Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences

Department of History
History

THE OTTOMAN PERIOD IN ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY (1915-2015)

Ekrem ZAJMI

Master’s Thesis

Ankara, 2018
THE OTTOMAN PERIOD IN ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY (1915-2015)

Ekrem ZAJMI

Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences

Department of History
History

Master’s Thesis

Ankara, 2018
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...to my little boy and my lovely wife

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my main advisor Prof. Dr. Ramazan
Acun for his valuable knowledge and guidance during the preparation of this thesis.
His precious comments and advice led me to evaluate many topics from a different
perspective. I also would like to express my gratitude to my co-advisor Prof. Dr.
Nehat Krasniqi for his help during literature selecting process. Special thanks go to
the head of the History Department at the University of Hamburg, Prof. Dr. Gabriele
Clemens and to Prof. Dr. Yavuz Köse for their priceless advice on the thesis written
during my study time there.

I would also like to particularly thank Prof. Dr. Nuri Bexheti, Prof. Dr. Gazmend
Rizaj, Dr. Nuridin Ahmeti and everyone who helped me, even with their advice, and
literature included in this study. I want to express my gratitude to the employees of
National Libraries in Pristina and Tirana for their willingness to cooperate.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Republic of Turkey and the
Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB) for the scholarship
granted to me throughout my master studies.

Finally yet importantly, I would like to thank my family for their support and
encouragement and my friends for their advice. A last thank you note goes to my
wife, who deserves special appreciations for taking care of our son, Akil, sacrificing
her own graduation on time in order to support my academic achievements.
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ABSTRACT

ZAJMI, Ekrem, The Ottoman Period in Albanian Historiography (1915-2015),

Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2018

The main purpose of this thesis is to identify the most important historians in
Albanian historiography concerning the Ottoman period and to analyse their views
and attitudes on that period. To identify the most influential historians, social
network analysis method was used. Bibliographical data extracted from 130 books,
most of which are written in Albanian and published mainly during the 20 th century,
were used as the data source for analysis. A total of 4300 bibliographic references
and more than 7800 citations’ data were compiled from these books. These data
were uploaded to a system titled kaynakca.info and analysed using this system’s
social network analysis method. Firstly, the most influential historians in the field of
Albanian history during the Ottoman period were determined based on
eigenvector, betweenness and closeness centrality criteria of the social network
analysis method. Further on, these historians’ views and attitudes on the Ottoman
period were qualitatively analysed based on their works. The opinions of these
historians were discussed based on three periods: the patriotic-nationalist period
(1912 – 1945), the communist period (1945 – 1990) and the democratic period
(1990 – 2015). According to this, influential historians portrayed a nationalist view
of the Ottoman period between 1912 – 1945, while between 1945 - 1990 they were
influenced by a more communist ideology. After 1990, a liberal approach to the
Ottoman period was introduced. What these time segments have in common –
with very few exceptions – was the domination of the idea that the Ottoman Empire
was an invader and left Albanians 500 years behind. Findings obtained from this
thesis can make it easier for researchers to choose literature related to the
Ottoman Empire for research purposes. Moreover, the most cited historians’ list
from this study could serve even ordinary readers who are interested in this
important period of Albanian history.
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Keywords: Albanian Historiography, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Period, Social

Network Analysis, Prominent Historians, Bibliographical Data
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ÖZET

ZAJMI, Ekrem, Arnavut Tarih Yazımında Osmanlı Dönemi (1915-2015), Yüksek

Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2018

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Arnavut tarihçiliğinde Osmanlı dönemi hakkında yazan

önemli tarihçileri ve onların Osmanlı dönemi hakkında düşüncelerini belirlemektir.
Osmanlı dönemi hakkında yazan önemli Arnavut tarihçilerini belirlemek için sosyal
ağ analizi metodu kullanılmıştır. Analiz için veri kaynağı olarak da ağırlıklı olarak
20. yüzyılda yayınlanan, çoğu Arnavutça yazılmış 130 kitaptan çıkarılan
bibliyografik atıf verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu kitaplardan toplam 4300 bibliyografik
künye ve 7800'den fazla atıf verisi toplanmıştır. Bu veriler kaynakca.info adlı
sisteme yüklenmiş ve bu sistemin sosyal ağ analizi modülü kullanılarak analiz
edilmiştir. İlk aşamada sosyal ağ analizinin derece, yakınlık, arasındalık ve öz
vektör ölçütlerine göre merkezi önemdeki tarihçiler belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, bu
tarihçilerin Osmanlı dönemi hakkındaki görüşleri kendi yazdıkları kitaplardan
hareketle niteliksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Merkezi öneme sahip bu tarihçilerin
görüşleri 1912 – 1945 yılları arasında, komünist rejim yıllarında (1945 – 1990),
1990'dan sonrası olmak üzere üç dönemde ele alınmıştır. Buna göre, önde gelen
tarihçiler 1912-1945 yılları arasında Osmanlı dönemi hakkında milliyetçi bir görüş
sergilerken, 1945-1990 yılları arasında kuvvetli komünist ideolojik
değerlendirmelerde bulunmuşlardır. 1990’dan sonra ise Osmanlı dönemine liberal
bir yaklaşım fark edildilmektedir. Çok az istisna olmak üzere, bu zaman dilimlerinin
ortak noktası Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun istilacı olduğunu ve Arnavutları 500 yıl
geride bıraktığı düşüncesinin hâkimiyetidir. Bu tez çalışmasından elde edilen
bulgular, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile ilgili konularda araştırma amaçlı literatür
seçimine yardımcı olmak için kullanılabilir. Dahası, bu çalışma ile belirlenen
merkezi önemdeki tarihçilerin listesi, Arnavut tarihinin bu dönemi ile ilgilenen
sıradan okuyuculara yol gösterici olabilir.
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Anahtar Sözcükler: Arnavut Tarih Yazımı, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Osmanlı

Dönemi, Sosyal Ağ Analizi, Üstat Tarihçiler, Bibliyografik Veriler
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL…………………………………………………...... i

DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………...ii

PUBLISHING AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS DECLARATION…….iii

ETHICAL DECLARATION………………………………………………………………iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………. vi

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….vii

ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………….… ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………… xi

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….. xv

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………...……… xvi

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………. xvii

1. CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 1

1.1. THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY................................................................1

1.2. THE PURPOSE AND THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH .......3

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...........................................................................4

1.4. COLLECTION, ASSESSMENT AND LITERATURE SELECTION ............4

1.5. LIMITATIONS ..............................................................................................7

1.6. THESIS OUTLINE........................................................................................8

2. CHAPTER: LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..............................10

2.2. ABOUT SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS .................................................12

2.3. HISTORY OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS’ DEVELOPMENT ..........13

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2.4. APPLICATION OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN THE FIELD OF

HISTORY..............................................................................................................14

2.5. GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS ...................................16

2.6. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS CENTRALITY MEASURES .................18

2.6.1. Eigenvector Centrality .........................................................................20

2.6.2. Betweenness Centrality .......................................................................21

2.6.3. Closeness Centrality ............................................................................22

2.7. SOCIOMETRY ...........................................................................................24

2.7.1. The origin of Sociometry......................................................................24

2.8. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE SYSTEM.....................25

2.8.1. Kaynakca.info ......................................................................................25

3. CHAPTER: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY; A

BRIEF INTRODUCTION 28

3.1. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S PLACE IN ALBANIAN

HISTORIOGRAPHY………… ..............................................................................28

3.1.1. The general approach to the treatment of Ottoman Empire ...............30

3.2. HISTORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CREATING THE NATIONAL

IDENTITY .............................................................................................................33

3.3. PERIODIZATION OF ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ON OTTOMAN

PERIOD ................................................................................................................35

3.3.1. The post-independence period 1912–1945: History writing as a tool of

strengthening the element of the state .............................................................37

3.3.2. The communist period 1945 – 1990; Marxist-Leninist approach ........38

3.3.2.1. Creation of the Institute of History…………………………………….39

3.3.3. The post-communist period 1990 ........................................................42

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4. CHAPTER: APPLICATION OF SNA ON OTTOMAN STUDIES 45

4.1. DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................46

4.1.1. Data Analysis in Eigenvector, Betweenness and Closeness

Centrality... ........................................................................................................47

4.2. THE SIGNIFICANT ALBANIAN HISTORIANS BASED ON DEGREE

CENTRALITIES ...................................................................................................51

4.3. INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS IN ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ........58

4.4. NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS BY TIMES: THE MOST CITED PERIOD

………. ..................................................................................................................61

4.4.1. The most cited period in ottoman studies............................................62

5. CHAPTER: THE PROMINENT AUTHORS' STUDIES ON THE OTTOMAN

EMPIRE.................................................................................................................. 64

5.1. CRITICAL OVERVIEW ON OTTOMAN STUDIES....................................64

5.2. TERMINOLOGY USED IN OTTOMAN STUDIES .....................................66

5.3. INFLUENTIAL HISTORIANS: THEIR APPROACH TO THE OTTOMAN

EMPIRE ................................................................................................................68

5.3.1. Hasan Kaleshi......................................................................................68

5.3.2. Kristo Frasheri .....................................................................................69

5.3.2.1. A short biography………………………………………..……………...72

5.3.3. Aleks Buda ...........................................................................................72

5.3.4. Halil Inalcik ...........................................................................................77

5.3.4.1. A short biography…………………………………...…………………..80

6. CHAPTER: CONCLUSIONS 80

6.1. CONCLUSIONS BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS .........................80

6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................81

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BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 85

APPENDIX A: INCLUDED BOOKS IN SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE

ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ON OTTOMAN PERIOD...................................98

APPENDIX B: AUTHORS WHO ARE RELATED TO THE MOST INFLUENTIAL

HISTORIANS: KRISTO FRASHËRI, ALEKS BUDA, HASAN KALESHI........... 107

APPENDIX-C: ETHICS COMMISSION FORM FOR THESIS…………………….110

APPENDIX-D: MASTER’S THESIS ORIGINALITY REPORT.............................112

AUTOBIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….114
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Description of five research stages .............................................................6

Table 2. Most profilic authors in social network analysis ........................................17
Table 3. Content of the Kaynakca.info by numbers ................................................26
Table 4. The ranking list of prominent Albanian historians based on Eigenvector
Centrality.................................................................................................................51
Table 5. Number of books included in the thesis research, according to their
publication time ........................................................................................................61
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Growth in number of social network analyses.........................................17

Figure 2. Eigenvector connected graph..................................................................20
Figure 3. Betweenness Centrality Graph................................................................22
Figure 4. Closeness Centrality Graph ....................................................................23
Figure 5. A random search, Injac Zamputi; Reports on North and Middle Albania’s
situation in the 17th century (1610-1650) .................................................................26
Figure 6. Kristo Frashëri, Profile page ....................................................................47
Figure 7. History “Bulutusu” - Nebula; A complex network example (left) and the
resemblance to Nebula (right) .................................................................................48
Figure 8. This figure has been drawn up according to Eigenvector Centrality.......50
Figure 9. Eigenvector Centrality from a nearly point of view ..................................53
Figure 10. Kristo Frashëri; the central position in eigenvector centrality ...............53
Figure 11. This figure has been drawn up according to Betweenness Centrality -
18.02.18 ...................................................................................................................54
Figure 12. Clicking to the node which has the highest connection rate in
Betweenness Centrality ...........................................................................................55
Figure 13. This figure has been drawn up according to Closeness Centrality .......56
Figure 14. Clicking to the node which has the highest connection rate in
Closeness Centrality ................................................................................................57
Figure 15. The social network of foreign authors based on Eigenvector Centrality
.................................................................................................................................58
Figure 16. The most prominent international author based in Eigenvector
Centrality; Halil Inalcik .............................................................................................59
Figure 17. The reference point for international historians; Kristo Frashëri ...........60
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

FMS: Finance Management System

INSNA: International Network Society of Social Network Analysts

RQ: Research Question

SNA: Social Network Analysis

SQL: Structured Query Language

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1. CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION

If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants

Isaac Newton

1.1. THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

Historiography, or in other words the art of writing history requires a

comprehensive intuition of the nexus that connects events and gives them life and
an inner spiritual power. (Dilthey, 1996, p.339). However, whether developed or
not, large or small, historiography reflects the average level of intellectual thinking
of the society that produces and writes this history. Albanian historiography
includes a large number of studies about the Ottoman Empire in Albanian lands,
covering the period from the 15th century to the early 20th century. In fact, they
cover a wide range of work dealing with the Ottoman period, Ottoman politics
within Albanian lands, local population and nobility, changes in economic relations
in the Ottoman period, Albanian cities and conversions of Albanians to Islam, as
well as studies on political, cultural and linguistic aspects of the Albanian National
Movement (1878-1881), which ended with the declaration of independence from
the High Gate in 1912 (Puto, 2003, p. 97). Since the second half of the 19th
century, which marks the first serious beginnings of recorded Albanian history, until
the collapse of the communist regime in Albania, Albanian history on the Ottoman
period underwent changes depending on the period of writing. According to
historical accounts, the Ottoman period of rule in Albania was seen as the main
cause of the country's economic backwardness, and that the East, in our case the
Ottomans, were equated with non-development. The most distinguishing feature of
this was underlining of the brutality; barbarism and religious fanaticism of Ottoman
troops, which in the eyes of the audience (the readers in this case) looked like a
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horde of plunderers that flattened any city or inhabited center they encountered.
This image of the Ottoman Empire was initially exploited by the representatives of
the Renaissance movement for the purpose of connecting more Albanians with
Europe, and later this kind of approach was used by communists to justify non-
development and stagnation of the Albanian communist state.

There is no doubt that advances in computer technology have influenced social

sciences as well. In fact, there is a lot to be gained by combining the two fields of
social sciences and computer sciences and using one to benefit the other. The
research presented in this thesis is motivated by the belief that the use of software
programs in collecting, processing and presenting bibliographical data in the field
of history can enrich scientific data results, by lowering the possibility of “emotional
interference”. When considering the quality of scientific research, there are as
many opinions on what “good” research is, as there are researchers. Each
researcher has their own beliefs on what “good” research means to them. This
especially seems to be the case for researchers in social sciences, when it comes
to the use and application of computer science methods in their field. In this study,
social network analysis is applied on the collected bibliography of Albanian
historical studies for the Ottoman period and the enriched results are displayed
using sociograms. The social network analysis method was used by researchers to
study people from different scientific fields such as sociology, anthropology,
psychology, and recently started to be used in the field of history as well. Over the
past decade, significant articles that rely on network analysis – on substantively
important historical topics – from the organization of the Medici to Ottoman state
building and beyond to the Paris Commune have been published (Bearman,
Moody, Faris, 2003, p. 63).
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1.2. THE PURPOSE AND THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH

The main purpose of this thesis is to firstly identify the most significant historians
on Albanian history concerning the Ottoman period using the social network
analysis method, and then to analyse these historians’ views on that period.
Secondly, this study aims to find the most cited international historians on the
same topic. Lastly, this thesis will identify the most cited time segment, from
among the three major time segments of Albanian history in the Ottoman period.

Social network analysis has been used for many years by various science
disciplines in different countries before being applied in Turkey. One of the first
bibliographical studies to be done in Turkey goes back to 1970 (Al, Sezen, Soydal,
2012, p.56). Despite a numerous amount of research being done in Kosovo on
different areas, there aren’t any forms of research including books, articles,
master’s theses or doctoral dissertations that have applied the social network
analysis method. It seems, this will be the first study to use this research
methodology in Kosovo. This thesis will contribute to the wider research available
in this field in three ways:

 Through this study the most distinguished Albanian and foreign historians in
the area of Albanian Historiography (1915-2015) on Ottoman period will be
identified, and this will provide guidance for future researchers, in terms of
which authors to look for when researching within this area.
 Social network analysis is still an unknown research method in Kosovo and
generally in the Albanian space. This study will pave the way for future
Albanian researchers to use this method as a form of research for their
studies.
 Hundreds of bibliographic tags and thousands of citations will be uploaded
to the kaynakça.info website (books, journals, articles etc.) as a result of this
study. This will make it easier for Albanian and other international
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researchers who are interested in Albanian historians and studies to access

them easily.

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study aims to answer the following research questions:

Research Question 1: Who are the most prominent Albanian historians on the
Ottoman period of the Albanian history based on centrality measures of Social
Network Analysis (Degree Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, Closeness
Centrality and Eigenvector Centrality).

Research Question 2: What are their views (of those historians determined by
SNA) on the Ottoman Empire’s rule of Albanian land?

Research Question 3: Where did they get their influence from: other Albanian
historians or international historians? (This will be determined through citations
they make (or incoming connections)).

1.4. COLLECTION, ASSESSMENT AND LITERATURE SELECTION

In social network analysis, there are different data collection methods including
self-reporting observation, questionnaires, diaries, experiments, informants, and
archives (Marsden, 1990, p.457). The archive data collection technique can be
framed according to the period of time and the relational properties being
researched. Moreover, the use of archive data requires less time and consumers
fewer resources (Wasserman, Faust, 1994, p.22). Considering the purpose of this
thesis, the focus of research literature was on publications related to Ottoman
period. More than 200 publications including papers and books have been
collected from various libraries such as: The National Library of Pristina and The
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National Library of Tirana, the Archive of the Institute of History in Pristina, the
Library of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pristina and many personal
libraries of various professors and academicians.

The subject matter of this paper, besides being important for the content, is equally
sensitive to the method of selecting the titles and authors involved. Bearing this in
mind, the collected literature has been selected based on these criteria:

 Reputable publishing houses were contacted such as Renaissance,

University Books Publishing House and other institutions in Kosovo and
Albania such as The Academy of Sciences and Arts, Public Universities,
The Institute of History, The National Library, Historians Association of
Kosovo, and Albanological Institute of Pristina.

 Books highly reviewed and recommended by history university professors in

their class syllabuses.

Based on the criteria outlined above and after closely conferring with the thesis
supervisors, only 130 books were selected. From the total number of the selected
books, 100 books are written by Albanian authors and 30 by international ones who
have studied and written about Albanian history. The data used to meet the
objectives of the study includes about 4300 bibliographical references extracted
from the selected books. The analysis of these data was done in a website titled
kaynakca.info.

However, it should be pointed out that this study – the first of its kind in Albanian
historiography – is based on the level of access available to the Ottoman period
work and studies. We are aware of the fact that there are still many publications in
personal and public libraries, both inside and outside the country, in Albanian or
even in foreign languages, which are still unknown to us. Since this thesis aims to
 6

reach out the Albanian historians, in Albanian authors’ publications only parts of the
bibliography that refers to the Albanian ones are uploaded to the system. The
bibliographies of the international authors' publications are uploaded as a whole. All
the stages of this thesis, from the literature collection to the research results have
been described in table 1.

Table 1. Description of five research stages

Even though Albanian intellectuals have contributed in the field of Ottoman studies
with publications from the first half of the 17th century (Bardhi, 1635), only
publications from the early 20th century to 2015 have been considered. From the
beginning of the 20th century, including a bibliography has become standard in the
field of historical studies (F. Acun, 2011, 66). However, it should be noted that even
a number of books published after the first quarter of the 20th century by reputable
authors in Albanian historiography – like Kristo Frashëri (The history of Albania (A
brief survey), 1978, Tirana), Inijac Zamputi (The Albanians‘ efforts for freedom
during the first two centuries of Ottoman rule, 1961, Tirana), Iljaz Rexha (The
Arban medieval onomastics in the Dardania area, 2005, Pristina) etc. – have
 7

neither bibliographies nor references. That’s why the authenticity of these books
can be questionable.

Some of the other books included in this research – apart from the bibliography as
a whole – provide additional explanations regarding its content. For instance,
Schmitt in his book Albanians, a history between East and West writes, “The
following references intend to make it easier for readers to find additional literature.
They are not designed as bibliographies for scientific researches” (Schmitt, 2012a;
297). Unlike Schmitt, Malcoml, in the bibliography of his book Kosovo, a short
history states “This bibliography includes those works that have been cited or
referred to in this book” (Malcolm, 1998, p. 454).

1.5. LIMITATIONS

This is the first study of this kind carried out on Albanian Historiography. Although
the Ottoman Empire has been studied from various angles, no one has yet applied
social network analysis in this field. There have been different fields of science in
which social network analysis was utilized but not sufficiently in the field of history.
Therefore, taking up such a task came with its own difficulties and shortcomings.
Among the limitation of this study was the impossibility of analysing archival
resources - because of their features - cited in the books included in this study. As
stated in the first chapter, part of the books included in this study, although their
title and author were evaluable, they did not contain a bibliography. Finally, we
must emphasize the fact that during the collection of the bibliography of books, the
context of citation from the author of the book has not been taken into account.
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1.6. THESIS OUTLINE

The content of this thesis is built focusing especially on the main purpose of the
research. This thesis consists of a total of six chapters including the first chapter in
which these explanations are given.

The second chapter reviews the literature used in this thesis and continues with
explanations of the main concepts of social network analysis, followed by the
application of this theory to the field of history. In this chapter, an overview of the
method used in this study is covered along with the centrality measures of social
network analysis. Finally, the software program kaynakca.info used to analyse the
research data is discussed.

The third chapter explains Albanian historiography on Ottoman period; the space
this whole period occupies and how it is treated. Three different time frames of the
Ottoman rule in Albanian territories have been treated separately. Though only
post - 1912 publications have been included in this study, this chapter also
addresses the historical-romantic period, which begins from the second half of the
19th century to 1945. Before coming to the Albanian historiography during
communism (1945-1990), the patriotic period of nationalist historiography and its
role in the consolidation of the Albanian state was also looked at. Finally, Ottoman
studies after the collapse of the communist regime in Albania was discussed.

The forth chapter reviews the application of social network analysis in recorded
data. In this chapter, some of the research questions are answered after data
analysis is done. All the results that coincide with research questions are
accompanied by additional information related to those findings.

The fifth Chapter corresponds to the second research question. In this chapter, the
views and attitudes of these authors will be considered in connection with the
Ottoman period in the Albanian lands. This chapter gives a brief overview of the
 9

biographies and publications of the most prominent Albanian and international

authors who occupy a central position in Eigenvector Centrality.

Finally, Chapter Six is a concluding chapter summarizing in brief the answers to

the research questions. This way, the main objectives of the thesis presented at
the beginning, are fulfilled. In conclusion, based on the findings of this research,
recommendations and future research suggestions are discussed.
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2. CHAPTER: LITERATURE REVIEW

“Social network analysis is inherently an interdisciplinary endeavour”

(Wasserman & Faust, 1994)

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research for this study was done using quantitative and qualitative methods.
Social network analysis was used to analyse the data and sociometry is used to
assess the characteristics of the actors and the relationship between them in social
networks. Qualitative analysis was done based on views and attitudes of the
historians who are considered as prominent according to this research. Several
methods have been developed for data anlayis of bibliographic citations, and are
commonly referred to as bibliometric methods,. Many research areas use
bibliometric methods to investigate their fields’ impact. Citation analysis and
content analysis are the most commonly used bibliometric methods. Another
method that has recently become widespread is social network analysis (Acun,
2015b:71). Social Network Analysis in terms of an applied graph theory, is a
quantitative method (Scott, 2000). The main advantage of social network analysis
is that it generates various social network maps showing communicative relations
among a social system’s members. Currently, many social network analyses use
computer softwares, specially designed for network analysis and depending on the
purpose of the study; the software generates many types of network maps.
Mapping gives the opportunity to easily analyse the social structure and also
makes it possible for people not of the field to also comprehend what the research
is trying to claim. Influential historians in a social system can also be identified
using sociograms mapped in different measurements.
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In this context, the sociogram (Fig. 8) created by kaynakca.info software program,

represents the graphical illustration of the connections between historians and
shows the main protagonists of Albanian history writing on the Ottoman era.
Albanian historiography on Ottoman period is divided into three time segments:
From independence to the moment Albania joined the communist world (1912-
1945), Albania under the communist regime (1945-1990), and the post-communist
period (1945-2015). All the three time segments during which Albanian
historiography has changed have been addressed here. The literature included in
this research has mostly been published during the 20th century. Considering the
purpose of this thesis, the focus of the research literature was on publications that
belong to the Ottoman era. Since this thesis’ main focus is on books sources,
historiography of the second half of the 19th century is not included. According to
Dritan Egro (2007, p. 199) the earlier writings are considered as pre-scientific since
the time they were written was judgmental of the past events and the books were
written without reference to main historical documents and resources. References
play a vital role in the identification and retrieval of earlier work. A crucial part of
research papers, particularly in sciences, is the bibliography pointing to prior
publications (Smith, 1981, p.84-85). Well, what are the main sources of the
qualitative analysis of this study? When we discuss the main sources of this study
in case of Albanian historiography’ sources, the contemporary Albanian historians
such as Dritan Egro and Artan Puto should be mentioned, on the other side
Frymzim Dauti from Macedonia along with the historian from Kosovo, Izber Hoti.
We do not intend to confine the entire perspective of Albanian historiography on
these names, but we can say that they are among the most important figures in the
contemporary discussion field of Albanian historiography on Ottoman period. Their
articles and books are used as main sources in the qualitative analysis of this
thesis. On the other side, when we talk about sociometrics and social network
analysis as the research method applied in this thesis, it should be mentioned
Linton Freeman (The Development of Social Network Analysis), Johan Scott
(Social network analysis: A handbook), Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust
 12

(Social Network Analysis - Methods and Applications). In addition, the founder of

Sociometry Jacob Moreno is undisputed name in this field with his books: “Who
shall survive?” and “Sociometry in Relation to Other Social Sciences”.

2.2. ABOUT SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

The social network represents a set of actors that usually have relationships with
each other. According to Freeman (1996, p.40), “social networks are formally
defined as a set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types
of relations”. The nodes in the network are the people and groups while the links
show relationships between the nodes. Theoretically, it is a premise based on a
structured study of human relations. Social network analysis came out as an
alternative of traditional study methods. The value of social network theory versus
other sciences like sociological approach is its focus on the value of the network
structure rather that the characteristics of the individual (Parkhe et all, 2006, p.561)
therefore, the relationships between actors in social network analysis, become the
first priority. One could say that in this thesis, properties of actors are the prime
concern.

Through this method, it is made possible to retrieve information regarding the

positions of the actors in a social structure, the size, and the density of the network
formed by connections among these actors, the groupings in network, etc. This
information is attained by the use of mathematical methods on the dataset
representing the social network. Pajek, NetMiner, Gmine, MultiNet, StocNet
UciNetetc are some software programs available today that provide both
mathematical and visual analysis of network data (Gürsakal, 2009, p. 248). In this
thesis, the software program titled kaynakca.info has been utilized. This software
program provides both mathematical and visual analysis of network data based on
three measures of degree centrality: Eigenvector, Betweenness and Closeness.
The importance and differences between the three most popular degree centrality
 13

measures: Eigenvector Centrality, Betweenness Centrality and Closeness

Centrality, will be provided below. These different measures give us awareness into
the various roles and groupings within a network.

Another important aspect of social network analysis is the distinguishing of two

main forms of social network analysis: the ego network analysis and the global
network analysis (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.428). In ‘ego’ studies the research
network is concentrated in one person. One example from the information sciences
is White’s (2000) description of the research network centred on Eugene Garfield
and the other one is Acun’s description of the research network centred on Ahmet
Yaşar Ocak (Acun, 2015a). In global network analyses, one tries to find all the
relations between the network participants.

2.3. HISTORY OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS’ DEVELOPMENT

The history of social network analysis goes back to the 1920s. German
psychologist Wolfgang Köhler (1925) came up with the idea of the social network.
He had the ‘gestalt’ theory which conceptualized the metaphysical idea that the
organized patterns of objects, shape an individual’s views and perceptions (Scott,
2000, p.45). Moreno’s (1934) major contribution, as the founder of sociometry, to
social network analysis, was the invention of a way to show the interpersonal
structures of groups. Up until the 1940s, social network studies had established the
fundamental concepts of social network analysis and focused on graphical
illustration of network features, while many scholars from the 1950s employed
mathematical and statistical methods to investigate social networks (Wasserman &
Faust, 1994, p. 102). Jacob Moreno and Kurt Lewin were the first scientists to use
social network analysis in the social sciences. Moreno (1934) used network
analysis to show social configurations among schoolchildren. Lewin (1951), who
worked on group behaviour, argued that a person’s attitude or behaviour is
influenced by his/her position in the social group. In addition, they integrated
 14

mathematical formulas from graph theory into social network analysis (Dervis,
2014, p.11).

Since the 1960s, network analysis has been used in many disciplines of social
sciences as well as in natural and formal sciences, with each discipline defining its
own concepts and indicators. In 1978, the foundation of the International Network
Society of Social Network Analysts (INSNA, 2018) by Barry Wellman
institutionalized social network analysis (Kirchhof, 2008, p. 5).

2.4. APPLICATION OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN THE FIELD OF

HISTORY

Combining social theory and mathematics (graph theory), social network analysis
has become a potentially promising tool for psychologists and sociologists, among
others, to study organizational settings. Their work encouraged other scientists to
follow up, incorporating application of social network analysis in their research
(Cartwright & Harary, 1977, p.91). Social network analysis was used by scientists
of different scientific fields such as anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists and
recently in the history field, to study peoples’ relations.

According to Bearman te all (2003, p. 63) “Over the past decade, influential articles
that rely on network analysis – on substantively important historical topics – from
the organization of the Medici to Ottoman state building and beyond to the Paris
Commune, have been published”. Social network analysis concepts and methods
are increasingly being applied in practice within the realm of historical research,
rather than merely being used as a metaphor. According to several social studies,
it can be proved that methods taken from social network analysis can be
successfully applied to certain selections of historical data also. However, the
downside is that these studies are influenced by concerns, standards of data
processing, and most importantly epistemological paradigms, that stem from the
 15

social sciences. The term network has been in use by historians for a long time, but
only metaphorically. This however has changed just recently (historical network
research, 2017). The fields of Sociology and Psychology, but also History, are
generally concerned with the structural composition and procedural changes of
communities of people. Individuals are regarded, not in light of their personal
characteristics, but in the roles that they play within their social environment. The
general assumption underlying this approach is that a connection between two
individuals is the product of their combined characteristics and thus network of
relations provides a mapping of (the consequences of) the community preferences.

Using social network analysis as a tool to analyse historical bibliographic data, has
been forecasted from Eduard Garfield many years ago (Acun, 2015a, p.2). “In the
near future, the compilation of bibliographies will be inseparable from writing the
history of that field. A scholar will be able to sit in front of his computer’s control
panel and will specify starting points — a person, a word, a citation, a place. Given
a particular word or document, he will then ask the computer to display a list of
pertinent papers. Then, the computer will draw or display for him a historical road
map which will show him not merely the list of papers and books, but also a
graphical approximation or detailed history of that subject” (Garfield, 1971, p.167).
Moreover, the analysis of historical bibliographic citations can reveal key events,
their chronology, their mutual relations and their relative importance. Thus, a new
field of history science study has been opened up (Acun, 2015a, p.2).

Even though the application of social network analysis in historical perspective has
started being used in recent years, there are many papers and theses in this field.
Some examples of these papers are listed below;

 Acun, R. (2015). Sosyal Ağ Bakış Açısından Tarihçi Kimliğinin Oluşumu:

Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Üzerine Bir Deneme. Ötekilerin Peşinde Ahmet Yaşar
Ocak'a Armağan, (F. Yeşil. ve M. Öz, Ed.) içinde, 1-28.
 16

 Bras, H. Koylu, C., Kasakoff. A., & Guo, D., (2013), Visualizing Historical
Kinship Networks using Data from Marriage Registers: The Netherlands,
1830-1950, The XXXIII Sunbelt Social Networks Conference, May, 21-26.
(INSNA). Hamburg, Germany.

 Günay, N. A. (2012), A Study of Social Network Analysis: The Âyan of Bursa

in the Late 18th Century, Akademik Bakış, Cilt 5, Sayı 10, p. 39-49

 Düring, M. (2011), Social Network Analysis for Historians: Potentials and

Challenges of “Historical Network Research”. Kulturwissenschaftliches
Institut Essen, 24 - 26 February, German Historical, London

2.5. GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS

Social network analysis has recently experienced rapid growth is something which
has been stated a lot, however it has rarely been proven. When conducting a
search for social analysis (for the period between 1963–2000), 1601 articles were
found with the words ‘social network analysis’ in the ‘subject heading’ field. The
1601 articles found on social analysis have publication dates between 1969 and
2000. There are, however, only two articles from 1969 and two from 1971 (Otte,
Rousseau, 2002, p.444).

Figure 1 clearly shows the fast growth of the field in the recent years. More
specifically, real growth began around 1981 and there is no sign of decline. This
proves that other fields, besides sociology, have used the term and techniques.
 17

Figure 1. Growth in numbers of Social Network Analyses (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.445)

The graph in figure 1, demonstrates the fact that it was only in the early 1980s that
social network analysis started its career. The main reasons for this are the
institutionalization of social network analysis since the late 1970s, and the
availability of basic textbooks and computer software.

The earliest basic textbook exclusively dealing with social network analysis that the
authors know of is Knoke and Kuklinski’s Network Analysis, published in 1982.
Other important books that have influenced the growth of the discipline are
Wellman and Berkowitz’ Social Structures: A Network Approach (1988), Scott’s
Social Network Analysis: A Handbook (1991), and Wasserman and Faust’s Social
Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (1994) (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.445).
Of course, the development of dedicated software also led to an increased interest
in the field and its methods. In addition, it should be noted that growth in the
number of subjects being studied, follows the growth in the number of articles
including social network analysis.
 18

Table 2. Most prolific authors in social network analysis. (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.447)

Based on the Sociological Abstracts database, Barry Wellman is the most prolific
author in the field of social network analysis. He published 31 articles in the
investigated period (21 as first author) (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.447). Table 2
shows the most prolific authors (using total counts) in the field of social network
analysis. It’s not surprising that Patrick Doreian heads this list due to his prominent
role in social network analysis.

2.6. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS CENTRALITY MEASURES

In many social network applications, the main objective of data analyses is to

identify the most important actors in the network. In this study, the actor (historian)
who is extensively involved in connection with other significant nodes is considered
the prominent one. According to Linton C. Freeman (1979), approaches to
centrality are based on three ideas about what being central means: (1) being
active within the network, that is, maintaining many ties, (2) being efficient or
independent of go-betweens by having short distances to other vertices in the
network, and (3) being an important go-between, that is, being part of many paths
 19

between other vertices in the network (Carrington, Scott, Wasserman, 2005,

p.328).

The popularity or importance of a node is expressed by its centrality. Centrality can

be calculated on the individual nodes (point centrality), or over the entire graph -
graph centrality (Freeman, 1979). The focus review is on point centrality. Point
centrality is used to determine the relative importance of a node to the overall
graph structure. Based on Shaw, (1954, p.142) generally, four different types of
degree centrality are distinguished:

 Degree centrality,
 Eigenvector centrality,
 Betweenness centrality and
 Closeness centrality

Degree centrality is equal to the number of connections that an actor (a node) has
with other actors. In this network being a central author means that this scientist
has collaborated with many colleagues (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.447);

Eigenvector centrality, assigns higher ranks to nodes that are either well-connected
themselves, or that are connected to other well-connected nodes (Bonacich, 1991,
p.164);

Betweenness centrality, measures how often a node is included in the shortest

path between node pairs (Freeman, 1977, p.144); and

Closeness centrality, expresses how embedded in the graph a node is by taking

the sum of its shortest path lengths to all other nodes in the graph (Beauchamp,
1965, p.161).
 20

Each type of centrality expresses a different quality of the node in question and,
consequently, serves a different purpose (Freeman, 1979). Eigenvector centrality
can be used to determine the influence of nodes over the others; Betweenness
centrality highlights those nodes that have the highest control over the flow of
information through a graph – this can for instance be applied to domains where it
is important to manage access to information. Finally, Closeness centrality
measures how efficiently nodes can contact one another and how much they
depend on each other to receive information (De Camp, 2016:86).

Further information on centralities that are used in our research (Eiginvector

Centrality, Betweenness Centrality and Closeness Centrality) is provided below.

2.6.1. Eigenvector Centrality

Eigenvector centrality was proposed for the first time by Bonacich in 1972.
Eigenvector centrality assigns higher ranks to nodes that are either well-connected
themselves, or that are connected to other well-connected nodes (Bonacich, 1991,
p.160). In other words, eigenvector centrality is an important node, which is
connected with other important nodes in a network.

Figure 2. Eigenvector connected graph

 21

The most important node-person in this connection is Jill (blue node) and the less
connected node-person is Liz (red node). (Mascolo, 1996)

Eigenvector centrality is different from degree centrality: a higher number of links

doesn’t mean a high eigenvector centrality - it might be that all linkers have low or
null eigenvector centrality. In other words, in eigenvector centrality, a node is
important if other important nodes link it (Bonacich, 1972, p.179).

2.6.2. Betweenness Centrality

Betweenness centrality is determined by the number of shortest paths going

through an actor. Actors with a high betweenness play the role of connecting
different groups, as ‘middlemen’ (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.447). A betweenness
centrality is a very important measure, while bearing in mind flows in a network.
The large betweenness value means that a given actor is connected with many
other actors (directly and indirectly).

According to FMS (2009), an entity with a high betweenness centrality generally:

 Holds a favoured or powerful position in the network

 Represents a single point of failure – take the single betweenness spanner
out of a network and you sever ties between cliques.
 Has a greater amount of influence on what happens in a network

Another table, as a complex visual form of Betweenness Centrality is given in fig 3.

 22

Figure 3. Betweenness Centrality Graph

Source: FSM Advanced System Group 2009

In this example, Rafael has the highest betweenness because he is between Alice
and Aldo, who are between other entities. Alice and Aldo have lower betweenness
because they are only within their own groups. So although Alice has a higher
degree centrality, Rafael may have more prominence in the network.

2.6.3. Closeness Centrality

Closeness centrality of a node is calculated by checking the total distance (in the
graph) of this node from all the other nodes. A high closeness for an actor means
that he or she is related to all the others through a small number of paths (Otte,
Rousseau, 2002, p.447). In other words, Closeness centrality measures how
quickly an entity can access more entities in a network.

According to FMS (2009) an entity with a high closeness centrality generally:

 Has a quick access to other entities in a network

 Has a short path to other entities
 Is close to other entities
 23

 Has high visibility on what is happening in the network

The visual form of Closeness Centrality according to Freemen’ Network Centrality

is given in fig. 4.

Figure 4.Closeness Centrality Graph

Source: FMS Advanced System Group 2009)

Similar to the betweenness example, Rafael is considered to have the highest

closeness centrality because reaches more entities through shorter paths than
others. Hence, Rafael's location allows him to connect to entities in his own group,
and to entities that span groups.

The multi-disciplinary nature of the social network analysis method is both its
strength and weakness at the same time. Strength, due to the cross-fertilization
and development of this method in various fields have made many advances to the
method possible. Weakness, due to issues with common definitions and
clarifications required for concepts of the method (Kirchhoff, 2010, p. 60). As
mentioned in the previous section, the term ‘network’, is a heavily used term to
denote relational data in a vast number of applications. Hence the term ’network
analysis’ has different meanings to different people. However, most of these
 24

applications rely on a formal basis that is coherent. For that reason, it seems
adequate to treat social network analysis as a field of its own.

2.7. SOCIOMETRY

The Sociometric method term is defined as “a large class of methods that assess
the positive and negative connections between individuals within the group”
(Rostampoor-Vajari, 2012, p.570). Sociology itself, could describe sociometrics as
the social network analysis’ origin (Otte, Rousseau, 2002, p.442). Sociometry is a
quantitative method used to evaluate social relationships.

2.7.1. The origin of Sociometry

The origin of the sociometric method is typically attributed to Jacob Moreno (1934).
Moreno is considered as the founder for many of the methods that are still used
today (Rubin et al, 2009, p.82). Scoiometry stems from two Latin terms, socius
(companion) and metrum (measure). Moreno (1941) has often been credited for
bringing analytical methods into sociology, however he always objected that there
was too much focus on ‘metrum‘ and not enough focus on ‘socius‘ (Waldstrøm,
2003, p.6). He considered the sociometric methods as a means to a better
understanding of social relations. Therefore, the sociogram as a sociometric
analysis’ outcome, was more than just a presentation method, most importantly, it
was an exploration method (Moreno, 1937, p.208). With Moreno’s (1934)
introduction of the sociogram in his work about sociometrics (1934), a formal
description of social networks came into being. This formal description allowed for
a better and more formal mechanical and mathematical treatment of social
networks. In addition to that, the new born graph theory was introduced, and hence
more advanced analytical methods could then be applied to social networks and
social studies (Harary, 1953).
 25

2.8. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE SYSTEM

Since social network analysis is the method through which the data has been
analysed, the kaynakca.info website is used as a tool through which this type of
analysis has been conducted.

2.8.1. Kaynakca.info

Using contemporary technology in social network analysis is the best way to

produce accurate results. Kaynakca.info is one of the websites that provides such
a service. The Kaynakca.info was born and developed during the "Computer and
History" course in the History Department of Hacettepe University. For the first
time, it was included as a course in the department in 1996. It aimed to teach
students basic concepts of database and to implement them using the SQL
language (kaynakca.info, 2018).

Even though at the time of writing this master thesis (2017-18), Kaynakca.info was
initially opened to public use a decade ago, the number of publications uploaded
on the site in Albanian were relatively low. As a result of this study, more than 3500
publications were uploaded to the system in order to achieve the results of this
research. Although most of these works belong to Albanian authors, a significant
number of them belong to international authors as well.
 26

Figure 5. A random search, Injac Zamputi; Reports on North and Middle Albania’s
situation in the 17th century (1610-1650), [Accessed: 20.02.2018]

This thesis, in addition to contributing to finding the authors who take a central
place in the Ottoman period historians’ network, has also enabled online access to
more than 3,500 different publications in the Albanian Language. For most of these
publications, kaynakca.info is the first and often the only source to come across if a
search is randomly done for the titles of these publications on search engine
google.com. An example of this is given in figure 5.

Initially, running only on a local network basis, in 2008, this database was launched
for internet-based use. In the same year, simultaneously with similar international
 27

systems of its kind, it added the ability to collect data through 7 different works and
author level metrics in order to enable a more comprehensive scientific impact
measurement in the system. These metrics are hits, citations, e-learning,
comments, bibliographies and social media sharing (Acun, 2015a, p.7). Note that
citations are one of these metrics.

Table 3. Content of the Kaynakca.info by numbers

(12 April 2018)

Content type Number

Number of people (Author, Translator, Editor) 96,670

Number of Citations 179,644

Number of Articles 120,725

Number of Books 96,419

Number of Magazines 7,187

Number of Thesis 10,047

Number of Webs 489

As of April 12, 2018, the site counts 93,051 members, most of whom are
university students and teaching staff. In accordance with the tendency of other
collaboration networks, approximately 10% of these members are actively
contributing to the system content. Table 3 gives a numerical summary of the
system content.
 28

3. CHAPTER: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN ALBANIAN

HISTORIOGRAPHY; A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

“Only experienced and strong-willed people could write history…”

Nietzsche

3.1. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S PLACE IN ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

After the occupation of Albanian lands by Serbia in 1912/13, Albanian education

was conducted in the Serbian language. Occupied Albanians were learning the
history of the Ottoman Empire by Serbian teachers and from Serbian history
books. In Yugoslavia, after the Second World War, education got liberalized and
gradual education began in Albanian language. After the Yugoslav Constitution of
1974 came into effect, Kosovars gained more freedom in the creation of their
scientific institutions; there is a period of flourishing of scientific work in terms of
Albanian history. On this occasion, Albanian intellectuals and their history books
began to emerge. (Dauti, 2011). On the other hand, Ottoman studies in Albania
after World War II underwent substantial development. Outwardly educated
historians did their job and transformed the writing of history from a romantic-
nationalist literature into a true scientific historiography. Although historians of that
time did a very professional job, defining the ideological frameworks of the
communist regime made their writings be seen as suspectful.

From the beginning of this chapter, we would like to emphasize the fact that the
Ottoman period is an essential part of Albanian history in at least two aspects.
According to one of the contemporary and most productive Albanian historians
Dritan Egro (2007, p. 6), this is because of at least two reasons:
 29

- Firstly, the Ottoman period is a very important historical period not only for
the Albanian territories, but also for the entire region. This is the time when
Albanian history starts to be registered according to full historical sources
regularly extended in time. From this point of view, the Ottoman period
provides important data for the non-documented pre-Ottoman period of
Southeast Europe and introduces a clear review of the transition from
empire to national states.
- Secondly, the Ottoman period has been anathematized and held
responsible for the Balkans' and consequently, Albania’s backwardness.

Knowing the history of Albanians in the midst of a multinational empire such as the
Ottoman Empire seems easy as we are talking about a long period filled with
important historical events, but at the same time it is difficult considering that this is
a quite prejudiced historical period and as such represents a challenge for any
historian dealing with it.

The deeper you go back in time, the more forward-looking you will be in the future,
says Henry Ford (Kyvig, Marty, 2003, p.2). Hence, today it is necessary to have a
better understanding of the relationship between the past and the present, in order
to at least prevent the misfortunes of the past from happening again. Based on this,
Mithat Frashëri (1928, p. 7) says:

... to understand the events of today with all their reasons, we need to look upon
what happened to our people in the past, and continue the beginning of past
works without interruption, from the oldest of times to these days.

In this context, it can be clearly stated that history is the science that reveals the
origin of the problems that society faces nowadays. Whatever the starting point in
the evaluation of the Ottoman Empire's history and the multilateral inheritance that
 30

it left behind in Albanian territories is, one thing seems to be indisputable according
to Egro (2007, p. 12):

The Ottoman Empire period is one of the longest historical periods in time, the
most complex based on the events that occurred and the traces that followed,
but also one of the most documented historical periods of Albanian history, and
this is what makes it privileged.

Traditional Albanian history describes the Ottoman period as an era of Albanians

constantly resisting against a foreign conqueror. Nowadays this description is
questionable even in Albanian societies. International knowledge and some
Albanian researchers have already introduced another notion. In the 1970s, the
orientalist Hasan Kaleshi from Kosovo brought up the thesis that Ottoman invasion
had saved the Albanians from the threat of Grecism and Slavicism, that ethnic
Albanians possibly would be completely eradicated but retained their uniqueness
only under the Ottoman rule (Schmitt, 2012, p. 68). Kaleshi can be considered as
the Albanian orientalist who has cast ideas and thoughts on many issues of
Oriental history and culture.

3.1.1. The general approach to the treatment of Ottoman Empire

Recognizing the history of Albanians in the midst of a multinational empire such as

the Ottoman Empire, it is relatively as easy and difficult at the same time, as it
brings along the risk of being judged from a "nationalist" point of view, as well as
from the eastern-oriental “anti-western” aspect (Egro, 2007, p. 10). Because of this,
the number of historians who have the courage to seriously engage in this period’s
scientific data is unfortunately not too many.

The Albanian people and its elite since the two World Wars were struggling to
maintain independence and consolidate it. From that time, Albanian intellectuals
 31

focused more on the handling of major historical issues and images that promoted
and fostered nationalist feelings. ‘Fortunately’, these major events and historical
personalities coincide with the Ottoman period, so the Turks always remain
enemies and the system they installed is held responsible for the traditional
Albanian backwardness (Egro, 2007, p. 207). Another historiography was
simultaneously written in Kosovo. Even though in 1913, Kosovo was politically
separated from its native territories, it can be stated that the Ottoman studies
conducted in Kosovo are considered as an important part of Albanian
historiography. Albanian historiography on the Ottoman period in Kosovo were
mainly written based on Serbian sources due to the political circumstances and
scientific limitations that existed at the time. After the Second World War, with
changes in former Yugoslavia and with the introduction of more liberal policies
towards Albanians from Kosovo, young scholars began to be more oriented
towards the sources that came from Albanian historians (Dauti, 2011). In this case,
instead of basing their studies on Istanbul or Vienna's archival sources, they based
them on the sources from Albania's communist historians - especially from the
book "History of Albania" published by State University of Tirana (1959). As a
result, the way the Ottoman Period was portrayed was quite within the same
context as that in Albania. Due to political tensions between Albania and Kosovo
after 1945, scholars from Albania and Albanian scholars in Kosovo were unable to
work together. However, despite of this, very little differences can be seen in their
ideas, works, and scientific approaches (Egro, 2007, p. 34). In Albania, history
should have been written in such a way as to bring Albanian youth closer under the
values, “Albanians are a nation without religious or tribal distinctions and that they
have a common language which is Albanian”. In this case, many of these young
people were recruited as future intellectuals of Albania and sent to Russian
universities, who then returned and started doing so called "scientific" work. Among
these young people was one named Fan Noli. When he was young he was
recruited and sent to be educated at an Orthodox monastery in Russia. Noli, after
the training in Russia, became the main tool of propaganda against the Ottoman
 32

Empire in the Albanian and foreign press (Dauti, 2011). These "scientific" works of
his were taken as the basis of communist historiography for writing about this
period.

The earliest attempts to write about the history of Albania, dates back to the
beginning of the 17th century and the Ottoman period occupies the most significant
place in Albania’s history. This is not because of any special consideration or
preference of the authors who wrote them, but because this period of Albania's
history is first of all quite unavoidable, and secondly, it is much needed to explain
the current state of Albania. Although the importance of dealing with this period is
constantly emphasized, nowadays it seems that the effects of communist ideology
in the treatment of the five centuries of the Ottoman Empire in the Albanian
territories seem to be still present in the intellectual inter-knowledge in Kosovo. The
best example to illustrate this is the History Department (Bachelor study program
2016-2021) of the biggest public university in Kosovo "University of Pristina". In this
department, there is not a single subject for Albanian history of the Ottoman period.
A review of the Ottoman period – similar to the contents of Tajar Zavalan's book
(1998) “The History of Albania”– is found in this department’s program. This book
has 24 chapters and deals with historical events ranging from Illyrians to Albania's
Independence. What this book and the History Department at the University of
Pristina have in common is that Zavalani makes a leap from the 15 th century (The
Scanderbeg Era) to the 19th century (Albanian National Awaking – Renaissance).
Unlike the Pristina University "Hasan Prishtina" in Tirana, in the Faculty of History
and Philology, students of history during their second year are made to attend two
compulsory courses: History of Albania during the Ottoman Period - One and Two.

Even though in this study we are focused on the historians and their scientific work
in the field of Ottoman studies from the beginning of the 20th century to the
beginning of the 21st century, the beginnings of Albanian history on Ottoman
Studies go several centuries back in time. The best example is the historiographical
 33

tractate written in Latin by the Albanian Catholic Priest Frank Bardhi (1636).
Through this work, the author proved Skanderbeg's Albanian ethnicity, earlier
questioned by a Serbian cleric (Egro, 2007, p. 37). However, this work is a
forerunning study of modern historiography and the first ‘scientific’ response based
on that time’s chronicles and those subsequently written. Before catching up with
the “Ottoman studies” of the late 19thcentury, a Romanian intellectual of Albanian
origin, Elena Gjika (alias Dora D'Istria) had undertaken the first experiment in the
field of Ottoman studies (Egro, 2007, p. 38). The Pashalik of Iskodra was her
subject of study (1868).

As mentioned above, Albanian history of the second half of the 19 th century was
considered by Albanian nationalists as a means of promoting national identity and
in this context as an opportunity to reveal their political views. This form of writing,
which evoked feelings of the past and was a good way to spread political ideas and
attitudes, was considered as encyclopaedic in nature. The first Albanian authors to
explore this genre were Pashko Vasa and Sami Frashëri. As individuals who were
part of the provincial elite, both Ottoman Christian and Muslim, these two had
personalities that were a shaped by Albanian and Ottoman politics and culture, and
at the same time were quite influenced by French work and culture as well (Egro,
2007, p. 40-41). Even though these two authors were key and were one of the
forefronts in the making and writing of history at that time, despite of that they
couldn’t escape from the methodology that was dominant at that time. Their works
are not based on historical sources, but more so on their intellect, knowledge and
personal opinions.

3.2. HISTORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CREATING THE NATIONAL

IDENTITY

In 19th century in Europe, teaching history became a powerful tool to create and
strengthen the national identity of European nations. This way, nationalism and
 34

history writing were closely related to one another (Ersanlı-Behar, 1996, p. 104).
Even though at a later time, in the second half of the 19th century, Albanians
similarly started using history as a promoter of national identity. According to Egro
(2007, p. 62), "we can certainly say that Albanian historiography of this period
idealized the historical past and its great figures to strengthen national
consciousness. On the other hand, the historical literature rhetoric fulfilled a certain
political mission, but judged from the nationalist point of view it was a patriotic
mission”. One of the most important figures of that time; Pashko Vasa in his book
"Albania and Albanians", states that the Ottoman Empire provided an equal status
for both Albanian Muslims and Christians (Vasa, 1935, p. 58). However, Albanian
Muslims often solicited the aid of outside (so-called Christian) powers as much as
Catholic Albanians were comfortable operating within the Ottoman Empire (Blumi,
2008, p.8).

Pashko Vasa justifies the Albanians massive conversion in Islam with the
opportunities that the Ottoman State provided for the ones converting to Muslims.
According to him, the Albanians did not lose anything of their military nature by
becoming an active part of the Ottoman society. But the other Balkan nations that
did not change their religions “silently accepted the conditions of the defeated and
were ready to live in a humble condition” (Vasa, 1935, p. 58). The author’s idea that
the Albanians in the late 1870s, instead of independence should have sought
autonomy (Vasa, 1935), is the reason why this work was transformed into the main
ideological document that accompanied the Albanian League of Prizren (Egro,
2007, p. 42). The League strengthened the Albanians’ national unity despite their
various religious affiliations. It is no coincidence that during these years, the well-
known activist and intellectual Pashko Vasa came up with the famous unifying
phrase “Albanism is the Albanians’ religion” (Duka, 2009, p. 405).

Sami Frashëri’s book “Albania what it was, what it is and what it will be like” is an
encyclopaedic work of great value for the time it was written. It can be considered
 35

as one of the first contributions made to the field of history, and also as one of the
first complete submissions of Albanian history (Egro, 2007, p. 42). Frasheri thinks
that “Albanians were under the Ottoman occupation but they were not their
captives” (Frashëri, 1899, p. 22). According to him, the Ottoman Empire was good
at its beginnings and bad at the end of its history, during the second half of the 19 th
century. Of course, books of that time were not based on the use of historical
documentation, but on the author's intellectual level and personal opinions. For this
reason, this period’s history writers should also be considered as powerful
promoters of Albanian nationalism. This period’s historians were the greatest
historical subjects and personalities that inspired national identity feelings.

Since Catholic clerics, who wrote history from a faith and nationalism perspective,
are the ones who have mostly dealt with the Ottoman period of the Albanian
nationalist history – with a small number of exceptions –it is quite clear that their
dedication did not allow them to objectively judge this period. According to them,
the Ottoman State was organized in a primitive way and was unable to offer any
solutions to such major problems such as dealing with people of different religions,
races and languages (Egro, 2007, p. 135). On the other hand, Muslim authors’
writings are quite different on this matter. As they shared the same religion and
cultural background with the rulers, they were completely part of the Ottoman State
structures, so it is quite normal that they described the Albanian history of the
Ottoman period in a different way (Egro, 2007, p. 137). According to Vlora (p. 11),
“the Ottoman rule was not of colonial, cultural or religious nature, but just of
conquering and military nature”.

3.3. PERIODIZATION OF ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ON OTTOMAN

PERIOD

In order to follow the progress of Ottoman Studies in the Albanian historiography,

focusing on the most important historical events and changes of systems on an
 36

ideological basis, the Albanian historiography dedicated to the Ottoman period can
be divided into three major phases:

1. The post-independence period, 1912 – 1945

2. The communist period, 1945 – 1990

3. The post-communist/democratic period, from 1990

The most important historical event of 1912 (Albanian Independence), from where
the first period starts, certainly does not represent the beginning of the historical
writings of the Ottoman period. However, while this thesis is based on the analysis
of the books’ sources, only the books published in the first quarter of 20th century
will be considered. The earlier writings were considered as pre-scientific, because it
was the time when it was written just by prejudging what had happened in the past
and that books were written without referring to the historical documents and
sources (Egro, 2007, p. 199).

Though Albanian intellectuals have started contributing in the field of Ottoman

Studies, starting from the second half of the 19th century, the genesis of Albanian
scientific historiography dates much earlier. As mentioned above, the
“Historiographical Treaty” written by the Albanian Catholic priest Frank Bardhi
(1636) is the predecessor of modern historiography and the first "scientific" replica
based on chronicles of that time and those written later. However, this historical
literature, with few exceptions, was not based on archival documents and sources
collected from libraries, but on the narrator’s style and personal opinion exposure
(Egro, 2007, p. 64).
 37

3.3.1. The post-independence period 1912–1945: History writing as a

tool of strengthening the element of the state

History writing during the period following the declaration of the Albanian
independence mainly intended to unite the Albanian people without differences of
religion and ideas and continue to carry out a patriotic mission in terms of efforts to
secure the survival of the fragile Albanian state (Egro, 2007, p. 60). Similar
examples were presented by Fan S. Noli (1921), N. Nikaj (1917), K. Çerkezi
(1921), whose writings were mostly focused on the popular resistance against the
Ottomans and the enlightenment of some important national personalities. Under
these circumstances, it was quite natural that the historiography of the 1910-1920
period had patriotic features and assumed a dual function: to address both the
internal and external audience. In other words, history should be used as a
spiritual/ideological tool in the Albanians’ internal organization path, and on the
other hand, history should be used to make Albania and Albanians internationally
known with the intent to counter the plans for eventual fragmentation of the
Albanian territories designed by the Great Powers, as well as to politically influence
the international decision-making circles. (Egro, 2007, p. 60).

The researcher Dritan Egro (2007, p. 62) argues that to strengthen the national
consciousness, the Albanian historiography of this period idealizes the historical
past and its great personalities. With few exceptions (Xh. Korça, A. Gegaj, F. S.
Noli), Albanian historiography until 1945 was not professional at all, instead, it was
the product of the passionate and nationalist intellectuals. In other words, history
writing during this time was mostly perceived as a kind of evocative literature and
not as a scientific discipline based on a certain methodology. In this regard, out of
130 books included in this research, only 4 of them have been published during this
period.
 38

Until the end of World War II, this type of writing continued to be the main measure
of historical recordings, not only in Albania but in all Balkan countries (Soulis, 1974:
422). However, nowadays we still appreciate this work and their authors, although
they are modest and unprofessional, without their contribution during the first half of
the 20th century we would not have been able to settle the foundation for Albanian
critical historiography.

3.3.2. The communist period 1945 – 1990; Marxist-Leninist approach

During the communist period, the subject of Ottoman Studies began to focus on all
its aspects. For the first time in Albanian historiography on Ottoman Studies, topics
such as the nature of the Ottoman Empire, the kind of regime the Ottomans
brought to Albania, the problems of property relations, urbanization during the
Ottoman period, the early forms of capitalism, and even many serious study topics
started to be taken into consideration. Dealing with such topics that concerned the
main social and economic structures, marked an achievement we owe to the
historiography of the Communist era (Egro, 2007, p. 105). After 1945, Albania
joined the camp of the communist countries. Already present in this country, the
Marxist methodology and the directives given by Enver Hoxha, who created an
absolute dominance - without any alternative, the pluralistic and alternative views
was replaced by a single ideological and methodological approach.

The saying of Enver Hoxha– the Albanian people have broken the way of history
with the sword in their hands – as well as other directives that he frequently gave to
historians were more than enough to be declared 'a great historian' and, at the
same time, would serve as the starting point of any writing or approach to
historiography of the Communist Period. This statement even 'embellishes’ the first
page of the History of Albania text book, the 1959 edition (Egro, 2007, p. 98).
 39

We can also mention that sometimes writing a historical text was the job of a
political party and it usually went through the control filters of its instances (Pollo,
Buda, 1957, p. 95). As a result, historiography of this period was entirely focused
on clearly reflecting the ideology, interests and intentions of the communist regime.
Bernd Jürgen Fischer (1999) stated that Stalinist Albania produced good historians,
though not always good history. It’s also important to mention the fact that when we
talk about the methodology applied in Albanian historiography during the
Communist period, not only was it characterized by the fundamental principles of
Marxist theory, but also by the fact that these principles-theories of theoretical
doctrine of Marxism-Leninism became determinative, even exceeded the goals of
the normal, being fetishized. In other words, these theses, which gradually became
dogma, were considered the only theoretical alternative to be applied in analysing
historical events and phenomena.

The pressure of the party and state in general was embedded in censorship, which
means that the scholars created the reflection of 'maximum care', forced to be
within the ideological frameworks of the time. The consequences were more than
one might think, because censorship aroused the reflective auto censure sense of
the researchers (Egro, 2007, p. 98). This fact is an indirect indicator of the degree
of severity of the communist dictatorship in Albania, as this has not happened in
neighbouring communist countries. For example, despite the application of the
Marxist formula in Yugoslavian historiography, Yugoslavian historians preserved
and even submitted their views against Marxism (Vucinich, 1955, p. 287).

In the Albanian Encyclopaedic Dictionary (1935) written by S. Pollo, the term

"Historiography" is displayed as a profoundly ideological notion. The publication in
Albanian language of the classics from Marxism-Leninism and the publishing of the
political materials of the Labor Party, its history and Enver Hoxha’s books are
presented as an important achievement of Albanian historiography during the
second half of the 20th century (Egro, 2007, p.21). In this regard, Gazmend
 40

Shpuza, in the article "About the National Renaissance Treatment in our Historical
Literature" (Shpuza, 1970), is very important. In his article, he highlights the fact
that the 19th century of Albania's history is treated completely separate from the
four previous centuries of the Ottoman regime. On the other hand, in his only article
dedicated to the Ottoman Studies "Scientific Research of the Ottoman Medieval
Period in Albania, XV-XIX", Selami Pulaha made a presentation of the main topics
discussed, the basic theses based on Marxist theory and the results achieved in
the 1945-1988 time segment (Egro, 2007, p.23). One of the most important
elements of this study is the detailed information it provides about the conducted
studies and documentary publications published during this period of time.

The Marxist approach had a common point with the approach that dominated this
problem in nationalist historiography: treating the Ottoman Empire as a first hand
inhibitory factor (Todorova, 1995, p. 117). Nevertheless, both nationalist and
Marxist historians shared the same view of the perception of the Ottoman Empire
as a symbol of darkness in Albanian history. According to D. Egro (2007, p. 106),
such a unique attitude had two reasons:

The Ottoman Empire was held responsible for interrupting the random
economic, social and political developments of the Balkan lands after the
Balkan invasion in the 15th century and

With its long, five-century invasion, held Albania in a full darkness by stopping
progress.

However, it should be noted that over the years, it was the communist
historiography’s merit that the Ottoman period was treated in all its dimensions. Of
the total number of books included in this research, 74 or 41.53% of them are
published in this timeframe. Another important point – that we will discuss in the
 41

fourth chapter –is the fact that historians belonging to this period occupy an
important place in the social network analysis.

3.3.2.1. Creation of the Institute of History

The Institute of Sciences was created in 1947. It was inside the structures of this
institute that the seed of historical studies was planted. In 1955 the Institute of
History and Linguistics was created, whilst in 1972, with the separation of the
Institute of History, the most important and specialized center in the field of
historical studies was born in Albania (Egro, 2007, p. 88).

The main objective of the History Department at the Institute of Sciences was to
shed light upon all the aspects of Albanian history, but according to a defined
scientific methodology – that being the Marxist-Leninist methodology. In this
context, to publish the best achievements of Albanian science, in 1947 for the first
time the ‘Social Sciences Bulletin’ journal was published. Since 1964, the Institute
of History started publishing the ‘Historical Studies’ journal, which was considered
as the official body of historiography of the Albanian communist state (Egro, 2007,
p. 88). Even nowadays this journal continues to be the most professional periodical
that publishes the best Albanian achievements in the field of historical studies.
Such a feature has also been noticed in the analysis of the social network of
historians who have written during this time. Most of the articles cited in the
bibliographies of the books included in this study are published in the ‘Historical
Studies’ journal.

The absence of the Ottomanologists was one of the problems Albanian

historiography of that time was facing. The communist state did not do enough to
prepare new experts in this area. Until the 1980s Ottoman studies in Albania were
mostly conducted on individual basis. Vexhi Buharaja and Myqerem Janina
contributed considerably to this matter (Egro, 2007, p. 107). Even nowadays
 42

Albania lacks textbooks (methods, grammars) for teaching the Ottoman language;
meanwhile in Kosovo, thanks to the work done by the Orientalism Department of
the University of Pristina, a few steps have been taken to come up with methods for
teaching Ottoman, Arabic and the modern Turkish language.

In Kosovo, orientalist Hasan Kaleshi’s profile comes to prominence. Due to his

Muslim religious circles background and his solid madrassa education, he had a
quite good knowledge of Arabic and Ottoman language. During the academic year
1973-1974, Hasan Kaleshi founded the Orientalism Department, at the University
of Pristina, which continues its activity (Sadiku, 1996). Even nowadays, the number
of Albanian Ottomanologists internationally known and acknowledged is quite
limited. One of the most representative figures of the Albanian Ottoman Studies of
the communist period, Selami Pulaha, is one of the few Albanian Ottomanologists
with direct international interests. He made great efforts to make Albanian
achievements and the documented values that Albania possesses known abroad
(Pulaha, 1988). Even though Pulaha did not dare to go beyond that time’s
ideological limitations, his book on feudal presence in Albanian lands during the
15th – 16th centuries (Pulaha, 1988)1 is the most typical example that he was one of
the few Albanian scholars who tried to make science within the ruthless framework
of formal methodology (Egro, 2007, p. 110).

3.3.3. The post-communist period 1990

Albania transformed from the communist system to the democratic one in 1990,
and the change of the political system had its consequences in the field of history
as well. Since that time, Albanian scholars have abandoned the Marxist
methodology schemes, which especially in communist Albania were widely applied.

It is already a known fact that since the early ‘90s, the Albanian books’ market has
been "drowned" by the history books, which at first sight seems like a positive
 43

development. This market has been filled by books of Albanian history, written by
Albanians and foreign authors, who until the early ‘90s were banned to be
published in Albania. (Egro, 2007, p. 121). This incredible speed in the writing of
history carries the risk of these works becoming compilations, plagiarism of other
works and rhetoric instead of scientific works. Pirraku (2004) says that after
Kosovo was “reoccupied" by Serbo-Yugoslavia in March 1989 and the dissolution
of the state of Albania in 1990, this resulted in a real chaos in the field of Albanian
historiography in general. He adds that the ultimate overthrow of institutional
scientific censorship in this knowledge for more than ten years overcame most of
the consolidated national values in Albanian historiography and highlighted other
values.

Some of the historians, unprepared for this huge turn, fell under the influence of
different political power and orientations and became editors and reviewers of
unilateral works and studies. There were even those (from the communist era) who
themselves embraced such approaches, completely ignoring all historiographic
achievements, forgetting what they themselves had written until then... (Hoti, 2003,
273). The transition in the field of historical studies will take time, as it is about
changing mentalities, formations and interests.

Similarly today, Ottoman Studies makes no exception. The number of studies, the
quality of the studies, and the number of specialists has significantly decreased.
Albanian historiography today is still not capable of systematically producing
genuine scientific works in the field of Ottoman Studies. Nowadays the main
concern is to find researchers who will be able to cover the issues of the Ottoman
period. (Egro, 2007, p. 129). Certainly, such a situation has paved the way for
many implausible voices to rise, even for issues that are really quite complicated
and require a very good knowledge of contemporary documentation.
 44

The way the Albanian historians approach Ottoman history is largely the form of
isolated treatment by looking at the historical phenomenon only from the inner
perspective. In this situation it cannot be expected that an Albanian Ottoman
specialist would successfully write about the Ottoman period of Albania's history
without recognizing the history of the Ottoman Empire and consequently of other
parts of the empire. (Egro, 2007, p. 129) The attempt of a Western historian to
understand and interpret within the general history of mankind, the history of
Western civilization, of a Muslim historian that of Muslim civilization and of an
Indian historian of Indian civilization, even the paradox of "the scientist of social
sciences living within its epitome" (Huxley, 1947, p. 112) as defined by Julian
Huxlay, Johan (1964) who points out the obligation to behave as a scientist despite
the impossibility of historical objectivity, constitutes the greatest challenge of the
modern historian (Davutoğlu, 2016, p. 72).

After the political system changed in 1990, the scholar Kristo Frasheri was the first
one to give a general overview of Albanian historiography (Frasheri, 1995). Though
his paper has the form of a short publication in only few pages, the author offers a
very detailed information on the works produced in different periods of the Albania's
history (Egro, 2007, p. 21-22). It is well known that the entire Albanian nation was
subordinated for centuries, so the historical thought of Albanian historiography
depended on many of these circumstances. Each effort made to enlighten the past
strengthened the goal of achieving national freedom and was regarded as a
patriotic act, thus they rarely were controversy, discrepancy and criticism of
historical nature (Hoti, 2003, p. 226-27). We now enjoy the diversity of thought and
history writing, but the scientific level of the writings is extremely debatable. The
analysis made in this research clearly shows this. Even though the greatest
number of books involved in the research belongs to the post-communist period
(72 or 55.38%), the works and authors of the communist period appear as the most
cited.
 45

4. CHAPTER: APPLICATION OF SNA ON OTTOMAN STUDIES

The findings in the study are based on the data obtained from the books included
in this research. From 130 books, more than 7800 citations were analysed.
Network centrality concept is applied to find the most cited authors in Albanian
Historiography on Ottoman period by using social network analysis. Network
centrality measures the authors’ structural importance (Borgatti, 2006, p.28) and
indicates which authors can be regarded as central inside the network. To find the
most prominent authors in Albanian Historiography on Ottoman period, the analysis
will be based on the most used centralities; Eigenvector Centrality, Betweenness
Centrality and Closeness Centrality. In order to find the most influential authors in
Albanian Historiography on Ottoman period, the eigenvector centrality is the main
degree centrality used in this study. In the second chapter different definitions were
given from different scholars, regarding the role of each of these centralities. In the
beginning of this chapter some short definitions are given again. According to
Krebs (2001),each network centrality measures can be described as:

 Eigenvector – measure of importance – A node is important if other

important nodes are linked to it.
 Betweenness – is a metric that looks at the number of shortest paths that
pass through a node
 Closeness – measure of access – how quickly a node can access all other
nodes via a minimum of hops.

The authors, who have higher Degree in Eigenvector Centrality measure, are
potentially considered as those who would be the most cited authors in Albanian
Historiography on Ottoman period. In this regard, the authors distinguished using
the above-described sociograms, will be evaluated based on the citations they
have made and citations of them by other authors.
 46

4.1. DATA ANALYSIS

As in many other fields, the social network analysis method is also being
successfully applied in the field of historical research as well. However, the main
objective in developing this method is not to solve historical problems; because
especially in the analysis of dynamic historical processes, this method is
insufficient (Acun, 2015a, p.11). The findings in this study are based on the
bibliographic records of historical studies for the Ottoman Period. This bibliographic
collection belongs to the publications made by both local and international authors
about the Ottoman period in Albanian lands within the time frame of around a
century. The bibliographies described in the last part of almost most of publications
- or in form of references - especially books published from the beginning of the
20th century, are entered into a database titled kaynakca.info in a standard
bibliographical form (author/authors name, books title, publication year and place,
respective field, period etc.).

The number of publications uploaded in the database (including the existing ones)
is over 4300, while it is already mentioned that the number of the citations made is
about 7800. A profile page was created at kaynakca.info for each author involved
in this research (such an example is provided in fig. 6). For authors who take
central places on any of the network centralities, additional data has been added to
their profiles, such as their biography, profile photos, most of their publications etc.
 47

Figure 6. Kristo Frashëri, Profile page (resume part)

The above-mentioned and many other features as well, are characteristics of the
page kaynakca.info. This system has been developed in order to prepare, manage
and analyse comprehensive bibliographic citation indexes of social science
publications made about Turkey (Acun, 2015a, p.2).

4.1.1. Data Analysis in Eigenvector, Betweenness and Closeness

Centrality

The main purpose of data analyses in various social network applications is to find
out the most prominent actors in the network. Scholars consider a network node
(an actor) to be a prominent one, which assigns higher ranks to nodes that are
either well-connected themselves, or that are connected to other well-connected
nodes (Bonacich, 1991, p.158). The popularity or importance of a node is
 48

expressed by its centrality. Another interpretation of the centrality in this case is

from Freeman (1979, p.218) “A person located in the center of a star is universally
assumed to be structurally more central than any other person in any other position
in any other network of similar size”. Based on the idea that a historian is more
central if it is in relation with historians that are themselves central, it can be argued
that the centrality of some node does not only depend on the number of its
adjacent nodes but also on their value of centrality. In this network being a central
author (Eigenvector Centrality) means that this historian has collaborated with
many other significant writers. Whether it is in the past or present, by examining
connections in a social network of scientific interactions, it is possible to observe
the historical and sociological processes related to the creation of scientific
identities, and to identify the most cited and influential persons and the owners of
the highest social capital using the centrality measure provided by the method of
social network analysis (Acun, 2015b, p.71).

Ramazan Acun (2015a) explains the great number of nodes – respectively the
authors - and the connections between them in a complex social network as
introduced in fig. 7, through the “Bulutsu” – Nebula example. As it is known, in the
galaxy the so-called Nebula is formed by the attraction force of gases, dust and

Figure 7. History “Bulutusu” - Nebula; A complex network example (left) and the
resemblance to Nebula (right)
 49

other matter-based mass that drags in bigger masses to create magnetic fields.
These masses continue to grow and finally stars are created (Acun, 2015a, p.11).

To simplify the complexity of these sociograms and to enable their analysis in

different perspectives, two types of classifications have been made:

- According to the publication period of the books used in this thesis; (post-
independence period 1912 – 1945, the communist period 1945 – 1990 and
the post-communist/democratic period 1990 – 2015).
- According to the authors’ nationalities (Albanian and international historians)

Fig. 8 measured in Eigenvector Centrality, represents the connection between

authors (Albanian and international) through citations. From this picture, a large
number of nodes can be distinguished, each nude represents an author and each
vector represents the connections between them by citations (citing or being cited).
In this way, there are in total more than 7800 connections between nudes. The
writer included in the network because of a reference he made, if the relations
among references increase in number and variety, the gravitational force increases
and its point (mass) grows. This way the gravitational force increases more (the
citations multiply), the network proceeds towards the center and gains the shape of
a “star”. (Acun, 2015a, p.11)
 50

Figure 8. This figure has been drawn up according to Eigenvector Centrality - 18.02.18

In figure 8, different sized and colored nodes are noticed. Each node represents an
author. Colors and sizes represent their importance and ranking inside the network;
as the number of citations increases, the size also does. Colors changing from blue
to red indicate increasing value of the actor in network. The multiple references
received are the indication that the node (author) is an authority (master).
According to the definition, master is a person who makes studies of key
importance that will later provide groundwork for new researchers (Acun, 2015a,
p.6).

Referring to the above definitions, in this sociogram drawn according to the

Eigenvector Centrality we can tell apart the most cited authors (Red dots).
Figuratively speaking, according to Acun (2015a) these writers are the stars
distinguished in the middle of "Bulutsu" from the others because of their size and
red color. While the system is running, it is possible to enlarge the “Bulutsu”, focus
 51

on certain areas, click on the nodes and see who the authors represented by points
are, follow the links etc.

4.2. THE SIGNIFICANT ALBANIAN HISTORIANS BASED ON DEGREE

CENTRALITIES

In the second chapter, we mostly focused on the sociograms complexity and their
explanation. If we take a closer look at figure 9, historians who have taken a central
place in the citation network can be noticed. If we start up with the orange and mid-
sized nodes, and proceed to the red nodes of maximum size, we will be able to
create a list of historians ranked according to the number of citations made to
them.

In the figure 9, it is possible to see the analysis of the social network measured in
Eigenvector centrality. As described above, in social network analysis, the measure
of eigenvector centrality gives the numbers of direct ties of every node has with
other significant nods. The node whose eigenvector centrality is the highest is
interpreted as the most active and the most prominent member of the network.
Based on this analysis, the node with the highest eigenvector centrality belongs to
Kristo Frashëri with degree centrality 54. He leads the list of Albanian historians
who wrote about the Ottoman period in Albanian lands. With only 3 citations less
(51) Alex Buda is the next one on the list, followed by Hasan Kaleshi with cited
degree 49. The other prominent nodes (up to degree centrality 40) are listed in
table 4.
 52

Table 4.The ranking list of prominent Albanian historians based on Eigenvector Centrality

Author Degree Author Degree

centrality centrality
Kristo Frashëri 54 Stefanaq Pollo 45
Aleks Buda 51 Shukri Rrahimi 43
Hasan Kaleshi 49 Stavro Skendi 43
Skendet Riza 48 Stavri N. Naçi 42
Selami Pulaha 47 Gazmend Shpuza 41
Zija Shkodra 45 Ferid Duka 40

Table 4 shows the list of historians ranked based on eigenvector centrality. These
authors are the most profusely cited source in the Ottoman studies for the
mentioned period. Based on the idea that an actor is more central if it is in relation
with actors that are themselves central, we can argue that the centrality of some
nodes does not only depend on the number of its adjacent nodes but also on their
value of centrality. In this network, being a central author means that this historian
has collaborated with many other significant historians.
 53

Figure 9. Eigenvector Centrality from a nearly point of view

Historians who occupy a central position in the sociogram based on the

eigenvector centrality are historians who have also been cited by others. Thus, with
intensive references to these masters, Frashëri turns out to be one solid
information source for others.

Figure10.Kristo Frashëri; the central position in eigenvector centrality

The number of authors, which refers to the historian Kristo Frashëri, is visually
illustrated in figure 10. The red lines represent the citations made to Kristo
Frashëri, while the blue ones show the citations he has made. Since it is
impossible to distinguish from the figure the names of all actors who are in
collaboration with Frashëri, names of these actors will be listed in Appendix B. The
lateral nodes seen in figure 11 are the isolated nodes and their eigenvector
centrality measurement is zero. It should be emphasized that this network does not
indicate all of these authors’ connections – in general in their academic activity - it
 54

only points out the links between the historians who wrote about different topics
related to the Ottoman period in Albanian Historiography.

The same social network was analysed by the measure of betweenness centrality.
Betweenness measures who takes the role of a bridge in or between groups (White
& Borgatti, 1994, p.338). In other words, the measure of betweenness centrality
shows how much a node is connected with other nodes, which are not directly
connected with each other.

Figure 11. This figure has been drawn up according to Betweenness Centrality - 18.02.18

The chart in figure 11 shows that according to the citations based ranking1 the
world renown historian Halil Inalcik is the first in line with degree centrality 61.

1
Halil Inalcik is included in this social network analysis with his three scientific works about Albanians in
Ottoman Period “Arnavutluk'ta Osmanlı Hakimiyetinin Yerleşmesi ve Iskender Bey İsyanının Menşei”,
“Iskender Bey (Ö 872/1468), İslam Ansiklopedisi 1079-1082” and “Hicri 835 TarihliSuret-i Defter-iSancak-
ıArvanid”.Most of the citations are not to the articles that we have included to this thesis research. Most of
the authors are from non-Albanian historians who do not deal with Albanian historiography.
 55

Because of technical issues – explained in footnote 1 – Kristo Frashëri also

occupies the central place in the betweenness centrality with degree centrality 54.
The other most prominent nodes according to the measure of betweenness are;
Ferid Duka, Aleks Buda, Barbara Jelavich, Noel MALCOLM, Oliver Jens Schmitt
etc. Another noteworthy point is that in the sociogram, some international historians
whose names are very significant to Albanian Historiography have shown up.

Figure 12. Clicking to the node which has the highest connection rate in Betweenness
Centrality

Kristo Frashëri in this case plays the role of a bridge between groups in figure 12
and is the gateway of new information for the groups. Practically and strategically,
Kristo Frashëri can control communication between groups in figure 12.

Even though figure 12 (Betweenness Centrality) appears to be similar to figure 10

(Eigenvector Centrality), in this case, Kristo Frasheri is associated with a group of
authors who consider him a communication line between them.
 56

Figure 13. This figure has been drawn up according to Closeness Centrality - 18.02.18

Third, closeness measures how an individual is directly or indirectly near to other

people in a network. Graphically, the individual with higher closeness value is the
one who has the shortest path to all group members. For instance, in Figure 13,
Kristo Frashëri has the most connection in the network in the measure of
eigenvector and betweenness centrality. However, while Ajet Haxhiu has less
connection than Kristo Frashëri, he has the highest closeness values because he
is the author who can access other authors in the network quicker.
 57

Figure 14.Clicking to the node with the highest connection rate in Closeness Centrality

As it is clearly overlooked in figure 14, based on the Closeness Centrality, even

though Ajet Haxhiu does not have too many connections, he has short connections
to the significant authors of the network such as: Kristo Frashëri, Aleks Buda,
Stefanaq Pollo, Stavro Skendi, Shukri Rrahimi, Skender Luarasi, Gazmend
Shpuza, Muhamet Shatri, Kristaq Prifti, Petrika Thëngjilli etc.

In this thesis, Eigenvector centrality was used as the main degree centrality to
reveal the influential historians about Ottoman period in Albanian Historiography. In
order to identify the most prominent authors in different degree centralities, as it
has been described earlier, thousands of books and articles related to that period
were entered to the kaynakca.info. Based on the citations these authors have
made about each other, all of their connections were analysed in the measure of
Eigenvector Centrality. In this case, Kristo Frashëri is considered as one of the
historians who have made a great contribution to the Albanian historiography on
Ottoman Period. Over 61 of his publications are uploaded in kaynakca.info
database.
 58

4.3. INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS IN ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

In order to find the most influential international historian who studied and wrote
about the Albanian History, social network analysis that included just the
international authors has been performed. As previously mentioned, 30
international authors’ publıcatıon were included in this thesis.

Figure 15. The social network of foreign authors based on Eigenvector Centrality

In figure 15, the connections between foreign authors who deal with Albanian
history are introduced using references.

The biggest red node at the bottom of the sociogram shown in figure 16,
represents the author with the highest citation degree in eigenvector centrality.
Eigenvector centrality is the only degree centrality used to find the prominent
international author who study and write about the Albanian history.
 59

Figure 16. The most prominent international author in eigenvector centrality; Halil Inalcik

According to eigenvector centrality, the international author who is a common

denominator of most of the international authors who write about Albanian history
is Halil Inalcik, with degree centrality 58. In other words, even though Albanian
history is the subject, when it comes to the Ottoman period history at international
level Halil Inalcik takes his place in this sociogram. Thus, this proves that İnalcık's
"the historians’ pole" definition used in modern Turkish historiography is correct and
appropriate according to the objective data (Acun, 2015a, p.16).

As it is described above, also in this case the red lines represent the author Halil
Inalcik has cited in his publications and the blue lines represent the authors who
have cited Inalcik. Figure 16 shows the system‘s appearance as it is working. As
clearly noticed in figure 16, after the Turkish authors, the largest number of authors
cited by Inalcik in his three publications that are included in this master thesis, are
mainly Albanian historians such as: Kristo Frashëri, Aleks Buda, Fan Noli, Athanas
Gegaj etc. A significant number of international historians have cited Inalcik in their
publications about Albanian history. Noal Malcolm, Barbara Jelovic, Oliver Jens
 60

Shmitt are among them. After Inalcik, the Turkish historian of Albanian origin Necip
P. Alpan occupies an important place in the eigenvector centrality.

Figure 17. The reference point for international historians; Kristo Frashëri

As it is already pointed out, the most distinguished international historians

according to the measure of eigenvector centrality are presented. The next
endeavor is to find the Albanian historian who is most cited by international
historians in their work about Albanian history on the Ottoman period. Kristo
Frashëri occupies a central place at this level of evaluation as well. He has been
cited in the publications of two international authors - Halil Inalcik and Necip P.
Alpan – which play an important role in the social network based on eigenvector
centrality. In addition, almost all foreign authors discussed throughout this paper
cite Frasheri. Frashëri is no longer just the most cited among the local historians,
based on this analyses, he also is an important reference point for international
historians, such as: Noal Malcolm, Barbara Jelovic, Machiel Kiel, Peter Bartl, Oliver
Jens Schmitt, George W. Gawrych etc.
 61

However, we should admit the fact that the international historians have based their
publications on the Ottoman period in Albanian lands, much more on their non-
Albanian colleagues who write about Albanian history. This important phenomenon
in the science of history can bring up a dilemma such as “Is it because the
international historians do not believe in the quality of the scientific work of the
Albanian historians? Alternatively, perhaps the lack of sufficient publications in
foreign languages (English, French, and German) is the main reason why very few
scholars have based their work on the Albanian sources!

4.4. NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS BY TIMES: THE MOST CITED PERIOD

From the beginning, it should be stated that the recognition of the state-forming
process’ history and the establishment of a regime without political competition
(after 1945) are the factors that have played a primary role in determining the
Ottoman studies performance and quality and beyond, in shaping the history
writing tradition in this part of Southeast Europe (Egro, 2007: 12). Indeed, the
periodization of Albanian historiography on ottoman studies is highly related to the
country’s political stage periods and significantly reflects their features.

As already mentioned above, in this thesis, publications from the beginning of the
20th century have been analysed. In the 20th century the endnote writing process
became a standard of historical research. Since the basis of this paper are the
analysis of sources on which historical books have been written, earlier
publications have not been considered, not because good work did not exist
before, but because references as a standard was not known during that time.
Hence, in order to achieve the goals of this thesis, the Albanian history dedicated
to Ottoman period is divided in three time segments: post-independence period
(1912-1945), communist period (1945-1990), and democratic period (1990-2015).
 62

Table5. Number of books included in this study, according to their publication time2

Period of publication Number of Publications %

1912-1945 4 3.07 %

1945-1990 54 41.53 %

1990-2015 72 55.38 %

Total 130 100 %

Referring to the Table 5, the number of publications included in this research is

classified according to their publication times. We can easily notice from this table
that the largest number of publications (72 or 55.38%) has been made in recent
years, respectively the period after the communist regime in Albania. During the
Communist era in Albania, many productive historians extend their academic
activity. A total of 54 publications or 41.53% of books included in this study
belongs to this time. This period’s historians, like Kristo Frashëri, Aleks Buda,
Selami Pulaha, Stefanaq Pollo, Gazmend Shpuza etc. occupy a central place in
the measure of eigenvector centrality. According to Table 5, from the time of the
declaration of independence till the communist takeover, the publications included
in this research make up only 4 publications or 3.07%.

4.4.1. The most cited period in ottoman studies

As mentioned before, there are three main time periods in Albania’s history of the
Ottoman period according to historical events. In a country like Albania, before
1943, history, especially the Ottoman periods’ history was used to legitimize efforts
made to create and, afterwards, maintain and consolidate the national state.
Whereas after 1945, it served as a means of justifying the measures taken by the
communist regime to the national and foreign politics and in some cases to justify

2
The list of total books included in this study will be described in Appendix A
 63

the regress of Albania throughout history. Since the early ‘90s, Albanian
historiography has enjoyed its academic freedom, as much as it has remained
hostage to politics (Egro, 2007, p.13). However, Balkan historians have never held
their scientific activity apart from their participation in the country's political
developments. Considering that historiography is a discourse frequently related to
politics, this statement is completely legitimate for Albanian scholars as well.
People who study and write history, live in a fundamentally political world, so their
reaction is somehow of a political nature (Berktayet al, 1993, p.12).

Even though the Albanologist and historian Robert Elise (2010), in his book
Albanian Historical Dictionary had stated that "Another great lack in Albanian
historiography is a full and reliable account of Albanian history writing during the
communist period", during a television program he claimed that "Although the
number of books published during the communist period was smaller, they were of
a greater quality compared to the many historical books published in the recent
years" (Elise, 2016). This leads us to the main purpose of this section.

From the total number of prominent authors measured in eigenvector,

betweenness and closeness centrality, 17 books belong to the authors who were
active mainly during the communist period (Hasan Kaleshi and Skender Riza didn’t
conduct their academic activity within the administrative borders of communist
Albania) and only 9 of them belong to authors who conducted their academic
activity in the post-communist period. It turns out that, based on the results of this
research, communist period studies were cited more often than the post-
communist period.
 64

5. CHAPTER: THE PROMINENT AUTHORS' STUDIES ON THE

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

“Let’s not turn our heads to the rulers, but to the thinkers, therefore the whole
country should be shaken when even one of them leaves this world”

V. Hugo

Applying the social network analysis on Ottoman period in Albanian historiography

(1915-2015) have enabled us to discover the most significant authors who have
studied and written about this period. In this chapter, the views and attitudes of
these authors in connection with the Ottoman period in Albanian will be explored.
For the most cited Albanian and international authors – Kriso Frashëri and Halil
Inalcık - a short biography of each is also given.

5.1. CRITICAL OVERVIEW ON OTTOMAN STUDIES

Those Albanian scholars referred in this study as significant and influential authors
of Albanian historiography on Ottoman period all had common meeting point on
their views, except Hasan Kaleshi. They thought the Ottoman Empire was an
inhibitory factor for Albania’s development and considered the Ottoman period in
Albania mainly as a period of darkness. In this case, the Ottoman Empire was held
responsible for the cessation of economic, social, and political development with
the invasion of Albania in the 15th century. Such an attitude would be used by the
elite of intellectuals before the Second World War in order to side with the West,
while the communist state used it as a ‘scientific‘ argument to distance from the
five centuries backwardness. (Egro, 2007, 107). In this regard, Bernard Lewis
(1953) says that since the spread of nationalism in the Balkans, more than a dozen
states were created by the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, each with its own national
 65

legends of liberation and its kind of national historiography. Like most liberated
peoples, the Balkan countries tried to address all the imperfections of their
societies to the Ottoman Empire. However, since the historical writings that have
left a mark on Albanian historiography are written mainly throughout the communist
period it does not give us the right to judge with precision whether these were their
views and attitudes on which they believed themselves, or these attitudes were in
accordance with the frameworks of the system, out of which they were not allowed
to admit.

However, we are forced to evaluate these authors based on what is written by

them. Gazmend Shpuza in his article: About the treatment of Renaissance
Movements in our historical literature, makes an overall assessment of the
Albanian history of the 19th century. Based on the clichés of the Marxist-Leninist
theory, this article constantly refers to rebellion, revolutions and their character,
thus avoiding historical reality. Even the literature sources, most of which are
based on the work of Marxism classics. (Egro, 2007, p. 23). In this article,
apparently, the 19th century history of Albania is treated completely separately from
the previous four centuries of Ottoman rule. Selami Pulaha had too a similar
approach toward the Ottoman Empire, led by Marxist-Leninist principles. Pulaha is
among the most representative Albanian figures of the Ottoman Language experts.
He was among the few Albanian Ottoman Language experts who with his work
became known beyond Albanian borders. Although he does not neglect the
archived Ottoman documentation either in Albania or abroad, he does seem to rely
more on the Albanian documentation rather than the Ottoman:

“The fundamental documentation used so far by the scholars consists of

projects from the Albanian assemblies for liberation, from the relations of the
leaders of the armed uprisings - these important and firsthand documents,
because as domestic resources directly reflect the armed resistance and mainly
the program of the struggle of the Albanian people against the Ottoman rulers -
 66

as well as documents from ecclesiastical institutions and chancellery of

European countries interested on the events in Albania” (Pulaha, 1978, 4).

On the other hand, the Ottoman documentation presents as influenced by the

class interests of the invaders:

"Because the documentation from the local and central administration of

Ottoman power is drawn from Ottoman feudal class positions, consequently
reflects the class interests of the invaders. As such they are constituted by a
series of weaknesses and limitations "(Pulaha, 1978, p. 11).

He later adds that these documents show the war for freedom of the Albanian
insurgents in a very denigrating way, diminishing its importance to the utmost. On
the other hand, their victories increase as much as in some cases even the losses
pose as a victory (Pulaha, 1978). Nowadays, the assessment of Ottoman sources
as first-hand sources should not be considered as a scholar’s individual attitude,
especially when his or her work is the most representative of Albanian
historiography. This attitude, which is more judgmental rather than scientific,
proves a complete adaptation of the Marxist attitude towards the Ottoman period
during the communist period in Albania.

5.2. TERMINOLOGY USED IN OTTOMAN STUDIES

Another phenomenon in Albanian historiography is the terminology used by the

authors to refer to the Ottoman Empire. Expressions such as: "... the Ottoman
captive regime, the yoke of the foreign invader" Pulaha (1978, p. 13), were being
used to refer to the Ottoman Empire as part of the discourse of that time. These
expressions today are considered totally offensive and unacceptable by part of the
political and scientific community. Until recently, throughout Albanian
historiography, the Ottoman Empire was referred to with the term Turkish. The
same terminology was also being used in school textbooks. Terms such as
 67

Ottoman and Ottoman State instead of Turkish in textbooks, began to gain ground
immediately after the fall of the Communist Regime. This form of reference to the
Ottoman Empire in school textbooks in Kosovo was regulated after the formation of
a Kosovo-Turkey inter-state commission in 2011. Interventions in changing the
terminology in the textbooks were numerous. A few examples are in the history
book for the 12th grade, on page 144, the term Turkish is replaced with Ottoman.
On page 145 the term against occupiers is replaced with against the Sublime
Porte, the word ruthless on page 165 is deleted and just the word the regime was
kept (Gashi, 2015). Many historians and intellectuals were against these changes
claiming that this is interfering in the scientific autonomy of historians. Kristo
Frasheri, the most prominent author of the analysis made in this study, was also
against changing this terminology:

"As we know, in the texts of the history books about the Ottoman Empire
published in Albania, including textbooks of various cycles, there is no offensive
or denigrating or ironizing expression, neither for the Ottoman Empire nor for
the Turkish people. There are only estimates of historical events that are as
deserving as according to the events either positive or negative. If the
honourable authorities of the Turkish Republic perceive the negative
assessment of the events as offenses, when these are correct, they are wrong
"(Frasheri, 2014).

On the other hand, Hasan Kaleshi, in his article "Turkish Influence in the Balkans
and Islamisation as Factors of Ethnic and National Existence of the Albanian
People" published in 1981, started with a critique of Albanian historiography, which
he accuses as not authentic and has introduced inaccurate terminologies or
expressions, such as rabid Turks, Turkish yoke, Turkish Asians, Barbarians etc.
 68

5.3. INFLUENTIAL HISTORIANS: THEIR APPROACH TO THE OTTOMAN

EMPIRE

5.3.1. Hasan Kaleshi

Hasan Kaleshi raised the thesis that contradicted the ideas of much of the
Albanian historians who write about the Ottoman Empire. In the paper "Turkish
Influence in the Balkans and Islamization as Factors of Ethnic and National
Existence of the Albanian People" (1981) Hasan Kaleshi presented for the first
time a new thesis, which was very different to the Albanian historiography thought
of that time. Dr. Hasan Kalesh claims in his thesis:

"At the time when Albanians were without a state, without their churches,
without cultural traditions, without schools, with Venice on the coastal side,
surrounded by Byzantines on one side and by the Serbians on the other, under
these circumstances, there was no likely a nation to exist. With the Ottomans
penetration in the Balkans, with the destruction of Byzantium and the Serbian
state, as well as disorientation of their churches, the assimilation of Albanians
from the above mentioned elements was impeded "(Kaleshi, 1981).

This thesis has been categorically rejected by many Albanian historians and
intellectuals, and from some of them is still called ‘turkophil’ or ‘serbophil’. The
traditional Albanian historiography depicts the Ottoman period as an era of
constant resistance of Albanians against a foreign conqueror.

If we have a look at Hasan Kalesh's research, he has dealt with a wide range of
topics. He wrote about the figure and work of Sami Frashëri, the role of Albanian
cities in Islamic culture, over Yugoslav institutions, Ottoman channels for the
capital cities of Kosovo, on the history of Islam in Albanian territories, Albanian
literature with Arabic alphabet, etc. (Egro, 2007, p. 111). Besides the work in the
 69

above-mentioned fields, has over 250 documents which remain unpublished. The
documents are mainly handwritten in French, except for the documents mentioned
before, and there are still over 240 documents in German not published, as well as
many other papers stored in the archives of Vienna, Ankara and Istanbul, where
the various Albanian National Movement personalities were mentioned (Ahmeti,
2008).

5.3.2. Kristo Frasheri

Kristo Frashëri is absolutely an emblematic prolific figure in Albania in the field of

science, and historiography in particular. He is the most prominent author based
on the measure of eigenvector centrality. He was the most cited author in the
social network analysis of Albanian historiography on the Ottoman period. His
centrality degree was the highest among hundreds of Albanian authors included in
this analysis. He had witnessed a system of censored historical values for more
than 50 years and the chaos of publications and science in Albania after the
1990s. After the political system change in 1990, the scholar Kristo Frasheri was
the first one to give a general overview of Albanian historiography (Frasheri, 1995).
Though his paper is in the form of a short publication consisting of only a few
pages, the author offers very detailed information on the work produced in different
periods of Albania's history. This information is very important to all the
researchers who in the future wish to deal with the history of Albanian historical
thought. The most important characteristic of this paper is that for the first time it is
dissociated from any kind of ideological influence, and at the same time, it provides
examples and details. His extensive experience in academia makes him one of the
best-known bibliographers of Albanian historical studies. (Egro, 2007, p. 22).

In the framework of these many researchers, Frasheri devotes a great space in his
work to the events and historical figures of the Ottoman Empire in Albania. His view
of the Ottoman Empire remained unchanged even after overcoming the
 70

communist-censorship system. To him the Ottoman Rule period was the greatest
obstacle to Albanians' development, compared to the other Balkan people.
According to Frashëri (2012), first of all, the Ottoman invasion ceased the most
important process recognized by Europe's medieval history - the creation of a
national state in Albania. It also interrupted the momentum of the Enlightenment
and Humanist movement toward which the Albanian nation had entered. He even
adds that the Ottoman Empire put Albanians five centuries behind the European
family. According to Kristo Frasheri, there are arrogant invaders and tolerant
conquers, he claims that:

"Of course, not all foreign invasions and rulings have the same features. It
happens that an invader is more or less tolerant with the oppressed people.
There are also conquerors who are arrogant to the oppressed peoples. The
basic criterion used by historians to determine the character of a foreign
domination is the value of the results that reap a country or a people during their
ruling. The Roman Empire, for example, assimilated people, but this led the
ancient civilization, rooted the concept of state, law, administration, and built
institutions, roads, and bridges for which the domed nation needed. What did
the Ottoman Empire do during the 500 years of Ottoman rule in Albania? The
Ottoman Empire only treated Albania as a cow that would have to give it milk
without carrying out its maintenance costs, as a source of fiscal revenue without
carrying out any capital investment on it. They did not build roads or bridges,
nor did they do constructed sanitation. They were only interested on mosques
and official buildings. They ignored both the popular education and the cultural
movement, but they only cared for Turkish religious schools. In short, the
Ottoman Empire left for 500 years Albania backward, poor, without means of
living "(Frashëri, 2014).

Kriso Frasheri in his work used literature from different sources. To illustrate the
example of the first hand sources, the work "Albanian League of Prizren" (1997)
 71

will be analysed. The author, in addition to the large number of sources from
Albanian authors, has also used Austrian, French, British, Italian, Russian and
German sources. Among all these sources, there are only three Ottoman sources,
but not first hand. If we go back to the main work of the author, we will find papers
without quotes, such as “The History of Albania (A brief survey)”. Although this
book was published in 1964, when scientific writing standards have been available,
this book does not contain any single references. The researcher Dritan Egro
(2007, p. 125) related to this scientific phenomenon brings another example from
the books of Kristo Frashëri, "Skanderbeg, his life and deeds" (2002). He adds that
"in this way obviously the authenticity of this documentation is questioned".

5.3.2.1. A short biography

Kristo Frashëri was the first son of the patriot and an adherent of the Renaissance
movement Anastas Frasheri and the descendant of one of the Frashëri families’
dynasties. He was born in 1920 in Istanbul and 7 years later his family moved to
Albania. In 1940, he started his studies in Economics at the University of Florence.
In 1942, Frashëri returns to Albania where he’s imprisoned and deported by the
fascist regime. He graduated from the Faculty of History in Tirana in 1955. In 1997
he was appointed vice president of the Albanian Academy of Sciences. Kristo
Frasheri is an author of a range of rich scientific publications, extending to all
periods of Albanian history: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the National Renaissance,
and the present age (balkanweb.com, 2018). Professor Frashëri, one of the icons
of Albanian historiography, passed away in 2016. With Frashëri's death, Albanian
historiography lost one of its greatest contributors: the man who kept working until
his very last breath. Frashëri was a scholar and a representative historian of the
communist period too. (Elise, 2010, p.148).

Professor Kristo Frasheri’s publications span a period of 70 years. Since 1938

when he issued his first article on the profile of Jeronim De Rada, professor
 72

Frasheri has published hundreds of study articles, historical references,

documentary volumes and scientific monographs. This work involved subjects such
as political history, economic development, social problems, philosophical thought
and Albanian cultural movement. Professor Frasheri’s work is used as a reference
for many historical issues not only in Albania, but also abroad. The bibliography of
his scientific work includes 360 study invoices, more than 30 of which are books
(balkaneu.com, 2018).

5.3.3. Aleks Buda

Aleks Buda graduated in Italy and in Austria at the time of the King Zogu. By
reading carefully the scientific writings of Aleks Buda, duality of thought can be
seen and it was during the strict framework set by the communist regime (Egro,
2007, p. 102). He sometimes was considered as a founder of the Albanian post
World War II historiography. Buda belonged to a small group of intellectuals in
Albanian communist regime, allowed to have access to foreign literature, in order
to use them to prepare new theoretical and ideological directives for the rest of
their colleagues. (Hysa, Keber, 2010, p. 120). Buda's scientific work is mainly
published in the magazine "Historical Studies". This work is published in a
summarized form in 2006, entitled "Historical Studies, Selected Texts" by the
Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts. To avoid this chapters’ prolongation, Aleks
Buda’s views, ideas and attitudes on the Ottoman Period are given in several
publications such as the official publication of "History of Albania" (1959). Aleks
Buda and Kritso Frasheri are among the main authors of this book. The researcher
Dritan Egro (2007) calls these historians “a group of Marxist historians”. Since this
book was the first of its kind, it has served as a source for many historical writings,
especially during the communist regime in Albania. Through this book, some of the
shortcomings in the methodology of Albanian historiography are also highlighted
on its analysis of the Ottoman period.
 73

In the "History of Albania" (Buda, et al., 1959), Chapter VI, titled "Turkish invasion
and Albanian resistance (1388-1443)" is preceded by a short introductory part with
the subtitle "Turkish Flood in the Balkans". The term "flood" itself is a word used to
show a stream or a stream movement with great destructive power. It announces
to the reader that it is about a gloomy period of Albania's history. When describing
the qualities of the Ottoman army, the authors of the text mention that:

"Except the sipahis 'military units, Sultan Orhan, the successor of Osman, also
created the Janissary’s corps, consisting of trained soldiers, Islamic fanatics,
and grown up with the idea of loyalty to the Sultan and the spirit of invading
warriors. The Turks also set up cavalry units called raiders, who abruptly
attacked settlements, plundered the population, burned villages, kidnapped
people to sell them later as slaves, kidnapped children and supplied the
janissary army, attacked the background of the enemy and thus opened the
way for the janissary and the sipahis to conquer the territories more easily.
“(Buda, et al., 1959, p. 381)

Ottoman armies were considered as a threat to the civilization to which Albanians

belonged and are portrayed as being militarily superior and Albania is unable to
resist because it was a small country (Puto, 2003, p. 98). According to the text of
"History of Albania", the Ottoman invasion cut off the cultural and commercial ties
of Albania with Western Europe. After that vicious event, Albania became an
isolated country, and its population fell into despair. For these authors, the
Ottoman Empire in Albania was a savage and unmerciful conqueror, even to the
city's architecture and religious institutions. "Ottoman armies destroyed the cities,
the most beautiful architectural buildings, cathedrals, churches, monasteries,
public and aristocracy buildings with all their paintings and sculptures" (Busa, et al.,
1959, p. 403). By mentioning the churches, cathedrals, monasteries, palaces of the
aristocracy, which suffered the attack of a 'barbarian and killer enemy', Albanian
historiography wanted to show that there was an Albanian culture developed and
 74

comparable to that of Western Europe. So, the Ottoman invasion was responsible
for the country’s regress, for isolating and dividing Albania from what was seen as
its natural place, near and in constant contact with Europe.

According to Puto (2003), one of the greatest problems of Albanian historiography

over the last 50 years is that it has presented a distorted image of the situation in
Albanian lands before the arrival of the Ottomans. First of all, Albanian historians
have taken into consideration the fact that during the Middle Ages there was an
Albanian community in the Balkans ethnically homogenous and fully aware of its
ethnic affiliation. Its only weakness was the political division between the
possessions of various feudal lords. Albanians are seen as a unified political factor,
which was held in a state of division only by the interests of the feudal lords. On
the other hand, Turkish researcher Halil Inalcik says, "Ottomans found feudal lords
in Albania with minimal power, separated from each other, and willing to negotiate
with them individually. It is a known fact that the Ottomans appeared for the first
time in Albanian lands in 1385. They were invited by an Albanian feudal lord, Karl
Topia, who, having no confidence in Venice and fearing the rule of the Balsha
family, sought their help "(Inalcık, 1953). The Ottoman view of the occupation was
different from what Albanian studies show, which saw their arrival as simply
military invasion. As for the Ottomans, the invasion was the same as the
establishment of the timar regime, which above all meant the return of the Sultan-
owned lands and income registration and all the other resources of the regions
under their authority, to provide tax collection.

Another aspect related to the Ottoman period is the conversion of Albanians to

Islam. The text of "History of Albania" considers the Islamization of the country as
a tool in the hands of the Turkish invaders to create in Albania a Muslim
community that was linked to the fate of the empire. There was also a practical
goal by the Ottomans that was to supply the Ottoman army with Albanian Muslim
soldiers. According to the text, the reasons that favoured such a rapid progression
 75

of Islam were the weakening of religious discipline due to Turkish repression in the
16th and 17th centuries, the low theological standard of the Christian clergy, the
presence of few clerics in the country, and fiscal discrimination of the population.
The Christian population was forced to pay more taxes than their Muslim
counterparts. (Puto, 2003, p. 95). The massive Islamization of Albanians was also
seen as a result of the savage reaction of the Turks after the constant fighting
against Albanians. According to this book, when the Albanians finally submitted
themselves to it, Ottomans began a systematic conversion campaign. The reaction
of Albanians is seen as that of people who, in order to protect their dignity, prefer
to sacrifice less important things, such as religion. This thesis contradicts Pashko
Vasse's thoughts: he said that the conversion of Albanians to Islam offered them
an established status in society, in spite of other Balkan people who remained in
their religion. They silently accepted to be submissive (Vasa, 1935, p. 58).
According to these authors, “Albanians became Muslims only apparently, because
deep in their conscience remained Albanians”. This is a tendency that Albanians
are considering to be a community that sees religious affiliation as something of a
secondary importance and looks at it with some kind of distrust. The reason was
that Albanians saw religion as a tool in the hands of foreigners. Albanian studies
emphasize this case a kind of perception of them being born with their inner
character "not being religious people". According to Puto (2003), the tendency to
describe Albanians as "non-religious people" dates back to the period of the
National Renaissance (1878-1912), when Albanian national leaders, because of
the religious divisions of the country, excluded religion from the whole of the
fundamental elements of the state-building. At this time the famous slogan from
Pashko Vassa was born:"The Albanian religion is Albanianism". Puto (2003) also
adds that the process of Islamization during the Ottoman era was a much more
complicated process than that reported by Albanian studies. First of all, the
Islamization of the country was a slow process and at irregular rates, which
continued for centuries after the arrival of Ottomans in Albanian lands. The
conversion of Albanians followed different paths in different provinces. According
 76

to him, it was not a forced conversion nationwide, except for the rebellion of
Christian populations, who were forced to convert after their uprisings were
crushed by the Sublime Porte. In the plains of the central part of Albania there
were more converts. The inhabitants of these areas were more exposed to
Ottoman influence than the highlanders of isolated northern provinces. The French
researcher Nathalie Clayer (2012) says: The 'inferior religiosity' of Albanian
highlanders, on one hand, is the consequence of the weakness of the Catholic
Church, which was itself in a difficult position in the Ottoman Empire, and in turn
the consequence of the difficulties of penetrating their settlements, was an element
that favoured Islamization, but in no case was a cause for conversion. However,
even the ways of conversion had their complexity. For example, in the 19th
century, many conversions were made through the pressure or half-pression that
came from the surrounding Muslim environment. As Clayer (2012) mentions, "in
many cases the conversion came as a result of the disruption of relationships
within the social environment that would mean either tribe or church."

When we look at the perception of the Ottoman period by prominent scholars like
Kristo Frasheri, Alex Buda, Selami Pulaha, Stefanaq Pollo and Gazmend Shpuza,
it is clear that these authors have serious limitations in the analysis of the role of
the history of Albanians under the Ottoman Empire. The Albanian nation remains
the only center of attention, while Albania and Albanians are rarely seen as part of
a wider political and geographical context. In the case of the Ottoman period,
Albanian historians tend to shift the scenario and dynamics of social forces from
the 20th century to that of the 15th century. In many cases, these intellectual elite,
to justify social problems and political situations of the 20th century, turned to judge
the historical events that took place five centuries ago. Moreover, the omission of
the Ottoman period is also evident in the various books, articles, and publications
of these authors. Out of the large number of books of the historian KristoFrashëri -
over 30, which talk about different historical events and figures such as the League
 77

of Prizren and Skanderbeg, there is no book which decisively talks about the
Ottoman period in the Albanian territories.

5.3.4. Halil Inalcik

According to this study the Turkish researcher Halil Inalcik is the most prominent
international author of Albanian historiography for the Ottoman period. Although
only three works by this author in relation to Albanians have been found in the
research for this study, it seems to have been enough to be counted among the
most quoted works by foreign authors dealing with Albanian history.

Inalcik has made the best and the most complete criticism about the treatment of
the problems related to the history of Ottoman Empire period among the
historiographies of former communist countries ideologically close to Albania
during the second half of the 20th century. (Inalcık, 1995). The author, due to the
lack of knowledge of the Albanian language and the scarce resources of Albanian
historiography published in foreign languages, has not given space to the work,
authors and attitudes that Albanian historiography had toward the Ottoman history.
(Egro, 2007, p. 24). It is important to keep in mind that Albanian political, economic
and military history has always been little known abroad. Foreign studies have
always focused on cultural history, language and literature. English readers in the
second half of the 19th century may have learned about Skanderbeg from Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow's poem (by Henri Waddington Longfellow) just as fifty years
ago Byron had determined an image of Albania in his work. (Pettifer, 2013)

The abandonment of the sultan yard and the return to Albania of Skanderbeg, was
interpreted by most of the Albanian historians as the abandonment of the Front of
the Ottoman Empire with all its position in order to join Albania while succeeding
against the Ottoman regime. Unlike them, Halil Inalcik emphasized another
connection with the abandonment of the sultan yard by Skanderbeg. According to
 78

him, Skanderbeg turns his back on the Empire after a kind of depression had been
observed and the news spread that the Ottoman Empire expected a rapid
capitulation. On the other hand, Huniadi was making preparations for a good time
to expel the Ottomans from Rumelia. Skanderbeg, as many others, believed in
this, had taken the road to Albania in order to take control of his father's
possessions (Inalcık, p. 561). Professor Kristo Frasheri has dedicated to
Skanderbeg a large part of his scientific research to become one of his greatest
advocates whenever foreign historians have criticized this warrior and strategist. In
2002, Frashëri published the book "Skanderbeg, his life and deeds".

5.3.4.1. A short biography

Born on May 26, 1916, İnalcık spent his childhood in times of war. His father, Seyit
Osman Nuri left Crimea in 1905 and came to Istanbul. In 1924 they settled in the
capital of the newly established Republic (Delibaşı, 2006, p.1). He graduated from
the Department of History in the Faculty of Language, History, and Geography at
Ankara University in 1940. He started to work as an assistant in the same
department and became an Associate Professor in 1943. He received the title
Professor in 1952. After refusing many offers from various Universities such as
Harvard University and Pennsylvania University, in the meantime the political riots
in Turkey became worse, in 1972, he accepted an offer to join the University of
Chicago as a professor. At this University, Prof. Inalcik taught Ottoman History until
1986 (Bayazoğlu, 2015). There, Inalcik trained a range of young historians who
became top scholars, while pursuing his own research, which extended from the
history of Crimea, Albania, Bulgaria and Anatolia in the 15 th century to the
19th century. His work encompassed social, political and economic history from
peasants to sultans (news.uchicago.edu, 2018). Inalcik lectured in many
universities, including Princeton (1967) and Harvard (1992) as a visiting professor
in the United States (turkishculture.org, 2018). Prof. İnalcık after returning to
Turkey, at Bilkent University he founded the Department of History where he taught
 79

classes. Prof. İnalcık was a member and president of many Turkish, British,
American, and Serbian academies (Inalcık, 2017). Inalcik received numerous
honors during his lifetime, including 23 honorary doctorates and awards for his
contributions to history and culture in Turkey. Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık passed away at
the age of 100 in Ankara in 2016.

If all of Halil İnalcık's work is carefully analysed, it can easily be noticed that he has
studied almost all periods of Ottoman history and that there is an incredible variety
of subjects in his research. Inalcık's work, classified based on subjects, are
grouped as follows: 1) Social and Economic History (history of institutions, law,
state structure and philosophy, trade, taxes, social strata, production, demographic
structure, bureaucracy, urban history etc.), 2) Political History, 3) Synthesis Work
(in this last group studies that intend to enlighten the Ottoman social and economic
history are mainly included) (inalcik.com, 2018). His most important work is
considered his first book, “Hicrî 835 TarihliSûret-i Defter-i Sancak-I
Arvanid” (Copied of register for A.H. 835 in Sanjalk of Albania). It was published in
1954 in Ankara and introduced one of the earliest land register available in the
Ottoman Empire's archives (Gök, 2001, p.143). This is one of Inalcik's publications
included in the social network analysis of Albanian historiography on Ottoman
studies.
 80

6. CHAPTER: CONCLUSIONS

In this thesis, the views and attitudes of significant historians on the Ottoman
period, which turned up by analysing the connections between historians through
their citations, are discussed. This analysis is conducted by utilizing social network
analysis as the research method. As Narin (1976, p.334) observes, “a reference is
the acknowledgment that one document gives to another; a citation is the
acknowledgment that one document receives from another”. The analysis of the
received citations and given references by the authors of these publications, made
it possible to ascertain the most cited historians in Albanian historiography on
Ottoman period; Kristo Frashëri is the most prominent author based on eigenvector
and betweenness centrality degree. Since the earliest attempts to write about the
history of Albania date back to the beginning of the 17th century, the Ottoman
period occupies the most significant place. In addition to that, the high amount of
historical records found for this period of Albanian history also make it one of the
important periods to be analysed and studied. This is not because of any special
consideration or preference of the authors who wrote them, but because this
period of Albania's history is first quite unavoidable, and secondly, it is very crucial
to understand the beginnings of the Albanian history in order to understand its
current state.

6.1. CONCLUSIONS BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The first research question was: RQ1: “Who are the most prominent Albanian
historians on the Ottoman period of the Albanian history based on centrality
measures of social network analysis (Degree Centrality, Betweenness Centrality
Closeness Centrality and Eigenvector Centrality)”. The node whose eigenvector
centrality is the highest is interpreted as the most active and the most prominent
member of the network. It turned out that Kristo Frashëri is the most prominent
historian among Albanian historians who wrote about the Ottoman period in
 81

Albanian lands. Kristo Frashëri was also the prominent author according to the
betweenness centrality measure. Based on this, Frashëri was not only the most
prominent actor in the network who was cited most by other important historians, at
the same time, he was the ‘bridge’ among other Albanian historians. In the
measure of closeness centrality, Ajet Haxhiu is the most prominent actor in the
network; Ajet Haxhiu wrote mostly on topics related to the Serbian occupation of
Kosovo and about the battles of Hasan Prishtina and Azem and Shqote Galica
against Serbian conquer.

The second research question RQ2: “What are their views (of those historians
determined by SNA) on the Ottoman Empire’s rule of Albanian land?” The
Albanian historians who are already labelled as the significant historians of
Albanian Historiography on Ottoman period, with very few exceptions, had one
common point of view. In their opinion, the Ottoman Empire was an inhibitory
factor and considered this period mainly as period of darkness. In this case, the
Ottoman Empire was held responsible for the cessation of economic, social, and
political development with the invasion of Albania in the 15 th century. On the other
hand, Hasan Kaleshi clams that, without penetration of Ottomans in Balkan - with
Venice on the coastal side, surrounded by Byzantines on one side and by the
Serbians on the other - there was no likelihood of an Albanian nation to exist.

The third research question is RQ3: Where did they get their influence from: other
Albanian historians or international historians? (This has been determined through
citations they made (or incoming connections)). The prominent historians (based
on Degree Centrality, Eigenvector Centrality, Betweenness Centrality and
Closeness Centrality,) had a broad network of scientific interaction with both
Albanian and international historians. As noted by the analysis, the Albanian
historian Kristo Frashëri which has the highest centrality degree in eigenvector and
betweenness centrality measures is more referred to the Albanian authors such as
Fan S. Noli, Athanas Gegaj, Aleks Buda, Hasan Kaleshi, Selami Pulaha, Petrika
 82

Thëngjilli, Ali Hadri etc. Frashëri is also more cited by Albanian historians such as
Aleks Buda, Stavro Skendi, Skender Rizaj, Ilijaz Rexha, Ferid Duka, Stefanaq
Pollo etc. In this thesis is also analyzed the scientific interaction between
international historians that dials with Albanian history. In this case, Halil Inalcik
occupies the central position in eigenvector centrality measure. The most
influential Albanian historian, Kristo Frashëri is cited by many international
historians such as: Barbara Jelavich, Peter Bartel, George W. Gawrych, Oliver
Jens Schmitt, Noel Malcolm etc. and one of them is also the international historian
(the most cited from the international ones who write and study about Albanian
history); Halil Inalcik.

6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

The Ottoman period in Albanian historiography has undergone three different

stages since the second half of the 19th century until today. Although many works
have been published and a contribution is made in this area, motivated by the
findings of this research, recommendations and future research suggestions are
discussed below.

● Historians of the Ottoman period should be distanced from ideologically

influenced literature (e.g. "History of Albania" published by State University of
Tirana in 1959), and they should be more orientated towards the archives of
Istanbul and Vienna.

● Historians specialized in Ottoman Studies should know the Ottoman and

Turkish languages and they should have a basic knowledge of Turkish history
starting from the earliest time in Central Asia till today.
 83

● Because of the intense relations that the Ottomans had with Europe and the
respective literature, the scholars specialized in Ottoman Studies should know
some of the main European languages such as English, French, and German.

● The interest in analysis methods in the field of History (Social Sciences)

should be promoted. Application of social network analysis, content analysis or
citation analysis in the field of history does not necessarily aim to solve any
historical problem but it can give an important contribution in that direction.

● Analysis of sources in historiography should also be conducted in other

periods and on different events. It is possible, through research with the similar
purpose, it can be reached to the important historians from the relevant field.

● Historians should take into consideration the international standards when

using references. While carrying out this research, it has been found that in
many books there was no bibliography at all.

● The treatment of Ottoman Periods’ history must be cleansed from ideological

and emotional influences. At the University of Prishtina and other universities in
Kosovo, the Ottoman period should be treated according to its importance. In
this case, in the department of history (bachelor studies), specific subjects
should be available for this period.

● With the support of the Albanian states both of Kosovo and Albania, the
Albanian history during the Ottoman period can also be written based on:

- The works or memories of the intellectuals of the romantic-nationalist period

of time: Pashko Vasa, Sami and Mehdi Frashëri, Sureja and Eqrem Vlora,
Ibrahim Temo, Kristo Dako, Basri Dukagjini, Sulejman Kylçe, Ismail Qemali,
etc.
 84

- The works of influential historians (defined so from the result of this study)
should be carefully taken into consideration.
- The works of serious foreign historians who have written or still writing about
Albanians: Noel Malcolm, Joseph Swire, Peter Bartl, Nathalie Clayer, Robert
Elsie, Oliver Schmitt, Greerge Gawrych etc.
- Based on the books of those international authors who for various reasons
have stayed in Albania and have written about Albanians: Evlebia Çelebiu,
Edith Durham, François Pouqueville, Henry Holland, Johann Georg von
Hahn, Franz Nopcsa and others.

● The Ottoman scholar also should have basic knowledge from various
disciplines of social sciences.
 85

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 98

APPENDIX A: INCLUDED BOOKS IN SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OFTHE

ALBANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ON OTTOMAN PERIOD

 Abdyli, R. (2004). Lëvizja Kombëtare Shqiptare 1911-1912. Prishtinë:

Instituti i Historisë
 Ahmeti, N. A. (2011). Krerët fetarë në Lëvizjen Kombëtare Shqiptare në
vilajetin e Kosovës (1878-1912). Prishtinë: Instituti Albanologjik
 Alpan, N. P. (1975). Tarihin Işığında Bugünkü Arnavutluk. Ankara
 Alpan, N. P. (1978). Prizren Arnavut Birliği /Lidhja Shqiptare e Prizrenit.
Ankara: Çağdaş
 Alpan, N. P. (1982). Arnavutluk'un Bağımsızlığı ve Avlonyalı İsmail Kemal,
Ankara
 Ayverdi, E. H. (1982). Avrupa'da Osmanlı Mimari Eserleri: Bulgaristan,
Yunanistan, Arnavutluk. İstanbul: İstanbul Fethi Cemiyeti
 Ayverdi, E. H. (2001). Vepra të arkitekturës osmane në Shqipëri. Tiranë: AB-
HORIZONT
 Bajraktari, J. (1998). Gjakova me rrethinë (1878-1912). Prishtinë
 Bajraktari, J. (2008). Lidhja Shqiptare e Prizrenit dhe Vendi i saj në Histori.
Prishtinë: Instituti İ Historisë - Prishtinë
 Barleti, M. (1967). Hirtoria e Skënderbeut. Tirane: Universiteti Shtetëror İ
Tiranës Instituti İ Historisë Dhe İ Gjuësisë
 Bartl, P. (2006). Myslimanët shqiptarë në lëvizjen për pavarësi kombëtare
(1878-1912). Tiranë
 Bartl, P. (2008). Shqiptarët, (Albanian) Nga Mesjeta deri në ditët tona.
Instituti İ Dialogut Dhe Komunikimit
 Bexheti, N. (2009). Der "Große Türkenkrıeg" und die Albaner "Lufta e
Madhe turke" dhe shqiptarët. Berlin
 Bourcart, J. (2004). Shqipëria dhe Shqiptarët. Tiranë: Dituria
 99

 Bozbora, N. (2002). Shqiperia dhe nacionalizmi shqiptar në Perandorine

Osmane. Tiranë: "Dituria"dhe "Shtëpia E Librit & Komunikimit"
 Brestovci, S. (1983). Marrëdhëniet shqiptaro-serbe-malazeze në vitet 1830-
1878. Prishtinë: Instituti Albanologjik İ Prishtinës
 Buda, A. (2006). Studime Historike. Prishtinë: ASHAK
 Buxhovi, J. (2008). Kongresi i Berlinit 1878 (Historiografi). Prishtine: Faik
Konica
 Buxhovi, J. (2014). KOSOVA II (Perandoria Osmane). Prishtinë: Houston.
 Cana, Z. (1979). Lëvlzja kombëtare shqiptare në Kosovë 1908-1912. Tirana:
RILINDJA
 Cana, Z. (1987). Kryengritja shqiptare e vitit I912 në dokumentet serbe.
Prishtinë: Instituti Albanologjik - Prishtinë
 Cana, Z. (1990). Populli shqiptar në kapërcyell të shekullit XX. Prishtinë
:Instituti Albanologjik İ Prishtinës
 Clayer, N. (2013). Arnavutluk Milliyetçilğinin Kökenleri (Në filimet e
nacionalizmit shqiptarë). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları
 Demıraj, S., & Prifti, K. (1968). Kongresi i Manastirit. Tirane: Mihal Duri
 Dermaku, I. (1983). Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare dhe kolonitë shqiptare të
mërgimit në Rumani dhe në Bullgari. Prishtinë: Enti i Teksteve Dhe i Mjeteve
Mësimore
 Dermaku, I. (1997). Kuvendi i Lidhjes Shqiptare të Pejës "Besa Besë" 1899
(dokumente). Prishtinë
 Dilo, L. (1962). Ismail Qemali dhe Pavaresia e Shqiperise. Gjirokaster
 Doçi, P. (2005). Hoxha KADRI PRISHTINA. Tirane: GEER
 Drishti, R. (1967). Armët dhe armëtarët shqiptarë. Tiranë: 8 Nentori
 Duka, F. (2001). Berati në kohën osmane (shek. XVI-XVIII). Tiranë
 Duka, F. (2009). Shekujt Osman në Hapësirën Shqiptare (studime dhe
dokumente). Tiranë: Dita 2000
 Durham, E. (2000). Brenga e Ballkanit. Tiranë: Argeta LMG
 100

 Egro, D. (2007). Historia Dhe Ideologihjia - Një Qasje Kritike Studimeve

Osmane Në Historiografinë Moderne Shqiptare. Tiranë: Maluka
 Egro, D. (2012). Ligji Osman ndër shqiptarët e mesjetës së Vonë. Tiranë
 Egro, D. (2013). "Arnavut Milliyetçi Doktrininde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun
ve Avrupa'nın Algılanışı". Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve ,
Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, (33), 031-041
 Feraj, H. (2006). Skicë e mendimit politik shqiptar. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese
"KOHA"
 Frasheri, K. (1978). Tre vëllezërit pishtarë (Abdyl Frashëri. Naim Frashëri,
Sami Frashëri). Tiranë: 8 Nëntori
 Frasheri, K. (1997). Lidhja Shqiptare e Prizrenit (1878-1881). Tiranë:
TOENA
 Frasheri, K. (2004). Historia e Tiranës. Tiranë
 Frashëri, K. (2005). SKENDERBEU dhe lufta shqiptaro-turke në shek. XV.
Tirane: Botimet TOENA
 Frasheri, K. (2008). Shpallja e Pavarësisë së Shqiprisë (28 Nëntor 1912).
Tiranë: Akademia E Shkencave E Shqipërisë
 Frashëri, Ş. (. (1962). Shqipëria ç'ka qenë, ç'është dhe ç'do të bëhet?.
Tiranë
 Gawrych, G. W. (2007). Gjysmëhëna dhe Shqiponja. Tiranë: Bota Shqiptare.
 Gegaj, A. (1995). Arbëria dhe Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbe 1405-1468. Tiranë
 Hadri, F. (1987). Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu dhe epoka e tij në
historiografinë shqiptare, Prishtinë: Instituti Albanoogjik İ Prishtines
 Haskaj, Z. (1971). Mendimi politik e shoqëror i Rilindjes Kombëtare
Shqiptare, Vëllimi I (1879-1908). Tiranë: Akademia E Shkenca Të R. Së
Shqipërisë
 Haskaj, Z. (1971). Mendimi politik e shoqëror i Rilindjes Kombëtare
Shqiptare, Vëllimi II (1908-1910). Tirane: Akademia E Shkenca Të R. Së
Shqipërisë
 101

 Haxhiu, A. (1968). Hasan Prishtina dhe levizja patriotike e Kosoves. Tiranë:

8 Nentori
 İnalcık, H. (1953). "Arnavutluk'ta Osmanlı Hakimiyetinin Yerleşmesi ve
İskender Bey İsyanının Menşei". , 152-175. İstanbul: Fatih ve İstanbul
 İnalcık, H. (1954). Hicri 835 Tarihli Suret-i Defter-i Sancak-ı Arvanid. Ankara:
Türk Tarih Kurumu
 İnalcık, H. (2000). "İskender Bey (ö. 872/1468)". , İslam Ansiklopedisi 1079-
1082. İstanbul
 Jelavich, B. (2006). Balkan Tarihi: 18. ve 19. Yüzyıllar. İstanbul: Küre
Yayınları
 Jelavich, B., & Jelavich, C. (1977). The Establishment of the Balkan National
States, 1804-1920. London: University Of Washington Press
 Jens Schmitt, O. (2012). KOSOVA Histori e Shkurtër e një treve qendrore
Ballkanike. Prishtinë: KOHA
 Jens Schmitt, O. (2012). Shqiptarët - Një histori midis Lindjes dhe
Perëndimit. Tiranë: K&B
 Jens Schmitt, O. (2014). Skënderbeu. Tiranë: K&B
 Kaçi, N., & Alpan, N. P. (1997). Shqiptarët në Perandorinë Osmane /
Monografi. Tirane: Albin
 Kaleshi, H. (1980). "Türklerin Balkanlara Girişi ve İslamlaştırılma: Arnavut
Halkının Etnik ve Milli Varlığının Korunmasının Sebepleri". İstanbul ,
Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi, (10-11), 176-194
 Kiel, M. (1990). Arkitektura Osmane në Shqipëri 1385 - 1912. Tirane:
Milleniumi İ Ri
 Krasniqi, N. (2016). Zhvillimi i kulturës shqiptare me ndikime orientale prej
shek.XVIII deri në fillimet e Rilindjes Komëtare. Prishtinë: Instituti
Albanologjik İ Prishtinës
 Kulçe, S. (1944). Osmanlı Tarihinde Arnavutluk (Shqipëria në Historinë
 102

 Loka, N. (2008). ARNAUTOMANIA 44 Kryevezirë dhe 170 vjet qeverisje

shqiptare në Perandorinë Osmane. Tiranë
 Malcolm, N. (1998). Kosova: Një histori e shkurtër (Kosovo: A Short History).
Prishtinë (London): KOHA (New York University Press)
 Marmullaku, R. (1975). Albania and The Albanians. London: Hurst&Co
Publishers Ltd
 Mehdiu, F. (2012). Reflektime të Luftës së Shqiptarëve për Pavarësi 1389-
1999. Prishtinë: Shoqata E Orientalistëve Të Kosovës
 Meksi, G., & Meksi, V. (2014). Ali Pashë Tepelena. Plejad
 Musaj, F. (1987). Isa Boletini (1864-1916). Tiranë: Instituti İ Historisë
 Myzyri, H. (1973). Shkollat e para kombëtare shqipe. Tiranë: 8 Nëntori
 Myzyrı, H. (1996). Arsimi Kombëtar Shqiptar në vitet 1908-1912. Prishtinë:
Enti İ Teksteve Dhe İ Mjeteve Mësimore İ Kosovës - Prishtinë
 Myzyri, H. (2004). Historia e Shqipërisë dhe e shqiptarëve. Prizren: SIPRINT
 N. Naçi., S. (1986). Pashallëku i Shkodrës në vitet e para të shekullit XIX,
(1796-1831). Tiranë
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APPENDIX B: AUTHORS WHO ARE RELATED TO THE MOST INFLUENTIAL

HISTORIANS: KRISTO FRASHËRI, ALEKS BUDA, HASAN KALESHI

Kristo Frashëri has Shtjefen Gjeçovi Bilgehan Pamuk

been cited by: Xhelal Gjeçovi Nehat Krasniqi
Simon Prendi Jusuf Buxhovi
Halil İNALCIK Muzafer KORKUTI Nuredin A. Ahmeti
Barbara Jelavich Frano Prendi Farhredin Shabani
Aleks Buda Skender Anamali Nuri Bexheti
Stavro Skendi Machiel Kiel Nikollë Loka
Skender RIZAJ Peter BARTL
Petrika THËNGJILLI Emin Riza Kristo Frashëri has
Selami Pulaha George W. been referred to:
Shukri Rahimi GAWRYCH
Ismet Dermaku Nuray BOZBORA Fan S. NOLİ
Iliaz Rexha Kristaq PRIFTI Kristo Frasheri
Sadullah Brestovci Noel MALCOLM Aleks Buda
Ferit DUKA Oliver Jens Schmitt Athanas Gegaj
Gazmend SHPUZA Muhamet Tërnava Süleyman KULÇE
Stefanaq POLLO Hysni MYZYRI Stavro Skendi
Kasem Biçoku Gazmend Rizaj Skender RIZAJ
Kristaq Prifti Dritan EGRO Ali Hadri
Pëllumb XHUFI Muhamet Shatri Petrika THËNGJILLI
Zija Shkodra Ramiz Abdyli Arben PUTO
Stavri N. Naçi. Flamur Hadri Hasan KALESHİ
Stefanaq Pollo Bilgehan PAMUK Shaban BRAHA
Selim Islami Riza Drishti Selami Pulaha
 108

Muhamet Pirraku D. Tucovic Thimi Mitko

Emin Pllana Petraq Pepo Lumo Skendo
Shukri Rahimi Zihni Haskaj Ibrahim H. Dalliu
Bedrush Shehu Kristo A. Dako Zef JUBANI
Ismet Dermaku D. HASIOTES Shpëtim Mema
Tahir Abdyli Sh. Pllana Hysni MYZYRI
J. Redzepagic Rr. Berisha Lef Nosi
Iliaz Rexha S. Fetiu Hasan PRISHTINA
Mark Krasniqi Masar Kodra Shkëlzen RAÇA
Hajredin Hoxha Koli XOXI Haxhi SHKOZA
Jusuf Bajraktari Shtjefen Gjeçovi Naum VEQILHARXHI
Sadullah Brestovci Skënder Luarasi Sejfi VLLAMASI
Necip P. ALPAN Petraq Pango Ferid Hudhri
Ferit DUKA Ismail Qemail Vlora K. R. Taipi
Gazmend SHPUZA (Avlonyalı) Fatbardha Fishta
Tajar ZAVALANİ Masar Rizvanolli N. N. Naçi
Ligor MİLE Xhelal Gjeçovi Aleksander
Kasem Biçoku Filip Liço MATKOVSKI
Aşık Paşazade Simon Prendi Kaliopi NASKA
Zekrija Cana Vexhi BUHARAJA Shyqyri BALLVORA
Kristaq Prifti Gjergj Frashëri Andon Z. ÇAJUPI
Zija Shkodra Ekrem Bey (Avlonyalı) Rexhep QOSJA
Injac Zamputi Vlora Mahir DOMI
Stavri N. Naçi. Kost Çerkezi K. Nuro
Şemseddin (Sami) F. HUDHRI N. Buto
Frashëri Kristaq PRIFTI Jashar Rexhepagiq
Hamit Kokollari Shaban DEMIRAJ M. Kraja
Pashko Vasa Efendi Mehdi FRAŞERLI Kristo A. Dako
Stefanaq Pollo Shaban ÇOLLAKU Dodani Visar
Xhafer Belegu Dhimitër S. Shuteriqi Zija Xholi
Selim Islami Hamdi Bushati Qemal Haxhihasani
 109

Naim Frashëri Mihal Grameno Gjelosh LULI

Myslim Islami Fehmi Zavalani Ruzhdi MATA
Hajrollah Koliqi Dh. Andoni Millan PERKAJ
Tomor Osmani K. Luka Bedri PËRMETI
S. Gjegov Kadri Cenolli Xhevat REPISHTI
E. Plava J. Kastrati Mehmet VOKSHI
T. BOLETINI Ahmet Kondo Rrok Zojsi
Teuta Hoxha Filip Liço Fejzullah SHABANI
T. Selenica Drita Mehmeti K. Floqi
Arta Nika Luan Omeri K. A. Çekrai
Almira Bubsi Demush Shala Thoma Murzaku
N. Ciachir Jani Vreto L. Malltezi
Dh. Dëshnica A. Luarasi Mikel Prenushi
R. FALASCHI S. Dine Nethi Bushati
Niman Ferizi Sabri Godo Enver Hoxha
A. Frashëri Rr. Zojzi G. Mikeli
R. Frashëri Z. Skëndaj M. JANINA
Sh. Hajro P. Tako Enver DUKAGJİNİ
G. Katundi A. Ypi Evangelos KOFOS
K. Misha Fatmira Musaj Jorgo BULO
Reshat Nexhipi Petro Luarasi Ramiz Alia
M. Prenkaj Lekë Çeta Mid'hat Fashëri
E. Reso Pal Doçi Mehmet Vokshi
R. Rexha Lefter Dilo Gj. Çako
E. Yecques Z. Hamiti Y. Shaba
L. Zelka Koto Hoxhi Një Kosovar
Faik Konica Vehbi BALA I. Bumçi
Mendor Kopliku Naço Korçi I. M. Qafëzezi
Paulin Pelja Jup KASTRATI Li. Karafili
Ajet Haxhiu Kostandin S. Hallkokondi
Niko Koleci KRISTOFORIDHI M. Memiel
 110

Qemal Marina Hajredin Isufi Refi Shehu

Shefqet Canhasi Ymer Jakova Jonuz Tafilaj
R. Gjata Sotir Joanidhi Nuhi Vinça
Refik Abdyli Saide Kallfa Bajram Xhafa
Ajvazi Shemsi Esat Kamberi Tefik GECI
Drita Bakija Vili Kamsi Muhamet Shukriu
Anton Berisha B. Kontes
Latif Berisha Hilmi Kolgjegja Aleks Buda has
Rrustem Berisha Belul Korkuti been cited by:
Sokol Berisha Fadil Kraja
R. Bogdanoviç R. J. Kremton Halil İNALCIK
Piro Cepa Sulejman Krasniqi Kristo Frasheri
V. DjordjevIç Ksenofon Krisafi Stavro Skendi
Ismail Doda Hysen Lala Skender RIZAJ
Riza Drishti S. Lipa Petrika THËNGJILLI
Sefer Duke S. Menzies Arben PUTO
Numan Ferizi Gj. Mikiq Selami Pulaha
Luigj Franja Aziz Ndreu Shukri Rahimi
Xh. Gosturani Pajazait Nushi Bedrush Shehu
Mitte Gurra Llazi Opari Ismet Dermaku
Zoran Gjorgjeviç T. Osmani Iliaz Rexha
Grigor Gjika M. Paci Sadullah Brestovci
Branko Gjuthiq Skënder Prizreni Ferit DUKA
Nimetuliah Hafizi Xhemal Punavija Gazmend SHPUZA
P. Herre Elez Matoshi Qerimi Stefanaq POLLO
Tonina Hido Xh. Repishti Kasem Biçoku
Bujar Hoxha Hilmi Sadiku Kristaq Prifti
Ibrahim Hoxha Zihni Sako Pëllumb XHUFI
Lutn Hoxha Muhamet Saci Zija Shkodra
Hashim Islami Skiro Gjuzepe Stavri N. Naçi.
Hakki Ismail Neil Shehu Stefanaq Pollo
 111

Selim Islami Aleks Buda has Stavri N. Naçi.

Shtjefen Gjeçovi been referred to: Şemseddin (Sami)
Xhelal Gjeçovi Frashëri
Simon Prendi Fan S. NOLİ Pashko Vasa Efendi
Pa Autorë Kristo Frasheri Stefanaq Pollo
Muzafer KORKUTI Stavro Skendi Xhafer Belegu
Frano Prendi Skender RIZAJ Selim Islami
Skender Anamali Ali Hadri Petraq Pepo
Machiel Kiel Petrika THËNGJILLI Zihni Haskaj
Peter BARTL Arben PUTO Kristo A. Dako
Emin Riza Hasan KALESHİ D. HASIOTES
Kristaq PRIFTI Shaban BRAHA Sh. Pllana
Noel MALCOLM Selami Pulaha Rr. Berisha
Hysni MYZYRI Muhamet Pirraku S. Fetiu
Gazmend Rizaj Emin Pllana Masar Kodra
Fatmira Musaj Shukri Rahimi Koli XOXI
Dritan EGRO Bedrush Shehu Shtjefen Gjeçovi
Ramiz Abdyli Ismet Dermaku Skënder Luarasi
Flamur Hadri Tahir Abdyli Petraq Pango
Petrika Thëngjilli J. Redzepagic Ismail Qemail Vlora
Riza Drishti Mark Krasniqi (Avlonyalı)
Dorina Arapi Jusuf Bajraktari Filip Liço
Nehat Krasniqi Sadullah Brestovci Vexhi BUHARAJA
Jusuf Buxhovi Necip P. ALPAN Gjergj Frashëri
Nuredin A. Ahmeti Ferit DUKA Ekrem Bey (Avlonyalı)
Farhredin Shabani Gazmend SHPUZA Vlora
Nuri Bexheti Ligor MİLE F. HUDHRI
Nikollë Loka Zekrija Cana Kristaq PRIFTI
K. Giakoumis Kristaq Prifti Shaban DEMIRAJ
Zija Shkodra Mehdi FRAŞERLI
Injac Zamputi Shaban ÇOLLAKU
 112

Dhimitër S. Shuteriqi Myslim Islami Fehmi Zavalani

Thimi Mitko Hajrollah Koliqi Dh. Andoni
Lumo Skendo Tomor Osmani K. Luka
Ibrahim H. Dalliu S. Gjegov Kadri Cenolli
Zef JUBANI E. Plava J. Kastrati
Shpëtim Mema T. BOLETINI Ahmet Kondo
Hysni MYZYRI Teuta Hoxha Filip Liço
Lef Nosi T. Selenica Drita Mehmeti
Hasan PRISHTINA Arta Nika Luan Omeri
Shkëlzen RAÇA Almira Bubsi Demush Shala
Haxhi SHKOZA N. Ciachir Jani Vreto
Naum VEQILHARXHI Dh. Dëshnica A. Luarasi
Sejfi VLLAMASI R. FALASCHI S. Dine
Ferid Hudhri Niman Ferizi Sabri Godo
N. N. Naçi A. Frashëri Rr. Zojzi
Aleksander R. Frashëri Z. Skëndaj
MATKOVSKI Sh. Hajro P. Tako
Kaliopi NASKA G. Katundi A. Ypi
Shyqyri BALLVORA K. Misha Fatmira Musaj
Andon Z. ÇAJUPI Reshat Nexhipi Petro Luarasi
Rexhep QOSJA M. Prenkaj Lekë Çeta
Mahir DOMI E. Reso Pal Doçi
K. Nuro R. Rexha Lefter Dilo
N. Buto E. Yecques Z. Hamiti
Jashar Rexhepagiq L. Zelka Koto Hoxhi
M. Kraja Faik Konica Vehbi BALA
Kristo A. Dako Mendor Kopliku Naço Korçi
Dodani Visar Paulin Pelja Jup KASTRATI
Zija Xholi Ajet Haxhiu Kostandin
Qemal Haxhihasani Niko Koleci KRISTOFORIDHI
Naim Frashëri Mihal Grameno Gjelosh LULI
 113

Ruzhdi MATA Frano Prendi

Millan PERKAJ Skender Anamali
Bedri PËRMETI Machiel Kiel
Peter BARTL
George W.
Hasan Kaleshi has GAWRYCH
been cited by: Nuray BOZBORA
Noel MALCOLM
Kristo Frasheri Oliver Jens Schmitt
Aleks Buda Muhamet Tërnava
Sabit UKA Hysamedin FERAJ
Skender RIZAJ Hysni MYZYRI
Petrika THËNGJILLI Pal Doçi
Selami Pulaha Dritan EGRO
Shukri Rahimi Muhamet Shatri
Ismet Dermaku Ramiz Abdyli
Sadullah Brestovci Flamur Hadri
Ferit DUKA Bilgehan PAMUK
Gazmend SHPUZA Petrika Thëngjilli
Stefanaq POLLO Bilgehan Pamuk
Kasem Biçoku Kushtrim Shehu
Zekrija Cana Nehat Krasniqi
Kristaq Prifti Jusuf Buxhovi
Pëllumb XHUFI Nuredin A. Ahmeti
Stavri N. Naçi.
Stefanaq Pollo
Selim Islami
Shtjefen Gjeçovi
Xhelal Gjeçovi
Simon Prendi
Muzafer KORKUTI
110
111
112
113
 114

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Personal
Information
Name/Surname : Ekrem Zajmi
Date of Birth and : 01.01.1990, Kosovo (Gjakova)
Place

Education
Bachelor Degree : University of Prishtina, Kosovo
Master : Hacettepe University, Turkey – Erasmus at Hamburg
University, Germany
Foreign Language : English, Turkish

Job Experiences
Apprenticeship : Embassy of the Republic of Kosovo in Ankara, 2017
Institutions : University of Prishtina, Office of international affairs, 2013

Connections
E-Mail Address : ekrem.zajmi@gmail.com
ekrem.zajmi@uni-pr.edu
ekrem.zajmi@hacettepe.edu.tr
ekrem.zajmi@studium.uni-hamburg.de

Date : 06.06.2018