Proceeding Paper

5G NR Radio Network Planning at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz in a

Business/Dense Urban Area from the North Zone in Quito City †
Valdemar Farré 1 , José David Vega Sánchez 1 and Henry Carvajal Mora 2, *

1 Departamento de Electrónica, Telecomunicaciones y Redes de la Información, Escuela Politécnica Nacional,

Quito 170525, Ecuador; valdemar.farre@epn.edu.ec (V.F.); jose.vega01@epn.edu.ec (J.D.V.S.)
2 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad de Las
Américas (UDLA), Quito 170503, Ecuador
* Correspondence: henry.carvajal@udla.edu.ec
† Presented at the XXXI Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Quito, Ecuador, 27 August 2023.

Abstract: This work presents an overview of fifth-generation (5G) technology, its key functionalities,
and its applications. Then, we introduce the topic of 5G radio network planning, making analysis
and design methods for coverage and capacity determinations, considering 3GPP standards. With
these results, we apply the standards and procedures for a business/dense urban area in Quito city,
considering the relevant parameters for calculations and simulations using the Atoll tool. Specifically,
we consider the following: the key propagation models Macro/Micro, bandwidths, use cases, data
rates, frequency bands (3.5/28 GHz), and modulation orders, etc. Finally, we discuss the proposed
network planning and provide some useful insights regarding the 5G mobile network in Quito.

Keywords: 5G NR; radio network planning; coverage; 3GPP; capacity; link budget; simulation;
atoll software

1. Introduction
In recent years, the global demand for data traffic from mobile networks and higher
and faster data rates and very low latency have increased due to the high demand for
Citation: Farré, V.; Vega Sánchez, J.D.; various applications and the ability to connect thousands of devices simultaneously. In
Carvajal Mora, H. 5G NR Radio this fact, the fifth generation (5G) of the cellular communication system, i.e., New Radio
Network Planning at 3.5 GHz and 28 (NR), offers these features and requirements through specific and different scenarios, such
GHz in a Business/Dense Urban as ultra-high mobility, ultra-high connection, and ultra-high traffic [1–5], compared to
Area from the North Zone in Quito legacy networks such as LTE [6]. Generally, radio network planning (RNP) is a critical
City. Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24. topic and is considered to be the primary step in implementing a wireless network such as
https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc a 5G network. The services and applications provided by 5G NR networks are grouped
2023047024 into three use case scenarios, namely enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable
Academic
Eng. Proc. Editor:
2023, 5,Soraya
x Lucia and low-latency communications (uRLLC), and massive machine-type communication 2 of 11
Sinche Maita (mMTC), and all these use cases are applied to the Internet of Things (IoT) [7–9]. The level
of importance of each capability in the different use cases is shown in Figure 1.
Published: 5 December 2023

Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
Keycapabilities
Figure1.1.Key
Figure capabilitiesin
indifferent
differentuse
usecases
casesand
andscenarios
scenarios[7].
[7].
4.0/).

The frequency bands allocated to the 5G NR network are classified into three main
categories according to Table 1:
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023047024 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/engproc
Table 1. 5G spectrum band for each scenario and use cases [7].
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 2 of 11

The frequency bands allocated to the 5G NR network are classified into three main
categories according to Table 1.

Table 1. 5G spectrum band for each scenario and use cases [7].

Frequency and Usage Scenario Frequency

Category Range
Bandwidth Typical Center
Low-Frequency Below 1 GHz
Band of 0.7–1.9
Bands Coverage bandwidth up to mMTC 0.7–1.990 GHz
GHz
Layer 20 MHz
Medium-
1–6 GHz
Frequency Band of 3.5–15
bandwidth up to mMTC, eMBB 3.3–4.2 GHz
Bands Coverage GHz
100 MHz
Layer
High-Frequency Above 6 GHz
Band of 26–28 24.25–27.5 GHz
Bands Coverage bandwidth up to eMBB, uRLLC
GHz 26.5–29.5 GHz
Layer 800 MHz

The main contribution of this paper is that, until now, 5G NR network planning with
a C-band and millimeter wave (mm-wave) band was yet to be performed in Ecuador for
the metropolitan and business areas in the north zone in Quito city [10–13]. Our goal
is to show the resumed planning, designing, and evaluation of a 5G NR network in the
dense urban and urban area of Quito city in Ecuador by using a C-band/mm-wave band
applying a densification process using macro/micro cells in the network planning [14]. For
this purpose, we use the Link budget and propagation model calculations to determine
the path loss values, propagation values, and cell radius in order to calculate the number
of sites required in the target zones. All these activities are applied by considering the
coverage and capacity planning, dense urban/urban areas, and frequency of operation.
The data calculated is tested using a planning tool called Atoll ver. 3.4.0, and our results
are reflected in the simulation results from the synchronization signal—RSRP (SS-RSRP),
synchronization signal to noise ratio (SS-SNR), and downlink/uplink throughput data rate
plots for each scenario.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 defines the architecture of the 5G network,
methodology, planning concepts, and employed system parameters. Section 2 also intro-
duces 5G network planning into zones of Quito city; here, the results of the link budget and
each parameter for the simulations are also presented. Section 3 presents the simulation
results to verify the effectiveness of the suggested planning in Quito city, and Section 4
shows the conclusions.

2. Methodology of Research, Radio Planning, and Design of 5G Network

2.1. Methodology and General Process Flowchart for Radio Network Planning
The scheme of the research for the radio planning and design of 5G NR at the 3.5 GHz
and 28 GHz frequencies for metropolitan/business areas in the north zone of Quito city
is shown in Figure 2 [15]. Specifically, it presents the flowchart of the simplified basic
radio planning and dimensioning from our research. This is focused on 5G NR coverage
and capacity planning from the point of view that one site can serve with its resources.
Coverage planning includes calculating the link budget, path losses, and throughout, as
well as the attenuations and losses between the user equipment (UE) and next-generation
nodeB (gnodeB) [16]. These calculations reveal the weakening signal in the wireless channel
and show the maximum distances for a full-coverage radio or range from one gnodeB.
Eng. Proc. 2023, 5, x 3 of 11

well as the attenuations and losses between the user equipment (UE) and next-generation
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 nodeB (gnodeB) [16]. These calculations reveal the weakening signal in the wireless chan-
3 of 11
nel and show the maximum distances for a full-coverage radio or range from one gnodeB.

Figure 2. Flowchart of the research for 5G NR network planning [15].

Next, we identify the path loss values values using Uma/Umi propagation models
Uma/Umi propagation models recom-
recom-
mended at at3GPP
3GPP38.901;
38.901;thethecell
cellradius
radius value
valueis estimated as the
is estimated as maximum
the maximum distance between
distance be-
gnodeB
tween and UE.
gnodeB andThe
UE.identified cell radius
The identified valuevalue
cell radius is used to calculate
is used the site’s
to calculate coverage
the site’s cov-
area and
erage areadetermine the number
and determine of sitesofneeded
the number in the target
sites needed in the zone
targetaszone
the final
as theresult
final of this
result
coverage planning calculation [13]. With the link budget to hand, the
of this coverage planning calculation [13]. With the link budget to hand, the next step isnext step is to analyze
theanalyze
to planningtheresults
planningin results
each parameter obtained.obtained.
in each parameter In these In
terms,
thesethe initial
terms, thestage
initialofstage
this
work is to determine the locations of each site for the 5G NR network
of this work is to determine the locations of each site for the 5G NR network planning that planning that can
be deployed
can be deployed in the business/dense
in the business/dense urban
urban area
areaofofthe
thenorth
northzone
zoneof ofQuito
Quito city.
city. The data
The data
required in this study are about the target area, geographic location, and populationthis
required in this study are about the target area, geographic location, and population in in
zonezone
this of Quito. Furthermore,
of Quito. Furthermore,to calculate the services
to calculate classification,
the services data data
classification, on theonpopulation
the popu-
density
lation of the of
density zone
the are
zoneadditional requirements
are additional [16]. The
requirements [16].next
The part
next of theofplanning
part the planningis to
calculate the data throughput and the capacity of the number of users
is to calculate the data throughput and the capacity of the number of users for each site for each site and use
case. The final phase of this research is to analyze and determine the
and use case. The final phase of this research is to analyze and determine the respectiverespective simulations
about coverage,
simulations aboutquality, and quality,
coverage, capacityand based on thebased
capacity data obtained
on the data in the Link budget
obtained and
in the Link
design previews around the results from the calculation. The data input and necessary
budget and design previews around the results from the calculation. The data input and
parameter are processed using Atoll version 3.4.0. These results are the essential part
necessary parameter are processed using Atoll version 3.4.0. These results are the essential
of this research, because the plots showed the coverage, quality, and capacity situations,
part of this research, because the plots showed the coverage, quality, and capacity situa-
and their parameters are compared with the coverage, quality, and data rates calculated
tions, and their parameters are compared with the coverage, quality, and data rates calcu-
previously throughout the Link budget [12]. The final result from the perspective of this
lated previously throughout the Link budget [12]. The final result from the perspective of
work’s coverage is to find the number of sites needed to cover the target area location.
this work’s coverage is to find the number of sites needed to cover the target area location.
2.2. Link Budget Dimensioning and Planning
2.2. Link Budget Dimensioning and Planning
The maximum allowable path loss (MAPL) is the maximum attenuation received
The maximum
between the mobileallowable
antenna path
fromloss
UE (MAPL)
and theisantennas
the maximum
from attenuation
gnodeB for received
uplink and be-
tween the mobile antenna from UE and the antennas from gnodeB for uplink
downlink links throughout the air interface. The calculation of the coverage takes into and down-
link linksthe
account throughout the air
losses between UEinterface. The calculation
and gnodeB, of thedata
and the required coverage
for thetakes into account
calculation of the
the
linklosses
budget,between UE and
displaying the gnodeB, andused
parameters the required
by the UEdata for the
terminal calculation
and of the link
gnodeB entities, are
budget,
shown indisplaying the3.parameters
Tables 2 and usedofbythe
First, the value the UE terminal
thermal noise isand gnodeBusing
calculated entities, are
(1), and
the number of subcarriers is computed using (2), so [12]

Nthermal = 10 × log(K × T × B), (1)

where
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 4 of 11

K = Boltzmann Constant (1.38 × 10−23 J/K)

Table 2. Link budget simplified From 5G New Radio planning.

Parameters for Calculate (MAPL)

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
Parameter Notation
C-Band: 3.5 GHz mmwave Band: 28 GHz
gnodeB transmitter power (dBm) a 43 - 36.5 -
SCS (KHz)/B (MHz) - 30/100 30/100 60/200 60/200
Resource Block RB 273 273 264 264
Subcarrier quantity b 3276 3276 3168 3168
gnodeB antenna gain(dBi) c 25 25 33.5 33.5
gnodeB cable loss (dBi) d 0 0 0 0
Penetration loss (dB) e 28 28 19 19
Folliage loss (dB) f 10 10 10 10
Body block loss (dB) g 3 3 7 7
Interference margin (dB) h 6 2 1 1
Rain/Ice margin (dB) i 0 0 3 3
Slow fading margin (dB) j 7 7 7 7
UE antenna gain (dB) k 0 0 0 0
Noise Bandwidth (SCS) (MHz) B 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06
Boltzmann Constant K 1.38 × 10−23 1.38 × 10−23 1.38 × 10−23 1.38 × 10−23
Temperature (◦ K) T 293 293 293 293
Thermal Noise Power (dBm) l −129.1592799 −129.1592799 −126.14898 −126.14898
UE noise figure (dB) m 9 9 9 9
Demodulation threshold SNR (dBm) n −1 −1 −1 −1
Planning Area (Km2 ) A 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72

Table 3. Resource Block For medium/high-freq. band (3GPP_TS 38.101-1,38.101-2 v17.6).

SCS (KHz)—3.5 GHz SCS (KHz)—28 GHz

Bandwidth Bandwidth
15 (KHz) 30 (KHz) 60 (KHz) 60 (KHz) 120 (KHz)
20 (MHz) 106 51 24 50 (MHz) 66 32
50 (MHz) 270 133 65 100 (MHz) 132 66
100 (MHz) N/A 273 135 200 (MHz) 264 132

T = Temperature (at 293 ◦ K),

and,

Nthermal = Thermal Noise,

SCQ = RB × SRB (2)

where
SCQ = Subcarrier quantity
RB = Resource Block
SRB = Subcarrier per Resource Block
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 5 of 11

The value of the path loss is significantly affected by the parameters used in the link
budget for the planning of the 5G NR network, so the path loss is calculated using the
following expression [12]:

Pathloss (dBm) = a − 10 log (b) + c − d − e − f − g − h − i − j + k − l − m − n, (3)

where the required values in (3) are given in Table 2. Next, in order to obtain the value of
d3D using (3), the following values need to be calculated from the 3GPP standards [14]

h’BS = hBS − hE (4)

h’UT = hUT − hE (5)

d’BP = (4 × h’BS × h’UT × fc )/c, (6)

where hBS and hUT are the heights of the gNodeB (m) and UE (m), fc denotes the frequency
of operation (GHz), c is the speed of the light, and hE = 1 m, according to (3GPP_TS_38.901).
Based on [16], the propagation model in the scenario with the Line of sight (LOS)
of the Urban Macro model (Uma) and Urban Micro model (Umi), we use the following
formulations, considering that 10 m < d2D < d’BP :

Lp1 = 28 + 22 log(d3D ) + 20 log(fc ) (Uma with LOS) (7)

Lp2 = 32.4 + 21 log(d3D ) + 20 log(fc ) (Umi with LOS) (8)

On the other hand, for the propagation model for NLOS, we use [16]:

Lp3 = 13.54 + 39.08 log(d3D ) + 20 log(fc ) − 0.6 (hUT − 1.5) (Uma with NLOS) (9)

Lp4 = 22.34 + 35.3 log(d3D ) + 21.3 log(fc ) − 0.3 (hUT − 1.5) (Umi with NLOS), (10)

where:
Lp1, Lp2 = Value of pathloss (dBm) for scenario LOS for Uma/Umi models
Lp3, Lp4 = Value of pathloss (dBm) for scenario NLOS for Uma/Umi models
d3D = result of the distance between hBS and hUT (m)
d’BP = break point distance (m).
After the value of d3D (outdoor) is obtained using the Pathloss calculation of the
propagation model, the value of d2D (outdoor) is the cell radius obtained from the following:
r  
Radius cell(d2D ) = d3D 2 − hBS − hUT )2 . (11)

From the cell radius, the coverage area of one gnodeB site can be determined using
the following expression for a three-sector model [13]:

CA = Coverage Area from gnodeB (m2 ) = 2.6 × (d2D )2 (12)

To determine the number of sites required in the target area of planning for coverage,
this must be known for comparison with the coverage area of gnodeB. The calculation of
the number of gnodeB in the case of LOS is the following [12]:
Number of site = total area surface area (Km2 )/coverage area of 1 site (Km2 )

AT
N_gNodeB = (13)
CA

where
AT = Total surface area (m2 )
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 6 of 11

Cellular network planning generally covers two perspectives: coverage area planning
and capacity planning [12].

2.3. Coverage Area Planning

This type of planning is radio network planning, in which calculations are based on
the target zone to be covered by the gnodeB dimensioned. In fact, any parameters can
influence this planning, such as the reception sensitivity from mobile devices, path loss,
transmit power, link budget calculation, and cell radius. In this work, the analysis from the
Link budget is used to determine the MAPL; meanwhile, the cell radius is determined using
propagation models selected adequately, namely Uma and Umi. The network planning
aims to determine the ideal number of sites for the business/metropolitan and dense urban
areas of the north zone of Quito by calculating the coverage area for each site, considering
the propagation model to be used in the simulation and the RSRP levels according to
Table 4. Table 5 presents the d3D and cell radius (d2D ) values using the Uma and Umi
models to determine the quantity of the gnodeB needed.

Table 4. RSRP VALUE CATEGORY [12].

Category Range of Signal Level

Good −90 ≤ RSRP ≤ −70 dBm
Normal −110 ≤ RSRP ≤ −90 dBm
Bad −130 ≤ RSRP ≤ −110 dBm

Table 5. Results of the calculations.

Scenario 1: 3.5 GHz (FR1 Band) Scenario 2: 28 GHz (FR2 Band)

Parameter
LOS NLOS LOS NLOS
Thermal Noise −129.1592799 −126.14898
Subcarrier quantity 3276 3168
Pathloss 100.005841 106.1411282
h’BS 24 24
h’UE 0.5 0.5
d’BP 560 4480
d3D 600.3236595 85.92038528 135.90535 31.55408462
d2D/Cell Radius 600.3234512 85.91893044 135.90443 31.55012291
Coverage Area (Km2 ) 0.93700944 0.019193363 0.04802204 0.002588067
Target Area (Km2 ) 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72
Number of gnodesB 7.171752721 350.1210328 139.935755 2596.532806
Data Rate Downlink (Mbps) 4.456, 60 1.114, 15 8.619, 37 2.154, 84
Data Rate Uplink (Mbps) 2.445, 70 611, 42 4.730, 14 1.182, 54
DL/UL Throughput service per
50 50 100 100
user (Mbps)
Number of user per use case DL 89.13 22.28 86.19 21.55
Number of user per use case UL 48.91 12.23 47.30 11.83

Here, we chose an area of about 6.72 Km2 in a dense urban/urban zone, as shown in
Figure 3.
Eng.
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47,
Proc. 2023, 5, x24 77 of
of 11

Figure 3.
Figure 3. Target
Target area
area of
of business/dense
business/dense area of north zone in Quito city, 5G planning.
planning.

2.3.1.
2.3.1. 5G
5G NR
NR Reference
Reference Signal-Received
Signal-Received Power
Power (SS-RSRP)-Parameter
(SS-RSRP)-Parameter Secondary
Secondary
Synchronization
Synchronization
SS-RSRP is the average level of the received secondary synchronization signal. This
SS-RSRP is the average level of the received secondary synchronization signal. This
parameter compares the signal strengths of the individual cells in a 5G network; SS-RSRP is
parameter compares the signal strengths of the individual cells in a 5G network; SS-RSRP
equivalent to the RSRP parameter in 4G LTE networks [9]. In gnodeB, there is a processing
is equivalent to the RSRP parameter in 4G LTE networks [9]. In gnodeB, there is a pro-
circuit configured to code several Synchronization Signal blocks (SSBs); each SSB is related
cessing circuit configured to code several Synchronization Signal blocks (SSBs); each SSB
to a different beam of a number of multiple-in-multiple-outs (MIMOs) from antennas [11].
is related to a different beam of a number of multiple-in-multiple-outs (MIMOs) from an-
Thus, each one of the SSBs is structured with a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS),
tennas [11]. Thus, each one of the SSBs is structured with a Primary Synchronization Sig-
Secondary Synchronization signal (SSS), and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH).
nal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization signal (SSS), and Physical Broadcast Channel
(PBCH).
2.3.2. 5G NR Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio (SS-SINR)
This parameter is the mean value of the power contribution in Watts (W) or dB of the
2.3.2. 5G NR Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio (SS-SINR)
resource elements carrying the SSS divided by the linear average of the noise and noise
power This parameter in
contributions is the
W ormean value of the power
dB, respectively. contribution in Wattszone
The metropolitan/business (W) of
or the
dB of the
north
resource
zone elements
in the carrying
Quito city area the SSS divided
covered by the
a total area of linear
6.72 Kmaverage
2 , withofa the noise and
percentage ofnoise
60%
power contributions
penetration. In the 5Ginnetwork,
W or dB,UErespectively.
measures theThesignal
metropolitan/business
strength accepted in zone
theof thefor
SSS north
the
zone incell
closest thetransmitter.
Quito city area covered a total area of 6.72 Km2, with a percentage of 60%
penetration. In the 5G network, UE measures the signal strength accepted in the SSS for
2.4. Capacitycell
the closest Planning
transmitter.
In this paper, capacity planning is focused on calculating the data rate and throughput.
2.4. Capacity
These Planning
parameters are measures that show the bits in data in the transmission process that
can be sent per unit time, measured
In this paper, capacity planning isinfocused
bits peronsecond. The the
calculating maximum
data ratedownlink and
and through-
uplink data rates supported by the UE are calculated according to the user
put. These parameters are measures that show the bits in data in the transmission process device’s mean
category.
that can be Forsent
the per
design
unitoftime,
a 5Gmeasured
NR network, the per
in bits approximate datamaximum
second. The rate and throughput
downlink and for
auplink
determined number
data rates of carriers
supported in aUE
by the bandwidth or bandwidth
are calculated accordingcombination are calculated
to the user device’s mean
using the expressions
category. For the design in (14)
of a and
5G NR(15)network,
[15], with
theassumptions
approximateofdata throughput
rate andservices
throughputper
use case (eMBB) and modulation order being max/min for LOS/NLOS
for a determined number of carriers in a bandwidth or bandwidth combination are calcu- scenarios:
lated using the expressions in (14) and (15) [15], with assumptions of throughput services
per use case (eMBB) and modulation BWorder
( j),µ being max/min for ! LOS/NLOS scenarios:
−6 j NPRB x 12  
Data Rate(Mbps) = 10 ∑ j=1 VLayers Qm × f × Rmax ×
( P) ( j) ( j) ( j)
µ , 1 − OH ,
Data Rate (Mbps) = 10−6 𝑉 𝑄 𝑓 𝑅 TS 1 𝑂𝐻 , (14)
(14)
where
where
PP == Number
Number of of carrier
carrier components
components
Rmax
Rmax =
= 948/1024
948/1024
( P)
V𝑉Layers == Maximum
Maximum number number of
of MIMO
MIMOlayers layers
( j)
Q𝑄m == Modulation
Modulation order order
𝑓 = Scaling factor,
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 8 of 11

f ( j) = Scaling factor,
µ = Numerology
µ
TS = OFDM Symbol
BW ( j),µ
NPRB = Maximum number of resource blocks PRB (according to 3GPP 38.104) for
selected bandwidth, frequency range, and numerology per selected carrier.
OH ( j) = Overhead
BW = Bandwidth.

Number of user per use case DL/UL = Data Rate (Mbps)/DL/UL Throughput service per user (Mbps). (15)

3. Results, Analysis, and Simulations

3.1. Model Propagation Uma and Umi for 5G NR Radio Network Planning
The number of sites needed in the area planning for the business/dense urban zone of
the north zone of Quito city is first calculated by selecting adequate propagation models.
As mentioned in the previous section, the selected propagation models are Uma and Umi,
based on the link budget formulas for 5G planning from 3GPP TS 38.901, considering a
transmission antenna height of gnodeB of 25 m, a reception height from UE of 1.5 m, and
an inter-site distance of 500 m [14] for a middle band and 30–100 m for a high band.

3.2. Link Budget, Coverage, and Capacity Calculation Results

In our setup, we use MIMO antennas of 64 × 64 Tx-Rx for coverage and capacity and
a modulation order of 4 for the NLOS scenario and 8 for the LOS scenario. In addition, we
use one carrier component, with numerology of 1 and 2 for 3.5 GHz/28 GHz, respectively.
For more details about these configurations, the reader can refer to Table 5. In Table 6, we
show the results of the Link Budget, coverage, and capacity planning for 3.5 GHz/28 GHz
in LOS/NLOS scenarios.

Table 6. The main system parameter [12].

Key Parameter Spectrum Details

Technology/Duplex 5G NR/TDD
Carrier Frequency/Bandwidth 3.5 GHz 100 MHz 28 GHz 200 MHz
Start Frequency–End Frequency 3300 MHz 4200 MHz 26,500 MHz 29,500 MHz

3.3. Simulation Planning Results Based on Link Budget, Coverage, and Capacity Calculations
Two scenarios are used for the simulations, i.e., outdoor to outdoor (O2O) with LOS
and NLOS for 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz. The new sites are allocated according to the cell radius
of the coverage distance. This radio planning uses existing sites and non-existent sites.
Therefore, a recommendation for new site placement per the coverage area is calculated.
The site allocation is set automatically using the Automatic Coverage Planning (ACP) tool
available in the Atoll software. The results of the Atoll RNP tool simulation show the
number of gnodeB required to cover the target area, the values of the SS-RSRP for coverage
and the SS-SINR parameters for quality, and the average throughput data rate for capacity
obtained in this research, and these are shown in the following plots.

3.3.1. Scenario 1–2: O2O Downlink—SS-RSRP

In Figure 4, the average SS-RSRP obtained from the prediction using eight sites of
gnodeB is −85 dBm. This means the signal strength is allocated into the mean values;
meanwhile, the minimum is −110 dBm and the maximum value is −70 dBm.
 gnodeB is −85 dBm. This means the signal strength is allocated into the
3.3.1. Scenario
meanwhile, the1–2: O2O Downlink—SS-RSRP
minimum is −110 dBm and the maximum value is −70 dBm
In Figure 4, the average SS-RSRP obtained from the prediction using
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 gnodeB is −85 dBm. This means the signal strength is allocated
9 of into
11 the
meanwhile, the minimum is −110 dBm and the maximum value is −70 dBm

5G NR: Downlink Coverage 0

SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-44
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-55
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-65
SS-RSRP
5G NR: Level Coverage
Downlink (DL) (dBm)0>=-75
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm)
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-44
>=-110
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-115
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-55
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-140
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-65
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-75
Figure 4. SS-RSRP coverage plot with ACP:SS-RSRP
3.5 GHzLevel(left) and
(DL) (dBm) 28 GHz (right).
>=-110
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-115
SS-RSRP Level (DL) (dBm) >=-140
3.3.2. Scenario 1–2: O2O Downlink—SS-SNR
Figure
Figure 4. SS-RSRP coverage
4. SS-RSRP plot withplot
coverage ACP:with
3.5 GHz (left)3.5
ACP: andGHz
28 GHz (right).
(left) and 28 GHz (right).
In Figure 5, the average SS-SINR obtained from the prediction using X s
3.3.2. Scenario 1–2: O2O Downlink—SS-SNR
is 17 dB. In other words, the SINR ratio is allocated into the mean values; m
3.3.2.
paper Scenario
In Figure 5, the 1–2:
revealed O2O
average Downlink—SS-SNR
SS-SINR
an SS-SINR obtained from the prediction using X sites of gnodeB is
with a minimum value of −5 dB and a maximu
17 dB. In other words, the SINR ratio is allocated into the mean values; meanwhile, this paper
dB. InanFigure
revealed
5, the average SS-SINR obtained from the prediction using X s
SS-SINR with a minimum value of −5 dB and a maximum value of 30 dB.
is 17 dB. In other words, the SINR ratio is allocated into the mean values; m
paper revealed an SS-SINR with a minimum value of −5 dB and a maximu
dB.

5G NR: Downlink Quality 1

SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=30
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=24
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=17
5G NR: Downlink Quality 1
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=10
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=30
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=-5
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=24
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=-20
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=17
Figure
Figure 5. SS-SINR qualityquality
5. SS-SINR plot withplot
ACP:with
3.5 GHz
ACP: SS-SINR
(left)3.5
andGHz Level
28 GHz (DL)
(right).
(left) and (dB)28
>=10
GHz (right).
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=-5
3.3.3. Scenario 1–2: O2O Downlink—Data Rate Throughput
SS-SINR Level (DL) (dB) >=-20
In Figure 6, the average throughput data rate obtained from the prediction using X
sites
Figureof gnodeB is 50 Mbps.
5. SS-SINR Meanwhile,
quality plot withthis research
ACP: shows(left)
3.5 GHz a throughput data rate
and 28 GHz with
(right).
a minimum value of 30 Mbps and a maximum value of 100 Mbps. By comparing the
above findings with those results between scenario one and scenario two, the simulation
outcomes are very similar to the calculation results.
 In Figure 6, the average throughput data rate obtained from the prediction
sites of gnodeB is 50 Mbps. Meanwhile, this research shows a throughput data r
a minimum value of 30 Mbps and a maximum value of 100 Mbps. By comparing th
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 findings with those results between scenario one and scenario two, 10the
of 11simulat

comes are very similar to the calculation results.

4G/5G: Downlink Capacity 0

Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=50.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=49.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=48.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=47.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=46.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=45.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=44.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=43.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=42.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=41.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=40.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=39.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=38.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=37.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=36.000
Peak RLC Allocated Bandw idth Throughput (DL) (kbps) >=35.000

Figure6. 6.
Figure DLDL Throughput
Throughput data
data rate rate
plot plot
with with
ACP: ACP:(left)
3.5 GHz 3.5 and
GHz28 (left) and 28
GHz (right). GHz (right).
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
1. We have significantly contributed with a speedy and efficient way of performing the
1. We have
designs, significantly
calculations, contributed
and planning of 5Gwith a speedyforand
NR networks efficient way
business/dense of perform
urban
areas in compliance with coverage, quality, and capacity objectives.
designs, calculations, and planning of 5G NR networks for business/dense u In our case,
this was accomplished by applying the existing 3GPP standards for 5G through
eas in compliance with coverage, quality, and capacity objectives. In our c
the use and selection of the correct criteria, adequately applying the propagation
was accomplished
models, by applying
urban density scenarios the existing
type, topography, 3GPP standards
LOS/NLOS for 5G
criteria, service usethrough
and selection
cases, bandwidthsofforthethecorrect criteria,
user, link adequately
budget parameters, applying
and frequencythe propagation
spectrum, and mo
following best practices from commercial 5G network deployments.
ban density scenarios type, topography, LOS/NLOS criteria, service use case
2. The link budget calculations and coverage, quality, and capacity simulations obtained
widths for the user, link budget parameters, and frequency spectrum, and fo
with the Atoll tool were highly accurate and consistent with the theoretical calculations
best practices
obtained. This canfrom commercial
be verified 5G network
and confirmed deployments.
by the average levels achieved for the
2. The link
coverage budget
SS-RSRP (>90calculations
dBm) and qualityand SS-SNR
coverage,(>10quality,
dB), which and capacity
ensures a goodsimulati
tained
data with the
experience, goodAtoll toolfor
coverage were highly
the target accurate
area, and consistent
and outstanding with the the
data throughput
levels (>50 Mbps per user), with all these being observed in both
calculations obtained. This can be verified and confirmed by the averag planned scenarios
(3.5/28 GHz).
3.
achieved for the coverage SS-RSRP (>90 dBm) and quality SS-SNR (>10 dB
The results obtained from our contribution can make it easier for local mobile network
ensurestoa plan
operators good data
their experience,
5G networks. Thisgood
allowscoverage for thetheir
them to approach target area,
designs and outs
more
data throughput
effectively, conductinglevels (>50 Mbpsdeployments
their commercial per user), with
withsuccessful
all thesecommercial
being observed
frequency
plannedbands in 5G networks.
scenarios (3.5/28 GHz).
3. The
Author results obtained
Contributions: from our
Conceptualization, V.F. contribution can makeJ.D.V.S.
and J.D.V.S.; methodology, it easier for local mo
and H.C.M.;
work
software, V.F.; operators to plan
validation, J.D.V.S.; their
formal 5G networks.
analysis, Thisinvestigation,
V.F. and H.C.M.; allows them V.F.to approach
and J.D.V.S.; their
resources,
more effectively, conducting their commercial deployments withJ.D.V.S.;
V.F.; data curation, V.F. and J.D.V.S.; writing—original draft preparation, V.F. and successful c
writing—review and editing, J.D.V.S. and H.C.M.; visualization, V.F; supervision, J.D.V.S.; project
cial frequency bands in 5G networks.
administration, H.C.M.; funding acquisition, V.F, J.D.V.S. and H.C.M. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Author Contributions:. Conceptualization, V.F. and J.D.V.S.; methodology, J.D.V.S. and
Funding: This research received no external funding.
software, V.F.; validation, J.D.V.S.; formal analysis, V.F. and H.C.M.; investigation, V.F. and
Institutional Review
resources, V.F.; dataBoard V.F.Not
Statement:
curation, andapplicable.
J.D.V.S.; writing—original draft preparation, V.F. and
writing—review
Informed and editing,
Consent Statement: J.D.V.S. and H.C.M.; visualization, V.F; supervision, J.D.V.S
Not applicable.
administration,
Data H.C.M.; Data
Availability Statement: funding acquisition,
are contained withinV.F, J.D.V.S. and H.C.M. All authors have
the article.
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Eng. Proc. 2023, 47, 24 11 of 11

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