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Lab Latest Nash

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8 views2 pages

Lab Latest Nash

Uploaded by

haaziq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISCUSSION

The voltage gain of an amplifier varies with signal frequency. It is because reactances of the
capacitors in the circuit changes with signal frequency and hence affects the output voltage. The
curve between voltage gain and signal frequency of an amplifier is known as frequency response. At
low frequencies, the reactance of coupling capacitor is quite high and hence very small part of signal
will pass from amplifier stage to the load. At high frequencies, the reactance of CL is very small and it
behaves as a short circuit. This increases the loading effect of amplifier stage and serves to reduce
the voltage gain. As we can see from Table 1, the frequency was varied from 50 to 500kHz. During 1k
to 500kHz, we can see that the output voltage is decreasing from 4.08V to 1.30V. Moreover, at high
frequency, capacitive reactance of base-emitters junction is low which increases the base current.
These reduce the current amplification factor Beta. Due to these two reasons, the voltage gain drops
off at high frequency. At mid frequencies, the voltage gain of the amplifier is constant. The effect of
coupling capacitor in this frequency range is such as to maintain a uniform voltage gain. Thus, as the
frequency increases in this range, reactance of Cc decreases which tend to increase the gain.
However, at the same time, lower reactance means higher almost cancel each other, resulting in a
uniform fain at mid-frequency. From Table 1, the output voltage is quite stable during 50 to 1kHz.
The resistances R1, R2 and RE form the biasing and stabilization circuit. The biasing circuit must
establish a proper operating point, otherwise a part of the negative half-cycle of the signal may be
cut-off in the output. Input capacitor which is an electrolyte capacitor is used to couple the signal to
the base of the transistor. If it is not used, the signal source resistance, Rs will come across R2 and
thus change the bias. Input capacitor allows only ac signal to flow but isolates the signal source from
R2. The purpose of the collector resistor Rc is to set the collector current Ic as well as the emitter-
collector voltage Vce. In other words, Rc helps to set the transistor as the operating point of the
amplifier. We can see that by increasing the value of Rc, the output voltage will reduce.

CONCLUSION

After conducting the experiment, there are a few misconducts or errors throughout the experiment
which leads to a few distortion in the results. After the circuit has been constructed, the power
supply should be set to the appropriate voltage and then connected and switched on. An
oscilloscope should be connected to monitor the output of the amplifier to check that the circuit is
not oscillating. If the circuit is oscilloscope the oscillations must be stopped before proceeding
further. This can be the result of incorrect design or poort circuit layout. It can also be caused by
feedback along the conudtcors from the power supply to the circuit. Next, the measured dc voltage
levels should be at least show that the BE junction of the transistor should be forward biased. The
Vcb may range from approximately half of the supply voltage to almost the full battery voltage. We
can see that the output voltage is stable and then decreasing when we increase the frequency from
50 to 500kHz. Therefore, this experiment is a success.
CALCULATIONS

Vbe(measured) = 0.641V

Vbe(theoritical) = Vb(measured)-Ve(measured)

= 1.726V-0.635V

= 0.641V

Percentage error = |0.641-0.641|/0.641*100%

= 0%

#Value is accepted

Vce(measured) = 8.430V

Vce(theoritical) = Vc(measured)-Ve(theoritical)

= 9.075V-0.635V

= 8.440V

Percentage error = |8.430-8.440|/8.440*100%

= 0.118%

#Value is accepted

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