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Biology final - Bio investigatory project class 12th

Biology Class 12 (Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya)

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JAWAHAR NAVOADAYA VIDYALAYA

AMBEDKAR NAGAR
2023-24

DNA
FINGERPRINTING

SUBMITTED TO-
Mrs. PRATIBHA CHAUDHARY
PGT(Biology)

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATOTY
PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY-
RITIKA PANDEY
ROLL NO.- 21
CLASS XII

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ritika Pandey of class XII ‘science’ has prepared the
investigatory Chemistry project entitled “DNA Fingerprinting” during the
academic year 2023-24 under the guidance of Mrs. Pratibha Chaudhary.

It is to certify that this project is up to the expectation and as per guidelines

assigned by CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education).

___________________ __________________

Teacher In-charge Examiner’s Sign.

__________________________

Principal’s Sign.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project which has been completed under the
guidance of our Biology teacher, Mrs. Pratibha Chaudhary and
help from my parents.
My sincere thanks go to our principal sir for his coordination in extending
every possible support for the completion of this project.
I am duly thankful to them to help me arrange the required materials and
provide me with the knowledge.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank those who had helped directly
or indirectly towards the completion of this project.

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INTRODCTION

The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec Jeffreys at the

University of Leicester in 1985. He was knighted in 1994.

DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of several similar techniques

for analyzing and comparing DNA from separate sources, used
especially in law enforcement to identify suspects from hair, blood,
semen, or other biological materials found at the scene of a violent
crime. It depends on the fact that no two people, save identical twins,
have exactly the same DNA sequence, and that although only limited
segments of a person's DNA are scrutinized in the procedure, those
segments will be statistically unique.

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What is DNA Fingerprinting?

It is a technique, by which an individual can be identified at molecular

level. With the advancement of science and technology STR analysis
has become very popular in forensic laboratories. Scientists have
chosen repeating sequences in the DNA, which are present in all
individuals on different chromosomes, and are known to vary from
individual to individual except in identical twins. These are used as
genetic markers to identify the Individual.

DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing

criminal suspects’ profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood
of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in paternity testing, to
establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research.
DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant
populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture.

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HISTORY OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffrey independently developed a

process for DNA profiling in 1985 while working in the Department
of Genetics at the University of Leicester. Jefferys discovered that a
DNA examiner could establish patterns in unknown DNA. These
patterns were a part of inherited traits that could be used to advance
the field of relationship analysis. These discoveries lead to the first
use of DNA profiling in a criminal case

History of DNA Fingerprinting-

➢ Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and

authenticating personal identification was by the fingerprint process.

➢ DNA fingerprinting technique was devised in 1985 by Alec Jeffrey

at University of Leicester in England, while working on the
sequences within myoglobin gene.

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DNA fingerprinting
technology

DNA fingerprinting technology has made

it possible to identify the source of
biological
samples found at scenes of crime. This
will resolve disputes of maternity
/paternity, identification, of mutilated
remains,
identification of rape/ murder, identification of missing child, exchange of
babies in hospital wards, forensic wildlife, protection of farmers rights and
biodiversity. This remarkable technology provides exclusion as well as positive
identification with virtually 100% precision.

Biological Material Used for DNA

fingerprinting

Blood Hair Saliva

Semen

Body tissue cells

DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside
of a condom during sexual intercourse.

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Stages of DNA Fingerprinting

• Cells broken down to release DNA

• DNA strands cut into fragments

• Fragments separated
• Patterns of fragment analyzed

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DNA fingerprinting: Methods

A common procedure for

DNA fingerprinting is
restriction
fragment length polymorphism
RFLP). In this method, DNA is
Extracted from a sample and
cut into segments using
special restriction enzymes.
FLP focuses on contain
sequences
of repeated DNA bases,
which vary widely from person to person. The segments are
separated sing a laboratory technique called electrophoresis,
which orts the fragments by length. The segments are
radioactively tagged to produce a visual pattern known as an
Autoradiograph, or DNA fingerprint, on X-ray film. A newer
method known as short tandem repeats (STR) analyzes DNA
segments for the number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites.
The chance of misidentification in this procedure is one in
several billion. Yet another process, polymerase chain
reaction, is used to produce multiple copies of segments from
a very limited amount of DNA (as little as 50 molecules),
enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a single hair.
Once a sufficient sample has been produced, the pattern of
the alleles (see genetics) from a limited number of genes is
compared with the pattern from the reference sample. A
nonmatching is conclusive, but the technique provides less
certainty when a match occurs.

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DNA fingerprinting:
Applications

DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following scenarios:

Establishment of paternity and Maternity

Establishment of the parentage for child swapping cases
Establish the identity of the rapist in rape cases
Identification of mutilated remains in murder, bomb blast,
air crashes etc.
Wild life identification, and
Seed authentication.

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DNA evidence in criminal trials

Familial DNA searching

Familial DNA searching (sometimes referred to as "familial DNA" or "familial DNA

database searching") is the practice of creating new investigative leads in cases where
DNA evidence found at the scene of a crime (forensic profile) strongly resembles that of
an existing DNA profile (offender profile) in a state DNA database but there is not an
exact match.

After all other leads have been exhausted, investigators may use specially
developed software to compare the forensic profile to all profiles taken from
a state's DNA database to generate a list of those offenders already in the
database who are most likely to be a very close relative of the individual
whose DNA is in the forensic profile.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, while evidences can be tampered with and

witnesses can turn hostile, DNA will never lie. It will
indeed, unravel the truth even several decades after a
crime has been committed. Such are the powers of
DNA Fingerprinting.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/DNA-
Fingerprinting
• https://www.britannica.com/science/DNA-fingerprinting
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling

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