Martin Kallikak, Sr.?
A. A revolutionary war soldier C. The illegitimate father of Martin Kallikak, Jr.
B. Both A and C D. None of these
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121. Who conducted the study of the Kallikak’s family?

A. Richard Louis Dugdale C. Arthur Estabrook B. Dr. Henry Goddard D. Gabriel Tarde
122. “Ada Juke” was publicly known by many as_____.
A. Margaret C. the mother of criminals B. Both A and C D. Margaret “the mother of criminals”
123. Advocates of the inheritance school found evidence that criminal tendencies were based on __.
A. traits C. genes B. conduct D. behavior
124. Most of the women descendants of Ada committed:
A. Murder C. Theft B. Prostitution D. Swindling
125. According to Dugdale, the eldest child has a tendency to be the criminal of the family. The statement is:
A. True C. False B. Partly true D. Partly false
126. The longest lines of crime are along the line of the eldest. The statement is:
A. True C. False B. Partly true D. Partly false
127. After Dugdale, who conducted a follow-up study on the Jukes family?
A. Richard Cloward C. Arthur Estabrook
B. Henry Goddard D. Gabriel Tarde
128. It means something that is hidden or concealed.
A. Latent C. Trait B. Feature D. Stable
129. It is defined as a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence, impulsive
personality, genetic abnormalities, the physical-chemical functioning of the brain and environmental influences on brain
function such as drugs, chemicals and injuries that make some people delinquency-prone over the life course.
A. Latent C. Latent trait B. Trait D. None of these
130. According to latent trait theory, there are attachment, aggression, violence, and impulsivity, what are called?
A. Drives C. Pleasure B. Ego D. Desires
131. Latent trait theorists focused on two things; what are those 2 things?
A. Human behavior and drives C. Desire and pleasure B. Ego and Id D. Physical and mental traits
132. What environmental factors that may produce criminality according to latent trait theorists?
A. Family life C. Educational attainment and neighborhood conditions
B. Economic factors D. All of these
133. It is considered as one part of a large pool of environmental, social, and personal factors that account for
criminality. A. Human behavior and drives B. Ego and Id D. Physical and mental traits
134. Some people may have a predisposition toward _____, but environmental stimuli can either suppress or trigger
anti-social acts.
A. violence C. aggression B. disruption D. mental traits
135. When a person commits crime because he acts in an impulsive manner like when he suddenly draws his gun aiming
at his enemy but unfortunately he hit another person. Then that person has:
A. Impulsive personality C. Manic depressive disorder B. Schizophrenic personality D. Anti-social
personality
136. Does it mean that if a certain person possesses a genetic abnormality; he’s prone to criminality?
A. Yes C. No B. Sometimes D. I think so
137. Who conducted the study on the Jukes family?
A. Richard Louis Dugdale C. Arthur Estabrook B. Henry Goddard D. Gabriel Tarde
138. What do you call the act of moving from one stage of life to another?
A. Transition C. Dynamic process B. Life Course D. Negative transitory
139. A boy who experiences significant amounts of anger in early adolescence is the one more likely to become involved
in antisocial behavior as a teen and mature into a depressed adult who abuses alcohol. This is an example of:
A. Negative life transitions C. Dynamic process B. Life course D. Major disruption
140. This theory recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.
A. Lifestyle C. Life course B. Developmental D. Both C and B
141. Even as toddlers, people begin relationships and behaviors that will determine their entire life course. The
statement is:
A. True C. False B. Partly true D. Partly false
142. Do transitions in life always happen at an earlier stage?
A. Yes C. No B. I think so D. Maybe
143. Eleanor Touroff-Glueck is one of the creators of life course theory. She’s an American social worker and at the same
a _____.
A. psychologist C. criminologist B. psychiatrist D. neurologist
144. Life course theory explains that antisocial children who are in trouble throughout their adolescence may manage to
find stable work and maintain intact marriages as adults. Is this correct?
A. Yes C. No B. I think so D. Maybe
145. Do human traits alone produce criminality?
A. Yes C. No B. I think so D. Maybe
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146. Who are the latent trait theorists?

A. David Rowe C. Wayne Osgood B. Alan Nicewander D. All of these
147. According to the theorists what drives are linked to anti-social behavior patterns?
A. Impulsivity C. Aggression B. All of these D. Violence
148. It regarded crime as the product of internal forces. For example: A person who is suffering from kleptomania could
not resist stealing something.
A. Classical C. Process B. Biological D. Biosocial
149. This perspective claims that crime is a product of socialization or interaction of one person to another.
A. Classical C. Process B. Psychological D. Biosocial
150. This perspective claimed that crime is a function of upbringing, learning and control.
A. Classical C. Process B. Psychological D. Conflict
151. It stressed the causes of crime are based on economic and political forces.
A. Classical C. Biosocial B. Psychological D. Conflict
152. This perspective seeks to explain the onset of antisocial behavior such as aggression and violence by focusing on
the physical qualities of the offenders.
A. Classical C. Biosocial B. Psychological D. Conflict
153. This perspective expressed that criminal behavior was the product of “unconscious” forces operating within a
person’s mind.
A. Classical C. Biosocial B. Psychological D. Conflict
154. What is the other term of life course?
A. Developmental theory C. Lifestyle theory B. Dynamic theory D. Victimization theory
155. Who created the life course theory?
A. Bryan Roth C. David Matza B. Jeremy Bentham D. Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Touroff-Glueck
156. As children they must learn to conform to social rules and function effectively in society. Later, they are expected to
begin thinking about their careers, leave their parental homes, find permanent relationships, and eventually marry and
begin their own families. What are these called?
A. Dynamic process C. Transition B. Disruption D. Objection
157. Those that are more cunning and deceptive are:
A. K-oriented people C. R-oriented people B. Disruptive D. Mentally-challenged
158. People who commit crimes seem to exhibit _____traits, such frequent sexual activity.
A. R-selection C. K-selection B. learning disability D. brain dysfunction
159. According to Psychologist Byron Roth, who are the usual cheaters?
A. Males C. Men B. Females D. Women
160. What refers to something as viewpoint, perception or standpoint?
A. Idea C. Perspective B. Principle D. Theory
161. There are simple factors which lead the individuals to commit crime. The statement is:
A. True C. False B. Partly True D. Partly False
162. What viewed crime as a product of situational forces?
A. Classical C. Psychological B. Sociological D. Conflict
163. What viewed crime as a function of freewill and personal choice?
A. Classical C. Psychological B. Biological D. Process
164. Swift, severe and certain are under what doctrine?
A. Logomacy C. Classical deterrence B. Hedonism D. Determinism
165. Punishment must be swift to be _____.
A. effective C. justifiable B. painful D. remorseful
166. People must know they will be punished for their illegal behavior; that they cannot evade the strong arms of the
law. This is under what concept?
A. Swift C. Severe B. Certain D. Deterrence
167. Punishment should be plain enough to outweigh the rewards of the illegal action. This is under what concept?
A. Severe C. Swift B. Deterrence D. Certain
168. What chemical compounds that influence brain activity?
A. Hormones C. Neurotransmitters B. Genes D. Nerve cells
169. It is defined as the damage to the brain itself that causes antisocial behavior injurious to the individual’s lifestyle
and social adjustment.
A. Neurological dysfunction C. Genetic influences B. Learning disability D. Minimal brain dysfunction
170. It is a neurological dysfunction that prevents an individual from learning to his or her potential.
A. Minimal brain dysfunction C. Learning disability B. Genetic influences D. Neurological dysfunction
171. It focuses on the idea that individuals who share genes are alike in personality regardless of how they are reared,
whereas the rearing environment induces little or no personality resemblance.
A. Sibling and Twin Similarities C. Genetic influences B. Parent-Child Similarities D. Adoption Studies
172. This theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human
development.
 CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

A. Evolutionary C. R/K Selection B. Life Course D. Cheater

173. It is one of the theories under the evolutionary that suggests that a subpopulation of men has evolved with genes
that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement and that men are sexually aggressive who use their
cunning to gain sexual conquests with as many females as possible.
A. Life Course C. R/K Selection B. Cheater D. Evolutionary
174. Who said that cheater-type males may be especially attractive to younger, less intelligent women who begin having
children at a very early age?
A. Sheldon Glueck C. Eleanor Glueck B. Charles Darwin D. Byron Roth
175. It is another theory under the evolutionary which holds that all organisms can be located along a continuum based
upon their reproductive drives.
A. Life Course C. Evolutionary B. R/K Selection D. Cheater
176. Those that are more cooperative and sensitive to others are:
A. K-oriented people C. R-oriented people B. Disruptive D. Mentally-challenged
177. Who said that each person has a natural obligation to achieve, become, and make something of himself by pursuing
his true ends and goals in life?
A. Aristotle C. Plato B. Albert Einstein D. Socrates
178. It also refers to the reaction to facts of the relationship between the individual and his environment.
A. Human behavior C. Behavior B. Conduct norms D. Norms
179. The terms folkways and mores are both coined by American Sociologist:
A. William Graham Sumner C. Lisa Roundy B. David Emile Durkheim D. Albert Einstein
180. Who believed that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge?
A. Plato C. Socrates B. Aristotle D. Durkheim
181. Your behavior is determined how you reasoned out is what example of the perspective of human behavior?
A. Philosophical C. Sociological B. Psycho-sociological D. Psychological
182. What is the first step in developing a grounded or inductive theory?
A. Research design C. Data collection B. Data ordering D. Literature comparison
183. This theory viewed that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases.
A. Biosocial C. Process B. Psychological D. Conflict
184. Which among the following does not belong to the three distinct areas of the theory of biosocial?
A. Biochemical C. Psychological B. Neurological D. Genetic influence
185. Another area of biochemical research emphasizes that antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years
because hormonal activity is at its highest level during this period.
A. Hormonal Levels C. Genetic influence B. Food intake D. Biochemical factors
186. Studies measure indicators of system functioning, such as brain waves, heart rate, arousal levels, skin conductance
and attention span, cognitive ability, and spatial learning, and then compared them to measures of antisocial behavior.
A. Genetic influence C. Neurological dysfunction B. Learning disability D. Biochemical factors
187. He believed that an individual always acts to seek pleasure and avoid pain and developed utilitarian principles of
punishment based on the amount of happiness (pleasure) or (unhappiness) (pain).
A. Cesare Beccaria C. Enrico Ferri B. Jeremy Bentham D. Raffaele Garofalo
188. What discipline uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of
individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings?
A. Sociology C. Social psychology B. Criminology D. Psychology
189. What principle or a body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of interrelated
phenomena?
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
190. It is a symbolic representation of an actual thing.
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
191. What expresses the relationship between two or more concepts or constructs?
A. Theory C. Principle B. Construct D. Concept
192. What are the basic components of theory?
A. Concepts and constructs C. Principles and arguments
B. Principles and propositions D. Concepts and principles
193. It is where all of our memories and past experiences reside.
A. Conscious C. Unconscious B. Subconscious D. All of these
194. How many percent does our conscious level of awareness in our mind have?
A. 10 C. 30 B. 50 D. 20
195. It is the accepted behavior that an individual is expected to conform to in a particular group, community, or culture.
A. Social Norm C. Norm B. Folkway D. Law
196. It is an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.
A. Offense C. Misdemeanor B. Crime D. Felony
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197. Who adopted the inductive method and set out to create a science that would explain the causes of crime within
society and the individual offender?
A. Cesare Beccaria C. Raffaele Garofalo B. Cesare Lombroso D. Enrico Ferri
198. This states that crime is essentially a social and natural phenomenon, and cannot be treated by the imposition of a
punishment but rather through the enforcement of individual measures in each particular case after a thorough,
personal and individual investigation.
A. Classical C. Positivist B. Neo-Classical D. Italian
199. Which of the following correctly shows the formula criminal behavior?
A. C=R+S B.C=T+R C. C=T+S D.R=C+S
T S R T
200. It is a product of the person’s tendency plus the total situation of the moment interacting with his mental
resistance. A. Sin C. Fault B. Felony D. Crime

1. What refers to the tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behaviour as they aged?
a. Aging-out process c. Desistance b. Both A and C d. Contagion effect
2. Lina wanted to pursue her studies in college but due to poverty, her parents cannot afford to send her to school. She
thinks of some strategy. She works as a GRO at night and a student at daytime. This best explains the theory of?
a. Labeling c. Strain b. Containment d. Anomie
3. This theory holds that commitment and attachment to conventional institutions, activities and beliefs insulate youths
from delinquency-producing influence in their environment.
a. Control balance c. Differential coercion b. General theory of crime d. Social development model
4. This is the study of the relationship between the facial features and human conduct of a person in relation to his
crimes.
a. Phrenology c. Anthropology b. Physiognomy d. Anthropometry
5. To support the theory, Richard Dugdale traced family histories. One of them studied the lives of more than a thousand
members of the family which he called “Jukes” a.k.a the “Mother of Criminals”. Jukes portrayed the real name of:
a. Ana c. Elena b. Margaret d. Cleopatra
6. This theory explains that delinquency is caused by the difficulty of those in poverty in achieving socially valued goals
by legitimate means.
a. Social Control Theory c. Differential Association Theory
b. Strain Theory d. Social Disorganization Theory
7. It refers to the breakdown of communal institutions and communal relationships that traditionally encouraged
cooperative relationships among people.
a. Social bond c. Social disorganization b. Anomie d. Strain
8. This represents unconscious biological drives for sex, food and other life-sustaining necessities.
a. Id c. Superego b. Ego d. Strong ego
9. It viewed that crime is a “normal” function of the routine activities of modern living; offenses can be expected if there
is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians.
a. Anomie theory c. Lifestyle theory b. Routine activity theory d. Moral development theory
10. It suggests that people who obey the law simply to avoid punishment or who have outlooks mainly characterized by
self-interest are more likely to commit crimes than those who view the law as something that benefits all of society and
who honor the rights of others.
a. Cognitive theory c. Maternal deprivation theory
b. Integrated theory d. Moral development theory
11. It refers to the socialization and social learning that helps to explain the ways in which children growing up in a
violent family learn violent roles and, subsequently, may play out the roles of victim or victimizer in their own adult
families.
a. Social Learning Theory c. Intergenerational transmission
b. Differential-Association Reinforcement d. Conditioning Theory
12. What theory is present when Ana, a call center agent who is traveling every 11:00 in the evening from her place of
duty to her house and got robbed because she is always exposed to wicked bystanders who are wandering during
nighttime?
a. Anomie c. Victim Precipitation b. Strain d. Lifestyle
13. Which among the following best describes passive precipitation?
a. Ben who regularly shouts and utters profane language at Miguel but the latter has a knife and stabs the former to
death.
b. Dino who has tattoos all around his body is considered as a threat to their community especially if Dino is already
drunk even though he did nothing.
c. Brittany, daughter of Rina, witnessed the latter who repeatedly strikes Amber whenever she’s mad.
d. Cardo, a son of an ex-convict, later became a notorious criminal.
14. Examples of this theory are slum dwellers or informal settlers who are forced to violate the law because they obey
the rules of the deviant culture with which they are in close and immediate contact.
 CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

a. Culture Deviance c. General Strain b. Delinquent Subculture d. Anomie

15. This mode of adaptation of strain theory is also known as the escapist mode, in which the individual tends to reject
both the goals and means of the society.
a. Conformity c. Ritualism b. Innovation d. Retreatism
16. Ms. X, a criminology student as well as a working student of a known food chain. Because of lack of preparation, she
cheated during their final examination just to pass the subject. What mode of adaptation does Ms. X apply?
a. Conformity c. Ritualism b. Innovation d. Retreatism
17. This theory claims that deviance increases when there is a control deficit and with excessive control.
a. Control balance c. Differential coercion
b. General theory of crime d. Social development model
18. Based on social learning theory by Albert Bandura, people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and
modeling. The statement is:
a. Partially true c. True b. Partially false d. False
19. This theory emphasizes that a sharp division between the rich and the poor creates an atmosphere of envy and
mistrust. Accordingly, lower-class people might feel both deprived and embittered when they compare their life
circumstances to those of the more affluent.
a. Strain theory c. Relative deprivation theory b. General strain theory d. Culture deviance theory
20. This theory explains that low intelligence is genetically determined and inherited.
a. Nature theory c. R/K Selection theory b. Nurture theory d. Integrated theory
21. In the United States, the views on phrenology were supported by physician ______, who searched for evidence that
brain tissue and cells regulate human actions.
a. Charles Darwin c. Sigmund Freud b. Charles Caldwell d. Franz Joseph Gall
22. Mr. Y has the intention to buy a car (his goal), but he has no enough money for down payment. He resorts to
carnapping (his means) in order to attain his dream. What theory explains his behavior?
a. Anomie c. Relative Deprivation b. Strain d. Cultural Deviance
23. This theory combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated
neighborhoods react to social isolation and economic deprivation.
a. Anomie c. Relative Deprivation b. Strain d. Cultural Deviance
24. This theory was proposed by Judith R. Blau and Peter M. Blau which clearly emphasizes that a sharp division
between the rich and the poor creates an atmosphere of envy and mistrust.
a. Anomie c. Relative Deprivation b. Strain d. Cultural Deviance
25. The two primary doctrines initiated by the Classical School were:
a. Atavism and Hedonism c. Hedonism and Freewill
b. Determinism and Positivism d. Insanity and Imbecility
26. Her mother is a prostitute, her father is a killer, and the daughter is a drug pusher. What perspective of crime
causation is being described on the above scenario?
a. Biological c. Social b. Topographical d. Psychological
27. It is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract concepts in a meaningful way.
a. Concept c. Theory b. Principle d. Variable
28. It is a product of the person’s tendency plus the total situation of the moment interacting with his mental resistance.
a. Sin c. Fault b. Felony d. Crime
29. The following personalities maintained that the upper class in a capitalist society is responsible for the conception of
law and their ideological bases EXCEPT:
a. Karl Marx c. Willem Bonger b. David Emile Durkheim d. Friedrich Engels
30. A theory which views crime as an outcome of class struggle.
a. Cultural Deviance c. Left Realism b. Conflict d. Life Course
31. These theorists claim that crime is rational and predictable; people commit crime when it promises rewards and
minimal threat or pain; the threat of punishment can deter crime.
a. Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi c. Joseph Weis and Richard Catalano
b. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin d. Judith Blau and Peter Blau
32. Mr. Z has a protruding skull (bumps on his skull) at his back in which he is being embarrassed every time he goes to
school. What crime causation theory suits the situation of Mr. Z?
a. Positivist c. Phrenology b. Supernatural d. Physiognomy
33. Under Agnew’s types of causes of strain, which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Strain caused by the failure to achieve positively valued goals.
b. Strain caused by disjunction of expectations and achievements.
c. Removal of positively valued stimuli.
d. Exposure to positive stimuli.
34. Crime is caused by society telling children to seek without providing them the means to do it.
a. Anomie c. Relative Deprivation Theory b. Strain d. Cultural Deviance Theory
35. This holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed in early childhood. It
argues that human personality contains three major components, namely: id, ego and superego.
 CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

a. Cognitive theory c. Rational Choice theory b. Behavioral theory d. Psychological theory

36. It counteracts the id by fostering feelings of morality.
a. Id c. Superego b. Ego d. Strong ego
37. Who formulated the interactional theory which states that the onset of a criminal career is supported by residence
in a social setting in which deviant values and attitudes can be learned from and reinforcement by delinquent peers?
a. Terence Thornberry c. Robert Sampson b. Michael Gottfredson d. Mark Colvin
38. What does “R” stand for in the criminal formula?
a. Resemblance c. Resistance to temptation b. Report d. Risks
39. Who published a book, entitled “The English Convict: A Statistical Study,” concluded that there is no such thing as a
physical criminal type?
a. Enrico Ferri c. Cesare Lombroso b. Charles Goring d. Raffaele Garofalo
40. This theory concerned the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes. It focuses on particular
stimuli and how people respond toward that stimulus.
a. Conditioning c. Psychodynamic b. Behavioral d. Alternative
41. This theory argued that people are not actually born with the ability to act violently but that they learn to be
aggressive through their life experiences. The experiences include personally observing others acting aggressively to
achieve some goal or watching people being rewarded for violent acts on television or in movies.
a. Conditioning c. Psychodynamic b. Behavioral d. Social Learning
42. It refers to the socialization and social learning that helps to explain the ways in which children growing up in a
violent family learn violent roles and, subsequently, may play out the roles of victim or victimizer in their own adult
families. This theory stated that criminal and antisocial parents tend to have delinquent and antisocial children.
a. Intergenerational transmission c. Conditioning b. Differential Association d. Alternative
43. It refers to the post-industrial system, in which the place is highly developed and dependent upon the division of
labor and people are connected by their interdependent needs for each other’s services and production.
a. Organic Solidarity c. Either of the two b. Mechanical Solidarity d. None of the above
44. They thrived in highly disorganized areas marked by temporary residents and physical deterioration. Members of
these are tough adolescents who fight with weapons to win respect from rivals and engage in destructive assaults on
people and property. They are willing to fight to protect their own and their gang’s integrity and honor.
a. Criminal gang c. Retreatist gang b. Conflict gang d. Salisi gang
45. What discipline uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of
individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings?
a. Sociology c. Social psychology b. Criminology d. Psychology
46. What are the basic components of theory?
a. Concepts and constructs c. Principles and arguments
b. Principles and propositions d. Concepts and principles
47. Who argues that modern society is organized into what he called imperatively coordinated associations. These
associations comprise two groups: those who possess authority and use it for social domination and those who lack
authority and are dominated?
a. Ralf Dahrendorf c. Willem A. Bonger b. George B. Vold d. Karl Marx
48. This theory stands to reason that if more criminals are sent to prison the crime rate should go down.
a. Specific Deterrence c. Alternative b. General Deterrence d. Incapacitation
49. According to Marx and Engels, criminals came from a third class in society who would play no decisive role in the
expected revolution known as:
a. Bourgeoisie c. Lumpenproletariat b. Proletariat d. None of the Above
50. A term used to describe persons who were normal in all respects except that something was wrong with the part of
the brain that regulates affective responses.
a. Moral Responsibility c. Moral Insanity b. Social Accountability d. Moral Anomalies
51. Who believed that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge?
a. Plato c. Socrates b. Aristotle d. Durkheim
52. Studies measure indicators of system functioning, such as brain waves, heart rate, arousal levels, skin conductance
and attention span, cognitive ability, and spatial learning, and then compared them to measures of antisocial behavior.
a. Genetic influence c. Neurological dysfunction b. Learning disability d. Biochemical factors
53. It views crime as a function of the capitalist mode of production.
a. Conflict theory c. Marxist Criminology b. Social Reality of Crime d. Institutive-Constitutive Theory
54. People who are defined as committing criminal acts are at the same time being made unequal or “disrespected”;
they are rendered powerless to maintain or express their humanity. In a sense then, the act of making people
“criminals” is a crime.
a. Peacemaking theory c. Identity Fusion Theory
b. Social Reality of Crime d. Institutive-Constitutive Theory
 CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

55. It is defined as a visceral feeling of oneness with the group that is associated with increased permeability of the
boundary between the personal and social self.
a. Identity fusion c. Power b. Contagion effect d. Control balance
56. This theory explains that people may become crime victims because the routine of their daily life increases their
exposure to criminal offenders.
a. Life course theory c. Lifestyle theory b. Lifestyle activity d. Routine activity theory
57. This theory holds that person will engage in criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their
actions.
a. Rational choice c. Utilitarianism b. Classical theory d. Conflict theory
58. This theory explains aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behavior in human evolution.
a. Theory of evolution c. Nature theory b. Evolutionary theory d. Somatotyping theory
59. According to Ernest Kretschmer, this body type has a medium height, rounded figure, massive neck and broad face.
a. Athletic c. Asthenic b. Pyknic d. Dysplastic
60. This theory viewed that some people actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
a. Incapacitation theory c. Lifestyle theory b. Specific Deterrence theory d. Victim precipitation theory
61. A level of awareness where it storehouses all significant and disturbing memories and experiences which we need to
keep out of awareness because they are too threatening to acknowledge fully.
a. Conscious c. Subconscious b. Preconscious d. Unconscious
62. This suggests that delinquent behavior is a dynamic process, influenced by individual characteristics as well as social
experiences, and that the factors that cause anti-social behaviors change dramatically over a person’s life span.
a. Latent trait theory c. Arousal theory b. Life course theory d. Evolutionary theory
63. The equation is very simple: relative deprivation equals discontent; discontent plus lack of political solution equals
crime. This is the concept of what theory?
a. Left Realism c. Peacemaking b. Social Reality of Crime d. Conflict theory
64. This theory maintains that belief of inheritance as the primary determinants of behavior and body physique is a
reliable indicator of personality.
a. Somatotyping theory c. Evolutionary theory
b. Nature theory d. Phrenology
65. A theory which views crime as an outcome of class struggle.
a. Cultural Deviance Theory c. Left Realism b. Conflict Theory d. Life Course Theory
66. According to this theory, crime rates are elevated in highly transient, “mixed use” where residential and commercial
property exist side by side and/or “changing neighbourhoods” in which the fabric of social life has become fayed.
a. Social disorganization c. Concentric zone b. Anomie d. General Strain
67. Lee, a criminology student is exposed with delinquent activities such as public intoxication, gangs and smoking with
his peers. Later, he developed and adapted the same behavior his peers had displayed. What perspective of crime
causation is being described?
a. Conflict perspective c. Process Perspective b. Classical perspective d. Biosocial Perspective
68. It refers to the state where youths are incapable of achieving their legitimate goals in life because of the social
conditions that they are into such as having poor parents and living in slum areas.
a. Delinquent subculture c. Status frustration b. Strain d. Depression
69. This suggests that delinquents hold values similar to those law abiding citizens but they learn techniques that enable
them to neutralize those values and drift back and forth between legitimate and delinquent behavior.
a. Drift theory c. Social control theory b. Social disorganization theory d. Delinquent subculture theory
70. It is a series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately to control some
class of event.
a. Theory c. Statement b. Concept d. Hypothesis
71. This theory suggests that an individual would commit a crime if he/she has an undeveloped superego.
a. Moral development theory c. Personality theory b. Social learning theory d. Psychodynamic theory
72. He was the best-known Lombroso’s associate. His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of
free will, which argued that criminals should be held morally responsible for their crimes because they must have made
a rational decision to commit the crime.
a. Jeremy Bentham c. Enrico Ferri b. Raffaele Garofalo d. Raffaele Garofalo
73. The main concept of this theory states that people in all strata of society share the same success goals but that those
in the lower-class have limited means of achieving them.
a. Differential Opportunity c. Neutralization b. Differential Association d. Containment
74. He was an Italian nobleman, magistrate, senator, and professor of law who rejected the doctrine of free will and
supported the position that the only way to understand crime was to study it by scientific methods.
a. Jeremy Bentham c. Enrico Ferri b. Raffaele Garofalo d. Cesare Lombroso
75. He believed that an individual always acts to seek pleasure and avoid pain and developed utilitarian principles of
punishment based on the amount of happiness (pleasure) or (unhappiness) (pain).
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Enrico Ferri b. Jeremy Bentham d. Raffaele Garofalo
 CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

76. It assumes that for every individual, there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal structure,
both of which provide defense, protection, or insulation against delinquency.
a. Social bond theory c. Containment theory b. Delinquent Subculture Theory d. Labeling theory
77. This theory states that the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents
and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and drift back
and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior.
a. Labeling c. Differential association b. Neutralization d. Social bond
78. “Tell me who your friends are and I will tell you who you are,” a Mexican proverb and a quote from Cecil
Thounaojam would best describe the theory of:
a. Social Learning Theory c. Differential Association Theory
b. Evolutionary Theory d. Differential Reinforcement Theory
79. It holds that if offenders are punished so severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.
Its main targets are those offenders who have already been convicted and it also claimed that punishing more criminals
will reduce their involvement in criminal activity.
a. Incapacitation Theory c. General Deterrence b. Deterrence Theory d. Specific Deterrence
80. This states that crime is essentially a social and natural phenomenon, and cannot be treated by the imposition of a
punishment but rather through the enforcement of individual measures in each particular case after a thorough,
personal and individual investigation.
a. Classical c. Positivist b. Neo-Classical d. Italian
81. This theory believed that criminal behavior is learned and NOT inherited. It is learned through socialization and
communication with other people or groups of people.
a. Differential Opportunity Theory c. Differential Reinforcement Theory
b. Differential Association Theory d. Social Learning Theory
82. This suggests that a sub-population of men has evolved with genes that incline them toward extremely low parental
involvement and those men who are sexually aggressive would use their cunning to gain sexual conquests with as many
females as possible.
a. Lifestyle theory c. Latent trait theory b. Cheater theory d. Arousal Theory
83. This theory concerned the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes.
a. Behavioral c. Social learning b. Cognitive d. Moral development
84. According to Porta, a thief had large lips and sharp vision. Porta’s findings were in correlation with the argument of
the Father of Modern Criminology-Cesare Lombroso when he said that criminals frequently have huge jaws and strong
canine teeth, characteristics common to carnivores who tear and devour meat raw. It deals with the study of facial
features and their relation to human behavior.
a. Phrenology c. Anthropology b. Physiognomy d. Anthropometry
85. Who expanded Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and applied the concept of development stages to issues in
criminology on what he called moral development?
a. BF Skinner c. Albert Bandura b. Lawrence Kohlberg d. James Watson
86. It holds that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior. Suspect traits include low
IQ, impulsivity, and personality structure. This underlying trait explains the continuity of offending because once
present; it remains with a person throughout his or her life.
a. Lifestyle theory c. Latent trait theory b. Cheater theory d. Arousal Theory
87. Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of social control is based on the idea that an act is not judged by an irrational system
of absolutes but by a supposedly verifiable principle which is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
a. Hedonism c. Determinism b. Utilitarianism d. Free will
88. It argues that the pursuit of pleasure and intrinsic goods are the primary or most important goals of human life.
a. Hedonism c. Determinism b. Utilitarianism d. Free will
89. This theory claims that all human personality may be seen in three dimensions such as psychoticism, extroversion
and neuroticism. Those who score high on measures of psychoticism are aggressive, egocentric and impulsive.
a. Conditioning theory c. Integrated theory b. Maternal Deprivation and Attachment theory d. Differential
association-reinforcement 90. Which of the following is not included as elements of social bond theory?
a. Attachment c. Involvement b. Containment d. Belief
91. Which among the following statements best describe denial of injury?
a. “They made me do it.” c. “Teachers show favoritism.”
b. “They have insurance.” d. “Only cowards run away.”
92. It refers to the process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts the label as a personal role or
identity.
a. Stigmatization c. Self-fulfilling prophecy b. Self-labeling d. Dramatization of evil
93. Dea and Jea are living in proximate distance. Dea is wealthy while Jea is poor. Every morning Jea smells that Dea’s
food menu varies everyday while in their home, almost every day she finds it difficult to prepare even if dried fish only.
In the long run, poor Jea felt envious and bitter towards the wealthy position of her neighbor. Because of extreme
frustration experienced by Jea she robbed the house of Dea. What theory is described in this scenario?
a. Strain theory c. Relative deprivation theory b. General strain theory d. Culture deviance theory
 CRI 170: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

94. Jay had a brother and John killed his brother. In return, out of anger because John killed his ever loved brother, Jay
killed the latter. What specific source of strain is present?
a. Strain caused by the failure to achieve positively valued goals.
b. Strain caused by disjunction of expectations and achievements.
c. Removal of positively valued stimuli.
d. Presentation of negative stimuli.
95. Albert K. Cohen’s classification of lower class boys where he adopts a set of norms and principles in direct opposition
to middle-class values. He strives for independence and that nobody can control his behavior, he may join gangs and
willing to take risks and violate the law.
a. College boy c. Delinquent boy b. Corner boy d. Deviant boy
96. The main concept of this theory states that people in all strata of society share the same success goals but that those
in the lower-class have limited means of achieving them. People who perceive themselves as failures within
conventional society will seek alternative or innovative ways to gain success, such as joining drug syndicates and any
other forms of illegal activities.
a. Differential Association Theory c. Differential Opportunity Theory
b. Differential Reinforcement Theory d. Social Disorganization Theory
97. This theory explains that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate (label)
certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing a person and encouraging them to accept this negative personal
identity.
a. Drift theory c. Labeling theory b. Social bond theory d. Containment theory
98. Who created the maternal deprivation and attachment theory?
a. Edward John M. Bowlby c. James Q. Wilson b. Hans J. Eysenck d. Ernest Burgess
99. The study of the shape of the skull and bumps of the head to determine whether these physical attributes were
linked to criminal behavior.
a. Physiognomy c. Somatotyping b. Phrenology d. Nature
100. Lea and Rea were both graduated Cum Laude in college with the same course BS Criminology. Lea’s father is
currently the City Police Director. Unfortunately, when they applied in PNP Lea was hired as first priority compared to
Rea. This situation illustrates the theory of?
a. Social Disorganization theory c. Differential Opportunity theory
b. Differential Association theory d. Labeling theory