RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. A glass lens of refractive index 1.5 is placed in a trough of liquid. What must be
the refractive index of the liquid in order to mark the lens disappear?
2. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having
same refractive index. What would be the focal length of the lens in this
medium?
3. How does the power of a convex lens vary, if the incident red light is replaced
by violet light?
4. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident
violet light is replaced with red light?
5. Why does the bluish colour predominate in a clear sky?
6. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism of refractive index
1.5 change, if it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3?
7. You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?

Lenses Power (P) Aperture

L1 3D 8 cm

L2 6D 1 cm

L3 10D 1 cm

8. Two thin lenses of power + 4D and – 2D are in contact. What is the focal length
of the combination?
9. Two thin lenses of power + 6D and – 2D are in contact. What is the focal length
of the combination?
10. A glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid.
What is the value of refractive index of the liquid?
11. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur.
12. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30°.
13. A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens — both the
lenses being of equal focal lengths. What is the focal length of the
combination?
14. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does
this decrease in speed imply a decrease in the energy carried by the light
wave? Justify your answer.
15. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another its wavelength
changes but frequency remains the same. Explain.
16. Under what condition does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive
index act as a plane glass sheet when immersed in a liquid?
17. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three
media A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would
the velocity of light be minimum?
18. How would a biconvex lens appear when placed in a trough of liquid having
the same refractive index as that of the lens?
19. Two thin lenses of power -4D and 2D are placed in contact coaxially. Find the
focal length of the combination.
20. Two thin lenses of power -2D and 2D are placed in contact coaxially. What is
the focal length of the combination?
21. Write the relationship between angle of incidence ‘i’, angle of prism ‘A’ and
angle of minimum deviation for a triangular prism.
22. When red light passing through a convex lens is replaced by light of blue
colour, how will the focal length of the lens change?
23. If the wavelength of light incident on a convex lens is increased, how will its
focal length change?
24. A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror. A point object at a
distance of 20 cm on the axis of this combination has its image coinciding with
itself. What is the focal length of the lens?
25. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is
immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a
converging or a diverging lens? Give reason.
26. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.5 is
immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a
converging or a diverging lens? Give reason.
27. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive
index 1.65. What is the nature of the lens?
28. Why does bluish colour predominate in a clear sky?
29. When an object is placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror, would the
image formed be
(i) real or virtual and
(ii) diminished or magnified?
30. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident
violet light is replaced by red light? Give reason.
31. An object is kept in front of a concave lens. What is the nature of the image
formed?
32. When light travels from a rarer medium to denser medium, the speed of light
decreases. Does the reduction in speed imply a reduction in the energy?
33. The objective lenses of two telescopes have the same apertures but their focal
lengths are in the ratio 1: 2. Compare the resolving powers of the two
telescopes.
34. Why must both the objective and the eye piece of a compound microscope have
short focal lengths?
35. Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this
telescope over a refracting telescope.
36. Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment
position. State two drawbacks of this type of telescope.
37. Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope. Write the expression for its
magnifying power.
38. Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the near point
position. Write the expression for its magnifying power.
39. Draw a labelled ray diagram, showing the image formation of an astronomical
telescope in the normal adjustment position. Write the expression for its
magnifying power.
40. Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image in a compound microscope.
Write the expression for its magnifying power.
41. A ray of light passing through an equilateral triangular glass prism from air
undergoes minimum deviation when angle of incidence is 3/4th of the angle of
prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism.
42. Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal
length 10 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2.
43. Define refractive index of a transparent medium. A ray of light passes through
a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing the variation of the angle of deviation
with the angle of incidence.
44. (i) What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a
material?
(ii) Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain.
45. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15
cm. If focal length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material
of the lens.
46. (a) The bluish colour predominates in clear sky.
(b) Violet colour is seen at the bottom of the spectrum when white light is
dispersed by a prism.
State reasons to explain these observations.
47. A biconvex lens has a focal length 2/3 times the radius of curvature of either
surface. Calculate the refractive index of lens material.
48. (i) Why does the Sun appear reddish at sun-set or sun-rise?
(ii) For which colour the refractive index of prism material is maximum and
minimum?
49. Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens,
whose focal length is 0.3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens
is 1.5.
50. (i) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of material
of a prism in minimum deviation condition.
51. Two convex lenses of same focal length but of aperture A1 and A2 (A2 < A1), are
used as the objective lenses in two astronomical telescopes having identical
eyepieces. What is the ratio of their resolving power? Which telescope will you
prefer and why? Give reason.
52. A ray of light, incident on an equilateral glass prism (µg = √3 ) moves parallel to
the base line of the prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence for this ray.
53. An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.
(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half
of the mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black?

54. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two
advantages over the refracting telescope.
55. (a) Plane and convex mirrors are known to produce virtual images of the
objects. Draw a ray diagram to show how, in the case of convex mirrors, virtual
objects can produce real images.
(b) Why are convex mirrors used as side view mirrors in vehicles?
56. (a) Draw a ray diagram for a convex minor showing the image formation of an
object placed anywhere in front of the minor.
(b) Use this ray diagram to obtain the expression for its linear magnification.
57. (a) Draw a ray diagram for a concave minor showing the image formation of an
object placed anywhere in front of a minor.
(b) Using the ray diagram, obtain the expression for its linear magnification.
58. Deduce, with the help of ray diagram, the expression for the mirror equation in
the case of convex minor.
59. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a
concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Determine the power of the combination.
Will the system be converging or diverging in nature?
60. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope.
Hence obtain the expression for total magnification when the image is formed
at infinity.
61. A convex lens of focal length 30 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a
concave lens of focal length 40 cm. Determine the power of the combination.
Will the system be converging or diverging in nature?
62. A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal
length f2. Find the focal length of the combination.
63. Draw a schematic arrangement of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain) showing
how rays coming from a distant object are received at the eye-piece. Write its
two important advantages over a refracting telescope.
64. Draw a labelled ray diagram of refracting type telescope in normal adjustment.
Write two main considerations required of an astronomical telescope.
65. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope. Why are the objective
and the eye-piece chosen to have small focal length?
66. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism in such a way that the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence and each of these angles is 3/4
times the angle of the prism. Determine
(i) the angle of deviation and
(ii) the refractive index of the prism.
67. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an
isosceles right angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for
the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path of these
rays entering through the prism.

68. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an
isosceles right-angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for
the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are respectively 1.3 and 1.5. Trace the path of these
rays after entering through the prism.
69. Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain). Write its two
advantages over a refracting telescope.
70. Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Write the expression for total magnification when the image is formed at
infinity.
71. Write the conditions for observing a rainbow. Show, by drawing suitable
diagrams, how one understands the formation of a rainbow.
72. Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of a
concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
73. You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to
design a compound microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30,
find out the separation between the objective and the eyepiece.
74. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of
focal length 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing
distant objects in normal adjustment?
If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the
height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens?
75. Why does white light disperse when passed through a glass prism?
Using lens maker’s formula, show how the focal length of a given lens depends
upon the colour of light incident on it
76. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism
BAC made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through
the prism. From which face will the ray emerges?

77. Draw a ray diagram to show how a right angled isosceles prism may be used to
“bend the path of light rays by 90°”.
Write the necessary condition in terms of the refractive index of the material of
this prism for the ray to bend to 90°.
78. The image of an object, formed by a combination of a convex lens (of focal
length f) and a convex mirror (of radius of curvature R), set up, as shown is
observed to coincide with the object.
 Redraw this diagram to mark on it the position of the centre of curvature of the
mirror.

Obtain the expression for R in terms of the distances, marked as a and d, and
the focal length, l, of the convex lens.
79. Define the magnifying power of a compound microscope when the final image
is formed at infinity. Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a
compound microscope have short focal lengths? Explain.
80. Why should the objective of a telescope have large focal length and large
aperture? Justify your answer.
81. A small illuminated bulb is at the bottom of a tank, containing a liquid of
refractive index up to a height H. Find the expression for the diameter of an
opaque disc, floating symmetrically on the liquid surface in order to cut-off the
light from the bulb.
82. A ray of light is incident on a glass prism of refractive index and refractive
angle A. If it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face, obtain an
expression relating the angle of incidence, angle of prism and critical angle.
83. (i) Define refractive index of a medium.
(ii) In the following ray diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of
unknown refractive index.

84. With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a
concave mirror.

85. Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right B angled
prism ‘abc’ at face ‘ab’. The R refractive indices of the material of the prism for
red, green and blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of
the three which colour ray will emerge out of face ‘ac’? Justify your answer.
Trace the path of these rays after passing through face ‘ab’.
86. (i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal
adjustment. Explain briefly its working.
(ii) An astronomical telescope uses two lenses of powers 10 D and 1 D. What is
its magnifying power in normal adjustment?
87. (i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope. Explain briefly
how it works.
(ii) Why must both the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope
have short focal lengths?
88. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the
focal length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the
screen, twice the size of the object.
89. The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the
length of the object. If the focal length of the lens is 20 cm, calculate the object
and image distances.
90. A convex lens is used to obtain a magnified image of an object on a screen 10
m from the lens. If the magnification is 19, find the focal length of the lens.
91. Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing
through a glass prism.
Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of angle of
prism and angle of minimum deviation.
92. Use the mirror equation to show that
(a) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image
beyond 2f.
(b) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the
location of the object.
(c) an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a
virtual and enlarged image.
93. A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and
eyepiece lens of focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the
objective lens. Calculate the magnifying power of the compound microscope.
Also calculate the length of the microscope.

94. A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length
15 m. If an eyepiece lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular
magnification of the telescope.
If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the
moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.42 × 106 m and
the radius of the lunar orbit is 3.8 × 106 m.
95. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn,
(i) a medium of refractive index 1.6,
(ii) a medium of refractive index 1.3.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?
96. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of
refractive index 1.6. It is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3. Calculate
its new focal length.
97. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in
(i) a medium of refractive index 1.65,
(ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
 (a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?
98. You are given three lenses L1 L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is
kept at 40 cm in front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the
focus T of L3. Find the separations between L1, L2 and L3.

99. You are given three lenses L1 L2 and L3 each of focal length 15 cm. An object is
kept at 20 cm in front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the
focus ‘I’ of L3. Find the separations between L1, L2 and L3.

100. A fish in a water tank sees the outside world as if it (the fish) is at the vertex of
a cone such that the circular base of the cone coincides with the surface of
water. Given the depth of water, where fish is located, being ‘h’ and the critical
angle for water-air interface being ‘ic‘, find out by drawing a suitable ray
diagram the relationship between the radius of the cone and the height ‘h’.
101. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed on
the axis of a convex refracting surface, of radius of curvature ‘R’, separating
the two media of refractive indices ‘n1’ and ‘n2’ (n2 > n1). Use this diagram to
deduce the relation n2v−n1u=(n2−n1)R, where u and v represent respectively the
distance of the object and the image formed.
102. Answer the following:
(i) Do the frequency and wavelength change when light passes from a rarer to a
denser medium?
(ii) Why is the value of the angle of deviation for a ray of light undergoing
refraction through a glass prism different for different colours of light?
103. Define power of a lens. Write its S.I units. Two thin convex lenses of focal
lengths f1 and f2 are placed in contact coaxially. Derive the expression for the
effective focal length of the combination.
104. Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light entering through a
triangular glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass
prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation and angle of the prism.
105. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope
when the final image is formed at the near point.
Define the resolving power of a microscope. Write two factors by which
resolving power can be increased.
106. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by an astronomical
telescope when the final image is formed at the near point. Answer the
following, giving reasons:
(i) Why the objective has a larger focal length and a larger aperture than the
eyepiece?
 (ii) What would be the effect on the resolving power of the telescope if its
objective lens is immersed in a transparent medium of higher refractive index?
107. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying
power and write the expression for it.
Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type
telescope.
108. A small bulb (assumed to be a point source) is placed at the bottom of a tank
containing water to a depth of 80 cm. Find out the area of the surface of water
through which light from the bulb can emerge. Take the value of the refractive
index of water to be 4/3.
109. (a) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eye-
piece of focal length 5.0 cm. Find the magnifying power of the telescope for
viewing distant objects when
(i) the telescope is in normal adjustment,
(ii) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
(b) Also find the separation between the objective lens and the eye-piece.
110. An equiconvex lens of refractive index μ1, focal length ‘f’ and radius of
curvature ‘R’ is immersed in a liquid of refractive index μ2. For
(i) μ2 > μ1 and
(ii) μ2 < μ1, draw the ray diagrams in the two cases when a beam of light
coming parallel to the principal axis is incident on the lens. Also find the focal
length of the lens in terms of the original focal length and the refractive index
of the glass of the lens and that of the medium.
111. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of a final image by a
compound microscope at least distance of distinct vision.
(b) The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The
magnification produced by the eye piece is 5. The microscope is focussed on a
certain object. The distance between the objective and the eyepiece is observed
to be 14 cm. If least distance of distinct vision is 20 cm, calculate the focal
length of the objective and the eye piece.
112. (a) A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror. Show, with
the help of a suitable diagram, the formation of its image. Explain why
magnification is not uniform.
(b) Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror’s reflecting surface is covered
with an opaque material. What effect will this have on the image of the object?
Explain.
113. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of
radius of curvature 20 cm. The two are kept at 15 cm from each other. A point
object lies 60 cm in front of the convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the
formation of the image by the combination. Determine the nature and position
of the image formed.
114. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a concave mirror of
focal length 10 cm at a distance of 50 cm apart from each other. A beam of
light coming parallel to the principal axis is incident on the convex lens. Find
the position of the final image formed by this combination. Draw the ray
diagram showing the formation of the image.
115. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of
radius of curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm apart. A point object is
placed 40 cm in front of the convex lens. Find the position of the image formed
by this combination. Draw the ray diagram showing the image formation.
116. A ray PQ is incident normally on the face AB of a triangular prism of refracting
2
angle of 60°, made of a transparent material of refractive index , as shown in
√3
the figure. Trace the path of the ray as it passes through the prism. Also
calculate the angle of emergence and angle of deviation.

117. (i) A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye
piece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the
telescope?
(ii) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of
the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × 106 m
and the radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 × 108 m.
118. Define the term ‘critical angle’ for a pair of media.
A point source of monochromatic light ‘S’ is kept at the centre of the bottom of
a cylinder of radius 15.0 cm. The cylinder contains water (refractive index 4/3)
to a height of 7.0 cm. Draw the ray diagram and calculate the area of water
surface through which the light emerges in air.

119. Which two of the following L1, L2 and L3 will you select as objective and
eyepiece for constructing best possible
(i) telescope
(ii) microscope? Give reason to support your answer.

120. (a) Write the factors by which the resolving power of a telescope can be
increased.
(b) Estimate the angular separation between first order maximum and third
order minimum of the diffraction pattern due to a single slit of width 1 mm,
when light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normal on it.
121. (a) Calculate the distance of an object of height ‘h’ from a concave mirror of
radius of curvature 20 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2.
Find the location of image also.
(b) Using mirror formula, explain why does a convex mirror always produce a
virtual image.
122. Draw a schematic ray diagram of reflecting telescope showing how rays coming
from a distant object are received at the eye-piece. Write its two important
advantages over a refracting telescope.
123. Explain the following, giving reasons:
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media,
the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident
frequency.
 (ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases.
Does this decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the
wave?
(iii) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of
the amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity in the photon picture
of light?
124. A convex lens, of focal length 25 cm, and a convex mirror, of radius of
curvature 20 cm, are placed co-axially 40 cm apart from each other. An
incident beam, parallel to the principal axis, is incident on the convex lens.
Find the position and nature of the image formed by this combination.
The final image is, therefore, a virtual image that appears to be formed (behind
the convex mirror) at a distance of 6 cm from it.
125. (i) A ray of light incident on face AB of an equilateral glass prism, shows
minimum deviation of 30°. Calculate the speed of light through the prism.

(ii) Find the angle of incidence at face AB so that the emergent ray grazes
along the face AC.

126. (a) Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water
surface. If p for water is 1.33, find the wavelength, frequency and speed of the
refracted light.
(b) A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both
faces of the same radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if
the focal length is 20 cm.
127. (a) Draw a ray diagram depicting the formation of the image by an
astronomical telescope in normal adjustment.
(b) You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as
an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Give
reason.

Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)

L1 3 8
L2 6 1
L3 10 1

128. (a) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of image by a reflecting
telescope.
(b) Write two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.
129. (a) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.

Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)

L1 3 8
 L2 6 1 (b)
L3 10 1
You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct a compound microscope?

(c) Define resolving power of a microscope and write one factor on which it
depends.
130. An optical instrument uses eye-lens of power 16 D and objective lens of power
50 D and has a tube length of 16.25 cm. Name the optical instrument and
calculate its magnifying power if it forms the final image at infinity.
131. Answer the following questions:
(a) Plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they
produce real images under some circumstances? Explain
(b) A virtual image, we always say, cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we
‘see’ a virtual image, we are obviously bringing it on to the ‘screen’ (i.e. the
retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction?
(c) A diver under water, looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of
a lake. Would the fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he
actually is?
(d) Does the apparatus depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely? If
so, does the apparatus depth increase or decrease?
(e) The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass.
Is this fact of some use to a diamond cutter?
132. An optical instrument uses eye-lens of power 20 D and the objective lens of
power 50 D. It has a tube length of 15 cm. Name the optical instrument and
calculate its magnifying power if it forms the final image at infinity.
133. An optical instrument uses eye-lens of power 12.5 D and object lens of power
50 D and has a tube length of 20 cm. Name the optical instrument and
calculate its magnifying power, if it forms the final image at infinity.
134. (a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n1 to a
rarer medium of refractive index n2, prove that n2n1, where ic is the critical
angle of incidence for the media.
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for
transmission of video signals using optical fibres.
1 1 1
135. Derive the lens formula, 𝑓 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 for a concave lens, using the necessary ray
diagram. Two lenses of powers 10 D and –5 D are placed in contact.
(a) Calculate the power of the new lens.
(b) Where should an object be held from the lens, so as to obtain a virtual
image of magnification 2?
136. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object
placed on the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive
indices n1 and n2. Establish the relation between the distances of the object,
the image and the radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical
surface.
Hence derive the expression of the lens maker’s formula.
137. Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound
microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope.
Explain why both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope
must have short focal lengths
138. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an
astronomical telescope for a distant object.
(ii) Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a
refracting type telescope.
(b) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away from a
concave lens of focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the
convex lens, find the position of the final image formed by the combined
system.
139. Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce
an expression for the total magnification when the final image is formed at the
near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from
the objective of focal length 1.25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm
and the final image is formed at the near point, estimate the magnifying power
of the microscope.
140. (a) Obtain lens makers formula using the expression

Here the ray of light propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index (n1) to
a denser medium of refractive index (n2) is incident on the convex side of
spherical refracting surface of radius of curvature R.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave mirror when
the object is kept between its focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive
the magnification formula for the image formed.
141. Define magnifying power of a telescope. Write its expression.
A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eyepiece
of focal length 5 cm. If this telescope is used to view a 100 m high tower 3 km
away, find the height of the final image when it is formed 25 cm away from the
eyepiece.
142. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?
The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and
5 cm respectively. Find the position of the object relative to the objective in
order to obtain an angular magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.
143. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image by a point object on
the principal axis of a spherical convex surface separating two media of
refractive indices n1 and n2, when a point source is kept in rarer medium of
refractive index n1 Derive the relation between object and image distance in
terms of refractive index of the medium and radius of curvature of the surface.
Hence obtain the expression for Lens-maker’s formula in the case of thin
convex lens.
144. (a) A point object is placed in front of a double convex lens (of refractive index
𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑛2 with respect to air) with its spherical faces of radii of curvature R1 and
1
R2. Show the path of rays due to refraction at first and subsequently at the
second surface to obtain the formation of the real image of the object.
Hence obtain the Lens-maker’s formula for a thin lens.
(b) A double convex lens having both faces of the same radius of curvature has
 refractive index 1.55. Find out the radius of curvature of the lens required to
get the focal length of 20 cm.
145. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the image formation of a distant
object by a refracting telescope.
Deduce the expression for its magnifying power when the final image is formed
at infinity.
(b) The sum of focal lengths of the two lenses of a refracting telescope is 105
cm. The focal length of one lens is 20 times that of the other. Determine the
total magnification of the telescope when the final image is formed at infinity.
146. (a) A ray ‘PQ’ of light is incident on the face AB of a glass prism ABC (as shown
in the figure) and emerges out of the face AC. Trace the path of the ray. Show
that
∠i + ∠e = ∠A + ∠δ

where δ and e denote the angle of deviation and angle of emergence

respectively.
Plot a graph showing the variation of the angle of deviation as a function of
angle of incidence. State the condition under which ∠δ is minimum.
(b) Find out the relation between the refractive index (µ) of the glass prism and
∠A for the case when the angle of prism (A) is equal to the angle of minimum
deviation (δm). Hence obtain the value of the refractive index for angle of prism
A = 60°.
147. (a) Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound
microscope. Obtain expression for total magnification when the images is
formed at infinity.
(b) How does the resolving power of a compound microscope get affected, when
(i) focal length of the objective is decreased.
(ii) the wavelength of light is increased? Give reasons to justify your answer.
148. (a) A point object ‘O’ is kept in a medium of refractive index n1 in front of a
convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R which separates the second
medium of refractive index n2 from the first one, as shown in the figure.
Draw the ray diagram showing the image formation and deduce the
relationship between the object distance and the image distance in terms of
n1 n2 and R.

(b) When the image formed above acts as a virtual object for a concave
spherical surface separating the medium n2 from n2 (n2 > n1), draw this ray
diagram and write the similar [similar to (a)] relation. Hence obtain the
expression for the lens maker’s formula.
149. (i) Plot a graph to show variation of the angle of deviation as a function of angle
of incidence for light passing through a prism. Derive an expression for
refractive index of the prism in terms of angle of minimum deviation and angle
of prism.
(ii) What is dispersion of light? What is its cause?
(iii) A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right isosceles prism is
totally reflected as shown in figure. What must be the minimum value of
refractive index of glass?

150. (i) Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two
radii and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface.
Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principal axis in rarer
medium of refractive index n1 and a real image formed in the denser medium
of refractive index n2.
Hence, derive lens maker’s formula.
(ii) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of
refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source
from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed?
151. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an
astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying
power.
(b) You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a
telescope.
(i) Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your
answer.
(ii) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?
152. (a) A point object, O is on the principal axis of a spherical surface having a
radius of curvature, R. Draw a diagram to obtain the relation between the
object and image distances, the refractive indices of the media and the radius
of curvature of the spherical surface.
(b) Write the Lens Maker’s formula and use it to obtain the range of values of µ
(the refractive index of the material of the lens) for which the focal length of an
equiconvex lens, kept in air, would have a greater magnitude than that of the
radius of curvature of its two surfaces.
153. The relation, between the angle of incidence
(i) and the corresponding, angle of deviation (δ), for a certain optical device, is
represented by the graph shown in the figure. Identify this device. Draw a ray
diagram for this device and use it for obtaining an expression for the refractive
index of the material of this device in terms of an angle characteristic of the
device and the angle, marked an 8m, in the graph.
154. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two
thin convex lenses in contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this
combination in terms of focal lengths of the lenses.
(b) A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes
minimum deviation when the angle of incidence is 34th of the angle prism.
Calculate the speed of light in the prism.

155. (a) Explain with reason, how the power of a diverging lens changes when
(i) it is kept in a medium of refractive index greater than that of the lens,
(ii) incident red light is replaced by violet light.
(b) Three lenses L1 L2, L3 each of focal length 30 cm are placed co-axially as
shown in the figure. An object is held at 60 cm from the optic centre of Lens
L1. The final real image is formed at the focus of L3. Calculate the separation
between
(i) (L3 and L2) and
(ii) (L2 and L3).

156. (a) Deduce the expression, by drawing a suitable ray diagram, for the refractive
index of triangular glass prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation (D)
and the angle of prism (A).
Draw a plot showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence.
(b) Calculate the value of the angle of incidence when a ray of light incident on
one face of an equilateral glass prism produces the emergent ray, which just
grazes along the adjacent face. Refractive index of the prism is √2.