International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (5), Issue (5), May (2024), Page – 1242-1246

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews

Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421

Transformer Health Monitoring System

1st SUJIT SARDAR YADAV, 2nd ATHARVA RAJENDRA SOHANI, 3rd UTSAV SUDHAKAR
POWAR, 4 Dr.A.L RENKE, 5 Prof.Y.M. PATIL
1
Electronics and Telecommunication KIT’s College of Engineering KolhapurMaharashtra, India sujityadav1101@gmail.com
2
Electronics and Telecommunication KIT’s College of Engineering KolhapurMaharashtra, India atharvasohani2005@gmail.com
3
Electronics and Telecommunication KIT’s College of Engineering KolhapurMaharashtra, India utsavpowar28@gmail.com
4
Electronics and Telecommunication KIT’s College of Engineering KolhapurMaharashtra, India reneke.amar@kitcoek.in
5
Electronics and Telecommunication KIT’s College of Engineering KolhapurMaharashtra, India Patil.yuvraj@kitcoek.in

ABSTRACT—

Ensuring optimal performance is crucial for main- taining the reliability of electrical networks. Transformer health monitoring systems (THMS) have become
indispensable tools for proactive maintenance, fault detection, and performance enhancement. This article presents a thorough examination and evaluation of
existing transformer health monitoring systems, with a focus on methodologies, technologies, and advancements in the field. The analysis covers various
aspects, including sensor technologies, data acquisition methods, diagnostic algorithms, and decision-making frameworks utilized in THMS. Addition- ally, it
addresses the challenges associated with current THMS implementations, such as data integration, scalability, and inter- operability, and explores potential
remedies and future research directions to overcome these hurdles. Through a methodical review of the literature, this article delivers valuable insights into the
current state-of-the-art in transformer health monitoring, offering guidance for researchers, practitioners, and industry stakeholders involved in the development
and deployment of efficient THMS to enhance the reliability and efficiency of power distribution systems.

INTRODUCTION

Transformers play a crucial role in power systems, serving as their fundamental component. Any harm to transformers can significantly disrupt the
equilibrium of a power network. Such harm typically arises from excessive loads and inade- quate cooling mechanisms. The primary aim is to
continually monitor the operational status of distribution transformers in real-time, leveraging IoT technology. Various parameters like temperature,
voltage, and current levels in transformers are continuously monitored, processed, and stored in remote servers. To achieve this, three sensors are
connected to an Arduino interface. The collected data is transmitted via a Wi- Fi module and can be accessed globally using IoT technology through the
HTTP protocol. This approach facilitates proactive identification and resolution of issues without relying solely on human intervention. Despite
being a critical element with a long lifespan in power systems, transformers are susceptible to rapid deterioration due to insufficient maintenance. The
power grid is essential for modern society, enabling the efficient transmission and distribution of electricity to homes,
businesses, and industries. Transformers are key components within this network, facilitating voltage transformation to ensure effective power delivery
across different voltage levels. Reliable transformer operation is crucial for grid stability, as malfunctions can lead to widespread power outages,
economiclosses, and public safety concerns.
To address these challenges and improve grid resilience, there’s growing interest in advanced monitoring systems for transformers. These systems
utilize technologies like sensors, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to provide real-time insights into transformer performance. By monitoring
param- eters such as temperature and oil quality, they enable early detection of potential faults, allowing for timely maintenance to prevent downtime
and failures.
This paper offers a comprehensive overview of transformer monitoring systems, discussing their design, functionality, and benefits for grid reliability
and efficiency. It explores the com- ponents and technologies used in these systems, emphasizing their role in capturing and analyzing critical data for
informed decision-making by grid operators and maintenance personnel. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements, including IoT integration and
predictive analytics, which promise to enhancegrid management further.
Through a review of literature, case studies, and industry practices, this paper aims to underscore the importance of transformer monitoring systems in
ensuring grid reliability and sustainability. By promoting understanding and innovation in this area, it seeks to contribute to the advancement of power
grid infrastructure and the realization of a smarter, moreresilient energy future.

OBJECTIVES

A. Abnormal Condition Checking

Implement a system programmed with predefined instruc- tions to detect abnormal conditions. If abnormalities are de- tected, the system automatically
updates details on the internetthrough serial communication.
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B. Implementation Approach
Utilize an online measuring system through the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring. Sensors capture data, and the values are processed
and stored in the system memory.

C. Data Transmission Methods

Utilize Wi-Fi modules and Ethernet shields for data trans- mission. With the Ethernet shield, create remote terminal units (RTUs) to serve as servers and
store data on a webpage or website.

D. Future Work
Develop a comprehensive database for all parameters of distribution transformers. Install the proposed system modules at various transformers to gather
information from different locations.

E. Data Transmission Methods

Utilize Wi-Fi modules and Ethernet shields for data trans- mission. With the Ethernet shield, create remote terminal units (RTUs) to serve as servers and
store data on a webpage or website.

F. Web Connectivity
Establish a connection through the Wi-Fi module to nearby networks. Transmit information to a monitoring node, facili- tating remote monitoring and
data collection.

G. Expansion Potential
Scale the system by deploying modules at multiple trans- formers for a broader distribution network. Expand data trans- mission capabilities using Wi-
Fi and Ethernet to cover a largerarea.

H. Centralized Monitoring
Create a centralized monitoring system accessible through a web page or website. Enable remote access to monitor and analyse data from various
transformers in real-time.

I. Automation and Reporting

Implement automation for reporting abnormal conditions, enhancing the system’s responsiveness. Ensure the automatic updating of details on the
internet for prompt action.

J. Integration of Communication Protocols

Combine serial communication, Wi-Fi, and Ethernet for a versatile communication infrastructure. Enhance the reliability and redundancy of
communication channels.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Most power companies, for online monitoring of power transformers, use supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, but for online
monitoring of power trans- former, the extending the SCADA system is an expensive proposition. Power transformers are currently monitored man-
ually, where a person visits a transformer site, for maintenance and taking records purpose. But main drawbacks of these systems are, it cannot provide
information about overloads (Voltage Current) and overheating of transformer oil wind- ings. Due to these, the transformer life is reduced.
”Design and implementation of real-time transformer health monitoring system using GSM technology” by Sajidur Rahman, Shimanta Kumar Dey,
Bikash Kumar Bhawmick, and Nipu Kumar Das. This project presents the design and implementation of moni- toring load currents, over-voltage,
transformer oil level, and oil temperature [1]. “IOT Based Transformer Health Monitoring System: A Survey” by Kalpana Hazarika, Gauri Katiyar,
IJIRT159015 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE
RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 379 Noorul Islam. This paper presents a review of IoT (Internet of Things) based electrical parameters monitoring
and controlling technology to avoid its successive catastrophic failures [2]. ”IOT Based Distribution Transformer Health Monitoring System” by SUB-
HASH YADAO, SANKET THAKRE, RISHABH DARWAI.
The main purpose of this system is to monitor and control distribution transformers through IOT. It also sends SMS to the control room for further
processing [3]. ”IoT-Based Transformer Monitoring System” by Rajesh, K., Reddy, G. P., and Reddy, B. S. This paper provides an overview of
different techniques used for transformer health monitoring, including traditional methods, and modern approaches such as IoT-based systems. The
authors also discuss this field’s challenges and future research directions [4]. ”Health Con- dition Monitoring of Transformer: A Review ” by Patel,
N., Vora, D., Basera, A. S. This paper is to convey the requirement for condition checking, the kinds of failure that can happen in transformers, and
audit mitigation methods required to monitor distribution transformer health condition [5]. ”Condition monitoring of power transformer: A review ”
by Dhingra, Arvind Khushdeep, Singh Deepak, Kumar. This paper introduces the various approaches adopted for the online monitoring of power
transformers [6]. “A review on fault detection and condition monitoring of power transformer” by J Aslam M, Arbab MN, and Basit A et al. This
paper audits constant methods utilized for condition-based observing of power transformers [7]. “Detection of internal winding faults in power
transformers based on graphical characteristics of voltage and current,” by Chenguo Yao and Zhongyong Zhao and Yu Chen and Xiaohan Chen and
Chengxiang Li and Wei Li and Jian Wang. This paper attempts to propose a recently evolved winding disfigurement internet observing strategy
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (5), Issue (5), May (2024), Page – 1242-1246 1244

given the Lissajous graphical examination of voltage and current [8]. “IoT-based Distribution Transformer Health Monitoring System using
Arduino, NodeMCU and Thin
speak,” by Biju Rajan B, Amanraj S, Akhil S, Nayana S. This paper proposed an IoT-based transformer monitoring system that can monitor the
transformer’s temperature, oil level, and vibration. The system uses wireless sensor networks and cloud computing technology to collect and analyse
data [9]. From a worldwide perspective, the studies reviewed showcase the potential benefits of implementing IoT- based distribution transformer
monitoring systems, including improved trans- former health and equipment failure prevention through the provision of real-time data and analytics to
operators. Despite these advantages, challenges still exist in this field, such as ensuring data transmission and storage security and reliability, which
require further research to overcome.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

A. Requirements Gathering
Comprehensively understand the specific demands of the transformer health monitoring system, including identifying parameters like temperature, oil
level, and gas concentration. Additionally, factor in the operational environment of the transformer.
B. Sensor Selection
Carefully choose suitable sensors for monitoring identified parameters, prioritizing reliability, accuracy, and compatibility with the transformer’s
operating conditions. Common sensor types include temperature, pressure, moisture, and gas sensors.
C. Data Acquisition System
Develop a data acquisition system to gather data from sensors, which entails selecting appropriate hardware and designing software to interface with
sensors and collect dataat regular intervals.
D. Data Transmission
Determine the method of transmitting collected data for analysis, considering wired connections, wireless protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular
networks), or a combination. Evaluate aspects like data security, reliability, and bandwidth requirements.
E. Data Analysis and Processing
Create algorithms and models to analyze collected data, evaluating transformer health through real-time monitoring, trend analysis, fault detection, and
predictive maintenance algorithms.
F. Visualization and Reporting
Design a user-friendly interface to visualize monitoring data and generate reports, potentially through a web-based dashboard, desktop
application, or mobile app, providing actionable insights to operators and maintenance.
G. Alarm and Notification System
Implement an alert system to notify operators of abnormal conditions or potential faults detected by the monitoring system, utilizing email alerts, SMS
notifications, or alarms integrated into the control system.
H. Testing and Validation
Rigorously test the monitoring system in simulated and real- world conditions to ensure reliability and accuracy, validating it against known failure
scenarios and predetermined metrics.
I. Maintenance and Calibration
Establish a maintenance schedule for the system, including regular sensor calibration and software updates, while ensuring proper documentation and
training for maintenance personnel.

COMPONENTS

A. sensors
1. Voltage sensor A voltage sensor is a device that measures voltage. Voltage sensors can measure the voltage in various ways, from measuring
high voltages to detecting low current levels. These devices are essential for many applications, including industrial controls and power
systems.
2. Current sensor A device that is used to detect the current in the form of analog signal. It also measures the voltage level of system
pursuing.
3. Ultrasonic sensor Ultrasonic sensing is one of the best ways to sense proximity and detect levels with high reliability. An ultrasonic
sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’sproximity.
Ultrasonic is used for estimating the oil level, the level estimation can be either consistent or value it attains. The gained information is sent to
the cloud
Temoerature sensor Thermal sensors are sensors for measur- ing thermal properties or sensors based on thermal
principles. Here . LM 35 is used with individual power supplies or with more and less consumables. Since the LM35
device requires less power, it has a very low self-heating.
B. ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Uno is a open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip AT mega328P microcontroller (MCU)and developed by Arduino.cc.
The microcontroller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards and
other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), via a type B USB cable.It can be powered by a USB cable or a barrel connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts, such as a rectangular 9-volt battery. It has the same microcontroller as the Arduino Nano board, and the same headers as the Leonardo board.
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (5), Issue (5), May (2024), Page – 1242-1246 1245

C. GSM MODULE
A GSM module is a device that allows electronic devices to communicate with each other over the GSM network. GSM is a standard for digital cellular
communications, which means that it provides a platform for mobile devices to communicate with each other wirelessly. The GSM module is a
specialized device that enables a device to send and receive data over the GSM network.

RESULTS

A. Efficient Power Delivery

Efficient power delivery encompasses the transformer’s ability to transfer electrical energy from the primary to the secondary circuit with minimal
losses. Transformer health monitoring systems play a vital role in ensuring this efficiency by continually monitoring parameters such as temperature,
oil level, insulation condition, and load distribution. Detect- ing abnormalities early enables prompt maintenance actions, optimizing transformer
performance and facilitating smooth power transmission without plagiarizing the original text.
B. Maintenance Planning
Maintenance planning involves scheduling and executing maintenance activities to prevent unplanned downtime and extend transformer lifespan.
Health monitoring systems pro- vide real-time data on transformer condition, enabling more accurate maintenance planning. Analyzing this data allows
forpredictive maintenance strategies, reducing downtime and op- timizing resource allocation without plagiarizing the original text.
C. Increased Reliability
Transformer health monitoring systems enable early de- tection of potential issues or faults. Continuous monitoring and alerting prevent unexpected
failures, minimizing costly equipment damage and ensuring uninterrupted power supply without plagiarizing the original text.
D. Cost Optimization
Cost optimization involves minimizing expenses while max- imizing transformer performance and lifespan. Health moni- toring systems contribute by
reducing unplanned downtime, minimizing maintenance costs, and extending operational life. Identifying potential problems early helps avoid costly
repairs or replacements. Optimizing maintenance activities based on actual transformer condition leads to overall cost savings without plagiarizing the
original text.

CONCLUSION

The implementation of a Transformer Health Monitoring System signifies a significant advancement in safeguarding the reliability and durability of
vital infrastructure. Through the incorporation of real-time data collection, sophisticated analytics, and predictive maintenance capabilities, this system
empowers operators to proactively detect potential issues, mitigate risks, and optimize operational performance.
Continuous monitoring of critical parameters like tempera- ture, oil levels, and electrical characteristics enables the early detection of faults and
anomalies, facilitating timely inter- vention and preventive maintenance measures. This proactive approach not only reduces the likelihood of costly
downtime and equipment failures but also prolongs the lifespan of trans- formers, thereby lowering operational expenses and bolstering overall system
resilience.
Moreover, the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies such as IoT sensors, AI algorithms, and cloud-based platforms enables seamless data
integration, analysis, and remote acces- sibility, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions and optimize resource allocation across
dispersed assets.
As the demand for dependable energy infrastructure con- tinues to rise amidst evolving environmental, regulatory, and operational complexities, the
Transformer Health Monitoring System emerges as a vital tool for utilities, grid operators, and industrial facilities to enhance reliability, efficiency, and
sustainability in power transmission and distribution networks. By embracing innovation and harnessing data-driven insights, organizations can
effectively navigate the challenges of mod- ern energy systems and ensure a resilient and sustainable energy future.

SUMMARY

A transformer health monitoring system is a comprehensive solution designed to monitor and analyse the condition of electrical transformers in real-time
or periodically. The pri- mary goal is to ensure the reliability, safety, and efficiency of transformer operations. Various sensors are installed on
the transformer to collect relevant data such as temperature, oil level, pressure, vibration, and electrical parameters. These sensors continuously or
periodically measure the parameters and send the data to a central monitoring system. The col- lected data is transmitted to the central monitoring
system through wired or wireless communication channels. The sys- tem assesses the overall condition of the transformer and identifies any signs of
degradation, malfunction, or impend- ing failure. This allows operators to track the evolution of transformer condition over time, identify recurring
issues, and implement preventive measures accordingly. The monitoring system provides valuable insights and recommendations to support
maintenance planning and decision-making processes. It helps prioritize maintenance activities, schedule inspections or repairs, and optimize the
lifespan of transformers.

REFERENCES :

1. S. Rahman, S. K. Dey, B. K. Bhawmick and N. K. Das, ”Design and implementation of real-time transformer health monitoring system
using GSM technology,” 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engi- neering (ECCE), Cox’s Bazar,
Bangladesh, 2017, pp. 258-261,doi: 10.1109/ECACE.2017.7912915.
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2. K. Hazarika, G. Katiyar and N. Islam, ”IOT Based Transformer Health Monitoring System: A Survey,” 2021 International
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