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 Chapter

1
Atoms and Molecules
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
2.1 Law of Conservation of Mass
2.2 Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportion
2.3 Law of Multiple Proportion
3.0 DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
3.1 Postulates of Dalton's atomic theory
3.2 Explanation of laws of chemical combination by Dalton's atomic theory
3.3 Drawbacks of Dalton's atomic theory
4.0 WHAT IS AN ATOM?
4.1 How big are atoms : atomic size
5.0 ATOMIC SYMBOL
5.1 Dalton's symbols of elements
5.2 Modern symbols
5.3 Significance of Atomic Symbols
6.0 HOW DO ATOMS EXIST
6.1 Molecule
6.2 Ion
7.0 FORMATION OF MOLECULE
7.1 Ionic Bond
7.2 Covalent Bond
8.0 WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
8.1 Writing of formula of molecular compound
8.2 Writing the formula of Ionic compound
8.3 Significance of molecular formula of a substance
9.0 ATOMIC MASS
Unit two

9.1 Average Atomic Mass

9.2 Gram Atomic Mass (GAM)
10.0 MOLECULAR MASS
10.1 Gram Molecular Mass (GMM)
10.2 Formula Mass
11.0 MOLE CONCEPT
12.0 EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MASS
EXERCISE-1 (ELEMENTARY)
EXERCISE-2 (SEASONED)
EXERCISE-3 (CBSE-PATTERN)
EXERCISE-4 (COMPETITIVE ASSESMENT)
FGFGG
 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS AND MOLECULES (AM-1)

(AM-1)

1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters, we have discussed the physical as well as the chemical classification of
matter. We know that the chemical compounds are formed as a result of the combination of elements.
The combination must be based on certain guidelines. As we see in a compound like carbon dioxide
(CO2), the element carbon & oxygen are combined in certain fixed ratio by mass. Carbon dioxide
can have no other formula except CO2.
Here we shall discuss the basis of the combination. We shall represent the elements & compounds
by chemical symbols & formula respectively. In addition to these, we shall discuss to various ways
in which the masses of the elements & compounds have been expressed.
The structure of matter has been a subject of speculation from very early times. The idea of divisibility
of matter was considered long back in India, around 500 BC. An Indian philosopher Maharishi
Kanad, postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), a time will come when we shall
come across the smallest particles beyond which further divisions will not be possible . He named
these particles Parmanu.
Around the same era, ancient Greek philosophers : Democritus and Leucippus suggested that
if we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further.
Democritus called these indivisible particles, atoms (meaning indivisible).

2.0 LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

By studying the results of quantitative measurements of many reactions it was observed that whenever
substances react, they do so according to certain laws. These laws are called the Laws of chemical
combintion.
There are three important laws of chemical combination. These are :
1. Law of conservation of mass.
2. Law of constant proportions.
3. Law of multiple proportions.

2.1 Law of Conservation of Mass

This law was stated by the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1774). This law states
that : During any physical or chemical change, the total mass of the products remains
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

equal to the total mass of the reactants.

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 1
Aim : To demonstrate the law of conservation of mass.
Method
(i) Take one of the following sets, X and Y of chemicals,

X Y
(i) Copper sulphate Sodium carbonate
(ii) Barium chloride Sodium sulphate
(iii) Lead nitrate Sodium chloride

1
Class IX : Chemistr y
(ii) Prepare separately a 5% solution of any one pair of substance listed under X and Y in water.
(iii) Take a little amount of solution of Y in a conical flask and some solution of X in an ignition
tube.
(iv) Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully, see that the solutions do not get mixed. Put a cork
on the flask (see fig.)
Cork
Thread
Conical flask

Solution of X

Solution of Y

Precipitation reaction.
(v) Weigh the flask with its contents carefully.
(vi) Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the solution X and Y get mixed.
(vii) Weigh again.
Now answer
(i) What happens in the reaction flask?
(ii) Do you think that a chemical reaction has taken place?
(iii) Why should we put a cork on the mouth of the flask?
(iv) Does the mass of the flask and its contents change?
Discussion and conclusion
It is observed that on mixing two solution chemical reaction takes place which is indicated by the
formation of a white precipitate in this case.
Barium chloride + Sodium sulphate ® Barium sulphate (white ppt) + Sodium
chloride.
The mass of the flask and its contents remains constant. Thus, during a chemical reaction mass
is neither created nor destroyed.
From the above activity we conclude that according to law of conservation of mass,
The mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
The total mass of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants
that have combined. This law is also known as the law of indestructibility of matter.

2.2 Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportion

This law deals with the composition of chemical compounds. It was discovered by the French
chemist, Joseph Proust (1799). This law states that :
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

A chemical compound always contains same elements combined together in same

proportion by mass.
It implies from this law that in a chemical compound the elements are present in fixed and not
arbitrary ratio by mass. For example, pure water obtained from different sources such as river,
well, spring, sea, etc., always contains hydrogen and oxygen combined together in the ratio 1 : 8
by mass. Similarly, carbon dioxide can be obtained by different methods such as :
(a) burning of carbon,
(b) heating limestone, or
(c) the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on marble pieces.
It can be shown experimentally that different samples of carbon dioxide contain carbon and oxygen
in the ratio of 3 : 8 by mass.

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 Atoms and Molecules
2.3 Law of Multiple Proportion
This law was discovered by John Dalton (1803). This law states that :
When two elements combine with each other to form two or more than two
compounds, the masses of one of the elements which combine with fixed mass of
the other, bear a simple whole number ratio to one another.
For example, carbon and oxygen combine with each other to form carbon monoxide (CO) and
carbon dioxide (CO2).
In carbon monoxide (CO)
12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 16 parts by mass of oxygen.
In carbon dioxide (CO2)
12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 32 parts by mass of oxygen. Ratio of the masses of
oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon (12 parts) in these compounds is 16 :32 or 1:2,
which is a simple whole number ratio.

Similarly, copper and oxygen combine to form two oxides, the red cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and the
black cupric oxide (CuO).

In red oxide (Cu2O)

16 parts by mass of oxygen combine with 63.5 × 2 parts by mass of copper.
In black oxide (CuO)
16 parts by mass of oxygen combine with 63.5 parts by mass of copper. Ratio of masses of copper
that combine with fixed mass of oxygen (16 parts) in these oxides is 63.5 × 2 : 63.5 or 2:1, which
is a simple whole number ratio.

Illustration 1. What mass of silver nitrate will react with 5.85 g of sodium chloride to produce 14.35
g of silver chloride & 8.5 g of sodium nitrate if the law of conservation of mass is true?
Solution The reaction is : silver nitrate + sodium chloride ® silver chloride + sodium nitrate
According to law of conservation of mass.
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
\ Mass of AgNO3 + 5.85 g = 14.35 g + 8.5 g
Mass of AgNO3 = 22.85 – 5.85 = 17.0 g

Illustration 2. Copper oxide was prepared by 2 different methods. In one case 1.74 g of the metal
gave 2.19 g of oxide. In the 2nd case, 2.9 g of the metal gave 3.65 g of the oxide. Show
that the given data illustrate the law of constant proportion.
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Mass of copper
Solution Case-I : % of copper in the oxide = × 100
Mass of copper oxide

1.74
= × 100 = 79.4%
2.19
% of oxygen = 100 – 79.4 = 20.6 %
2.9
Case-II : % of copper in the oxide = × 100 = 79.4%
3.64
% of oxygen = 100 – 79.4 = 20.6%

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Class IX : Chemistr y

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following data illustrates the law of conservation of mass :
(A) 56g CO react with 32g of oxygen to produce 44g CO2
(B) 1.70 g of AgNO3 react with 0.365g HCl to produce 1.435 g AgCl and 0.63g of HNO3
(C) 12g C is heated in vacuum and on cooling there is change in mass
(D) None of the above

2. If law of conservation of mass was to hold true, then 20.8 g of BaCl2 on reacting with 9.8 g of
H2SO4 will produce 7.3 g of HCl and BaSO4 equal to :
(A) 11.65 g (B) 23.3 g (C) 25.5 g (D) 30.6 g
12 14
3. Oxygen combines with two isotopes of Carbon, C and C, to form two samples of carbon dioxide.
The data voilates :
(A) Law of conservation of mass (B) Law of multiple proportions
(C) Law of definite proportions (D) None of these

4. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen will
be required to react completely with 4g of hydrogen :
(A) 10 gm (B) 48 gm (C) 32 gm (D) 64 gm

5. 0.24g of sample of a compound of oxygen and boron was found on analysis to contain 0.096 g of
boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage of boron :
(A) 40% (B) 60% (C) 70% (D) 80%

Subjective Questions

6. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2
g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are
in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.

7. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass of hydrogen
gas would be required to react completely with 32 g of oxygen gas?

8. What is the first law of chemical combination?

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

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 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

(AM-2)

3.0 DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY

The next problem faced by scientists was to give appropriate explanations of these laws. British
chemist John Dalton provided a theory about the nature of matter in 1808.
His theory was based on the laws of chemical combination. Dalton's atomic theory provided an
explanation for the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions.
On the basis of the studies & investigations carried, he came out with a statement that the smallest
portion of matter which cannot be divided any further is an atom.

3.1 Postulates of Dalton's atomic theory

The important features of the Dalton's Atomic theory are listed,

1. Every matter is made up of very small particles known as atoms.
2. Atoms are the ultimate particles of matter which cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction & cannot be further subdivided into smaller particles i.e.atoms are “indivisible”.
3. All atoms of a particular element are identical in all respects. This means that they have same
mass, size & chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different elements have different masses, sizes and chemical properties.
5. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which can take part in chemical combination.
6. Atoms of the same or different elements combine in small whole number ratios to form molecules
of a compound.
7. The relative number & kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
8. Atoms of two different elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one
compound. For example, carbon & oxygen may combine to form carbon monoxide (CO) &
carbon dioxide (CO2) in which the ratios of the combining atoms (C and O) are 1 : 1 and
1 : 2 respectively.

3.2 Explanation of laws of chemical combination by Dalton's atomic theory

1. Explanation of law of conservation of mass : According to Dalton's atomic theory,

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

matter is made up of atoms. Further, atom can neither be created nor destroyed. Hence, matter
can neither be created nor destroyed. A chemical reaction involves only rearrangement of atoms
i.e. total number and kind of atoms remain the same, therefore the total mass remains
unchanged during a chemical reaction.

2. Explanation of law of constant proportion : According to one of the postulates of Dalton's

atomic theory, the number and kind of atoms in a compound is fixed. This implies that a
compound is always made up of the same elements & the ratio of the atoms in the compounds
is fixed. As atoms have fixed masses, this means that in the compound, the element are
combined in a fixed ratio by mass.

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Class IX : Chemistr y
3.3 Drawbacks of Dalton's atomic theory
Some of the drawbacks of the Dalton's atomic theory of matter are given below :
1. According to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms were thought to be indivisible. But is now known
that atoms can be further divided into still smaller fundamental particles called electrons,
protons & neutrons.
2. Dalton's atomic theory said that all the atoms of an element have exactly the same mass. But
it is now known that atoms of the same element can have slightly different masses, as in case
of isotopes.
3. Dalton's atomic theory said that atoms of different elements have different masses. But it is
now known that even atoms of different elements can have the same mass as in case of isobars.
4. Substances made up of the same kind of atoms may have different properties. For example,
charcoal, graphite & diamond are all made up of carbon atoms but have different physical
properties.
5. The ratio in which the different atoms combine to form compound may be fixed and integral
but not be simple. For example, sugar (sucrose) molecule (C12 H22 O11 ) contains C, H & O
in the ratio 12 : 22 : 11 which is integral and fixed but not simple.
The modifications, as given above, are called the postulates of "modern atomic theory".

Illustration 1. Dalton’s atomic theory could not explain :

(A) Why atoms of same element have different mass numbers
(B) Why atoms of different elements have same mass number
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) Neither (A) nor (B)
Solution (C) Dalton’s atomic theory could not explain that atom of same element may have
different mass numbers (concept of isotopes) and atoms of different element have same
mass number (concept of isobar)

Illustration 2. Which of the following statement is not true regarding isotopes:

(A) They are atoms of same element having same number of protons and electrons
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

but different number of neutrons.

(B) Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties but different physical
properties.
(C) All the isotopes of an element have same number of valence electrons.
(D) The three isotopes of hydrogen (Protium, Deuterium and Tritium) contain one,
two and three neutrons respectively.
Solution (D) Three isotopes of hydrogen (Protium, Deuterium and Tritium) contain zero, one
and two neutrons.

6
 Atoms and Molecules

Objective Questions

1. Dalton’s atomic theory contained :

(A) Charles law (B) Boyles Law (C) Mass conservation law (D) Both (A) & (B)

2. All of the following represent isotopes except :

23 24 40 40 35 37
(A) 11Na and 11Na (B) 19K and 18Ar (C) 17Cl and 17Cl (D) 12
6 C and 14
6 C

3. Which statement is correct :

(A) 18 g of water vapour and 18 g of ice will contain the same number of molecules.
(B) Dalton’s atomic theory fails to explain the law of conservation of mass.
(C) On the atomic mass unit scale carbon-14 has been chosen as a reference.
(D) None of these

4. Choose the correct option :

Statement-I-During any chemical change, the total mass of products is equal to the total mass of
the reactants
Statement-II-According to Dalton, atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction :
(A) Statement I is true but II is false
(B) Statement I is false but statement II is true
(C) Statement I and II are true but statement II is not the correct explanation of statement I
(D) Statement I and II are true and statement II is the correct explanation of statement I

5. Which of the following represent isobars ?

23 24 40 40
(A) 11Na and 11Na (B) 19K and 18Ar (C) 14
7 N and 14
6 C
(D) Both (B) and (C)

Subjective Questions

6. Define the “law of constant proportions”. How does Dalton’s atomic theory explain the truth of the
law?
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

7. State and explain ‘Law of conservation of mass’. How does Dalton’s atomic theory explain this
law?

8. What are the postulates and limitations of Dalton’s atomic theory?

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Class IX : Chemistr y

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

(AM-3)
4.0 WHAT IS AN ATOM ?
An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element which may or may not be capable of
free existence. However, it is the smallest particle that takes part in a chemical reaction. An atom
maintains its identity in all physical changes and chemical reactions. For example, He, Ne, H,
O, Fe, Cu, Zn etc.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical reactions
and maintains its chemical identity throughout all chemical and physical changes.
(i) Atoms of an element are different from those of any other element.
(ii) Free atoms, except those of noble gases, do not exist under normal conditions.

4.1 How big are atoms : atomic size

The size of an atom is extremely small. For your knowledge, the radius of an atom of hydrogen
–10 –4
is only 10 m. If we try to compare it with the radius of a grain of sand (10 m) we can imagine
about the size of an atom. Same is the case with mass of the atoms of different elements. For
–27
example, an atom of hydrogen has a mass nearly 1.6 × 10 kg.
Recently a highly sophisticated microscope known as scanning tunneling microscope (STM),
has bean devised which has made it possible to take photographs of atoms. As atoms are considered
to be spherical, their size is expressed in terms of their radii, called atomic radii. The atoms are
so small in size that their radii are usually expressed in nanometre (nm).

Relative Radii (in m) Example

–10
10 Atom of hydrogen
–9
10 Molecule of water
–8
10 Molecule of haemoglobin
–4
10 Grain of sand
–2
10 Ant
–1
10 Watermelon

Atoms are so small that these cannot be seen even by the most powerful microscope. The first
images of thorium atoms were produced in 1970, using a scanning transmission electron
microscope (STEM).

5.0 ATOMIC SYMBOL

Symbol means a short hand method of representing the full name of an element.
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5.1 Dalton's symbols of elements

Dalton identified some elements and compounds by using circles as the symbols. In order to
differentiate between them, he put certain signs inside the circles. Dalton's symbols for a few
elements and compounds are given below,
e Hydrogen c Copper
Oxygen z Zinc
Nitrogen Mercury
Carbon Water
Sulphur
L Lead
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 Atoms and Molecules
5.2 Modern symbols
Modern symbols for the elements were introduced by J.J. Berzelius. These are also known as
chemical symbols.
The symbol of an element are generally either the first letter or the first two letter or the first and
the third letters of the name of the element. For example the symbol of the following elements are
the first letter of the name of that element.

S.No. Element Symbol

1 Hydrogen H
2 Carbon C
3 Nitrogen N
4 Oxygen O
5 Fluorine F

Some symbols derived from the first two letters of the names of the element

S.No. Element Symbol

1 Aluminium Al
2 Barium Ba
3 Lithium Li
4 Neon Ne
5 Calcium Ca

Some symbols are derived from the first and the third letter of the name of the elements.

S.No. Element Symbol

1 Arsenic As
2 Magnesium Mg
3 Chlorine Cl
4 Zinc Zn
5 Chromium Cr

Though the names of most of the elements have been taken from English, there are some elements
which have been named from Latin and Greek.

Name of element Latin name Symbol

Silver Argentum Ag
Copper Cuprum Cu
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Gold Aurum Au
Iron Ferrum Fe
Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
Potassium Kalium K
Sodium Natrium Na
Lead Plumbum Pb
Antimony Stibium Sb
Tungsten Wolfram W
(German name)

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Class IX : Chemistr y
5.3 Significance of Atomic Symbols
The symbol of an element has both qualitative as well as quantitative significance. These are ,
(i) The symbol stands for the name of the element.
(ii) The symbol stands for one atom of the element.
(iii) The symbol represents quantity of the element equal in mass to its atomic mass, or gram-
atomic mass.
(iv) The symbol also represents mass of the element which contains one Avogadro’s number of
atoms of that element.

For example, the symbol O stands for

(i) The element oxygen.
(ii) One atom of oxygen.
(iii) The mass of oxygen equal to its gram-atomic mass, i.e., O represents 16 g of oxygen.
23
(iv) The mass of oxygen which contains one Avogadro’s number (= 6.023 × 10 ) of oxygen
atoms.

6.0 HOW DO ATOMS EXIST

The atoms of only a few elements called noble gases (such as Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, etc.)
are chemically unreactive and exist in the free state (as single atoms). Atoms of most of the
elements are chemically very reactive and do not exist in the free state (as single atoms).
Atoms usually exist in two ways :
1. in the form of molecules, and
2. in the form of ions.

6.1 Molecule
Atoms are usually not capable of independent or free existence but group of atoms of same or
different elements exist as one species e.g. H2, O2, P4, S8, H2O, NH3, NaCl etc.
Definition of a molecule
A group of atoms held by some force (known as bond) existing together as one species and
having characteristic properties is called a molecule.
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or of a compound which can
exist alone or freely under ordinary conditions and shows all the properties of that
substance (element or compound).

Atoms of the same or different elements can join together to form molecules.
Molecules are of two types: (A) Molecules of an element and (B) Molecules of compound.

(A) Molecules of Elements

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Many elements such as Argon (Ar), Helium (He), Sodium (Na), Iron (Fe). etc., contain single
atoms and are represented by their symbols. This is not true with non-metals. Though molecules
of all the non-metal elements are made up of identical atoms.
For example, a molecule of oxygen is made up of two atoms of oxygen. This is denoted by O2.
Some of the molecules of other elements that exist in-group of atoms with their atomicity.
A molecule may be made up of two or more atoms. Accordingly it may be diatomic, triatomic,
tetratomic, and so on.
Generally any molecule containing more than four atoms is called polyatomic such as S8.

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 Atoms and Molecules
Symbols and atomicity of some elements

Type of Element Name Chemical symbol Molecular Formula Atomicity

Non-Metal Argon Ar Ar Monoatomic
Helium He He Monoatomic
Oxygen O O2 Diatomic
Hydrogen H H2 Diatomic
Nitrogen N N2 Diatomic
Chlorine Cl Cl2 Diatomic
Phosphorus P P4 Tetra-atomic
Sulphur S S8 Poly-atomic

Metals
Metals exist as atomic crystals and do not form molecules. They are therefore, monoatomic.

Symbols and atomicity of metals

Name of metal Chemical symbol Atomicity
Sodium Na Monoatomic
Iron Fe Monoatomic
Aluminium Al Monoatomic
Copper Cu Monoatomic

Metals and other elements such as carbon do not have a simple molecular structure but consist of
a very large indefinite number of atoms bonded together.
These elements are represented by their atomic symbols. A recently discovered form of carbon
called Buck-minster fullerene has the molecular formula C60. You will learn more about this
form of carbon in higher classes.
(B) Molecules of The Compounds
A molecule of a compound contains two or more atoms of different elements. For example, a
molecule of water (H2O) consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Similarly a
molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) contains six atoms of carbon, twelve atoms of hydrogen and six
atoms of oxygen.
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Symbols and atomicity of some compounds

Compound Combining Molecular Type of

Elements Formula molecule
Water H,O H2O Triatomic
Hydrogen peroxide H,O H2O2 Tetra-atomic
Ammonia N,H NH 3 Tetra-atomic
Carbondioxide C,O CO 2 Triatomic

A molecular formula of a substance gives us the number of atoms of each kind present in its one
molecule. The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called its atomicity.

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Class IX : Chemistr y
6.2 Ion
An ion is a species carrying either positive or negative charge.
Classification of ion
1. On the basis of number of atoms.
The ion consisting of only single atom are called monoatomic ions, whereas an ion consisting
of a group of atoms having some definite charge on them are called polyatomic ion. The
compounds consisting of cations and anions are called ionic compounds.
2. On the basis of nature of charge
The ions carrying positive charge are called cations while ions that carrying negative charge
are called anions.
3. On the basis of number (amount) of charges.
If an ion contains +1 or –1 charge then it is monovalent, if it contains +2 or –2 it is divalent
similarly for +3 or –3 ion is called trivalent ion. The ions which carry 3 or more charge can
also be called polyvalent ions.
st
Naming of ionic compounds : Cation is always named 1 followed by the anion. The
number of cations and anions are not written in the name. Eg. Al 2 (SO4)3 is called aluminium
sulphate and not dialuminium trisulphate.
Some Ionic Compounds :
S.No. Ionic compound Cations Anions
1 Sodium chloride Sodium ion (Na ) Chloride ion (Cl–)
+

+ 2–
2 Potassium sulphide Potassium ion (K ) Sulphide ion (S )
2+
3 Calcium sulphate Calcium ion (Ca ) Sulphate ion (SO 42–)
List of Common Ions /Radicals with Positive Valency
Positive Valency 1 Symbol
1. Ammonium NH+4
+
2. Hydrogen H
+
3. Lithium Li
+
4. Sodium Na .
+
5. Potassium K
+
6. Cuprous [Copper (I)] Cu
+
7. Argentous [Silver (I)] Ag
+
8. Mercurous [Mercury (I)] Hg
+
9. Aurous [Gold (I)] Au

Positive Valency 2 Symbol

2+
1. Magnesium Mg
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

2+
2. Calcium Ca
2+
3. Zinc Zn
2+
4. Barium Ba
2+
5. Nickel Ni
2+
6. Uranium U
2+
7. Cupric [Copper (II)] Cu
2+
8. Argentic [Silver (II)] Ag
2+
9. Mercuric [Mercury (II)] Hg
2+
10. Ferrous [Iron (II)] Fe
2+
11. Plumbous [Lead (II)] Pb
2+
12. Stannous [Tin (II)] Sn
2+
13. Platinous (Platinum (II)] Pt

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 Atoms and Molecules

Positive Valency 3 Symbol

3+
1. Aluminium Al
3+
2. Chromium Cr
3+
3. Bismuth Bi
3+
4. Arsenic As
3+
5. Ferric [Iron (III)] Fe
3+
6. Auric [Gold (III)] Au

Positive Valency 4 Symbol

4+
1. Stannic [Tin (IV)] Sn
4+
2. Plumbic (Lead (IV)] Pb
4+
3. Platinic [Platinum (IV)] Pt

Radicals with Negative Valency

Negative Valency 1 Symbol

–
1. Fluoride F
–
2. Chloride Cl
–
3. Bromide Br
–
4. Iodide I
–
5. Hypochlorite ClO

6. Chlorate ClO 3-

7. Bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate HCO 3-

8. Bisulphite or hydrogen sulphite HSO-3

–
9. Bisulphide or hydrogen sulphide HS

10. Bisulphate or hydrogen sulphate HSO-4

–
11. Hydride H
–
12. Hydroxide OH
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

13. Aluminate AlO -2

14. Permanganate MnO 4-

–
15. Cyanide CN

16. Nitrite NO-2

17. Nitrate NO3-

–
18. Acetate CH 3COO

13
Class IX : Chemistr y

Negative Valency 2 Symbol

1. Sulphate SO 24-

2. Sulphite SO 23-
2–
3. Sulphide S

4. Thiosulphate S2 O 32 -

5. Zincate ZnO 22-

6. Plumbate PbO32-
2–
7. Oxide O

8. Peroxide O 22-

9. Manganate MnO 24 -

10. Dichromate Cr2O72 -

11. Carbonate CO 23 -

12. Silicate SiO23 -

13. Stannate SnO 23-

14. Oxalate (COO)22-

Negative Valency 3 Symbol

3–
1. Nitride N
3–
2. Phosphide P
3. Phosphite PO33 -

4. Phosphate PO34 -

Negative Valency 4 Symbol

4–
1. Carbide C
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Illustration 1. Some element exist as single atom. Where as others can’t why ?
Solution. The atoms of only a few elements called noble gases (such as helium, neon, argon,
krypton, etc.) are chemically unreactive and exist in the free state (as single atoms).
Atoms of most of the elements are chemically very reactive and do not exist in the free
state (as single atoms).

14
 Atoms and Molecules
Illustration 2. Match the following elements & compounds given in column-A with column-B

Column-A Column-B
Elements/Compound Atomicity
(1) Argon (a) 8
(2) Sulphur (b) 4
(3) Oxygen (c) 2
(4) Phosphorous (d) 1
(5) Ozone (e) 3
(6) Bromine (f) 5
(7) Carbon monoxide (g) 6
(8) Hydrogen peroxide (h) 7
(9) Lime water
(10) Ammonia
(11) Quick Lime
(12) Baking Soda
(13) Lime Stone
(14) Common salt
(15) Sodium Sulphate

Solution. (1) ® d ; (2) ® a ; (3) ® c ; (4) ® b ; (5) ® e ; (6) ® c ; (7) ®c ; (8) ® b ; (9) ® f ;
(10) ® b ; (11) ® c ; (12) ® g ; (13) ® f ; (14) ® c ; (15) ® h

Objective Questions
1. A particle which maintains its chemical identity even after physical and chemical changes is :
(A) Atom (B) Molecule (C) Compound (D) None of these
2. The atomic symbols for mercury and potassium are respectively :
(A) Mr & P (B) K & Hg (C) Hg & P (D) Hg & K
3. Which of the following is not divalent ?
(A) Sulphate (B) Sulphite (C) Phosphate (D) Peroxide
4. Which of the following statement is correct :
(A) Atoms of same element only combine to form compounds
(B) Atoms of different elements only combine to form compounds.
(C) Atoms of same or different elements may combine to form compounds.
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

(D) All are wrong

5. Molecules of phosphorus and ammonia are respectively :
(A) Monoatomic & Triatomic (B) Tetra-atomic & Triatomic
(C) Tetra-atomic & Tetra-atomic (D) Monoatomic
Subjective Questions
6. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
(a) Quick lime (b) Hydrogen bromide (c) Baking powder (d) Potassium sulphate
7. What are poly atomic ions? Give example.
8. Write significance of atomic symbols.

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Class IX : Chemistr y

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

(AM-4)
7.0 FORMATION OF MOLECULE
7.1 Ionic Bond
The chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom is known as
electrovalent bond or ionic bond.
The transfer of electrons takes place in such a way that the ions formed have the stable electronic
arrangement of an inert gas. The electrovalent bond is also known as ionic bond because it is a
chemical bond between oppositely charged ions.
An electrovalent bond is formed when one of the atoms can donate electrons to achieve the inert
gas configuration, and other atom needs electrons to achieve the inert gas configuration.
The electrovalent bonds are formed between metals and non-metals.
The metal atoms have usually 1,2 or 3 electrons in their outermost shells, which they can donate to
form stable positive ions. On the other hand, non-metal atoms have usually 5, 6 or 7 electrons in
their outer most shells, so they need electrons to form stable negative ions.
Examples of Ionic Bond
Formation of Magnesium oxide
Magnesium metal burns in oxygen to form an electrovalent compound (or ionic compound),
Magnesium oxide. We will now explain how Magnesium oxide is formed and what changes take
place in the electronic configuration of Magnesium and Oxygen atoms during the formation of this
compound.
The atomic number of Magnesium is 12, so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 2. We see that the
Magnesium atom has 2 electrons in its outer most shell. So, the Magnesium atom donates its 2
2+
outermost electrons (to an oxygen atom) and forms a stable Magnesium ion, Mg , having the
electron arrangement of a Neon atom :
-2 electrons
Mg Mg2+
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion
2, 8, 2 2, 8

The atomic number of Oxygen is 8, so its electronic configuration is 2, 6. We find that Oxygen atom
has 6 electrons in its outermost shell,so it requires 2 more electrons to achieve the stable 8-electron
outermost shell configuration of an inert gas. Thus, an Oxygen atom accepts 2 electrons (donated by
2–
a Magnesium atom) and forms a stable oxide ion, O having the electron arrangement of a Neon
atom :
+2 electrons 2–
O O
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Oxygen atom Oxide ion

2, 6 2, 8

We find that the Magnesium ion has 2 units of positive charge whereas the oxide ion has 2 units of
2+ 2–
negative charge. The oppositely charged Magnesium ions, Mg , and oxide ions, O , are held
2+ 2–
together by a strong force of electrostatic attraction to form magnesium oxide compound Mg O
or MgO. Thus, Magnesium oxide contains electrovalent bond or ionic bond. The complete reaction
can be written as :
Example :
2–
·
Mg + ·· · 2+ ··
MgO
O
· · Mg ·
· O ·
· or
··

Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

atom atom ion ion
2, 8, 2 2, 6 2, 8 2, 8

Magnesium oxide
16
 Atoms and Molecules
Example :
2+
–
Mg + 2 Mg 2 or MgCl2
Magnesium Two chlorine Magnesium Two chloride
atom atoms ion ions
2, 8, 2 2 (2, 8, 7) 2, 8 2, 8, 8

Magnesium chloride
Example :
··
–
K · ··
+ ·Cl
··
· K+ ·
· Cl ·
· or KCl
··

Potassium Chlorine Potassium Chloride

atom atoms ion ions
2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8 2, 8, 8

Potassium chloride

7.2 Covalent Bond

In case of ionic compounds it is the loss or gain of electrons that results in the stable octet electronic
configuration. The gain or loss of electrons cannot take place between similar atoms.
In such cases, bond is formed between two atoms by mutual sharing of electrons.
“A force which binds atoms of same or different elements by mutual sharing of electrons is called a
covalent bond”.
The term ‘covalent bond’ was introduced by Langmuir in 1919.
Formation of Covalent Bond
The atoms involved in bond formation contribute equal number. of electrons for sharing. The shared
electrons become a common property of both the atoms and constitute bond between them. The
shared pair of electron which is responsible for the formation of bond is called bond pair of
electrons.

Covalent Bonds are of three types

(A) Single covalent bond
(B) Double covalent bond
(C) Triple covalent bond

Examples of Covalent Bond

(A) Single Covalent Bond
A single bond is formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms or in other words
a single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of 2 electrons between the atoms, each atom
contributing one electron for sharing.
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

(1) Homonuclear Single Bonded Covalent Compounds

Example -
Cl2 [Chlorine molecule]

Shared Pair of electrons

·· ·· ·· ··
·
· Cl ·
· + Cl
·
··
· ·
· Cl
··
· · Cl
··
·
·
··

Chlorine Chlorine
atom atom
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7 Cl - Cl
Single Bond

17
Class IX : Chemistr y

(2) Heteronuclear Single Bonded Covalent Compounds

Example -
NH3 [Ammonia]
·· ·
· N· · + 3H
Lone pair of electron
··
H ·· N ·· H
Shared electron, pairs

··
H

(B) Double Covalent Bond

A double covalent bond is formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms.

(1) Homonuclear Double Bonded Covalent compounds

Example -
O2 [ Oxygen molecule]
·· ··
·
O ·
· + O
··
·
··
·· ··
· ·
O
··
· · O
··

Bonded pairs
of electrons
(2) Heteronuclear Double Bonded Covalent compounds
Example -
CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
·· ··
· ··
· · · · Where represents
··
C· · + 2 O ·· O · · C · · O
·· ·· ·· long pair of electron

Bonded pair
of electron
(C) Triple Covalent Bond
It is formed by sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms.
(1) Homonuclear Triple Bonded Covalent compounds
Example -
N2 (Nitrogen Molecule)
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

(2) Heteronuclear Triple Bonded Covalent compounds

Example -
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Lone pair
··
H · + · C ··· + ··· N H · · C N
Bond pair of electrons

18
 Atoms and Molecules
8.0 WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
We represent the atoms with the help of symbols. In the same way, the molecules can also be
represented by the symbols of the constituent atoms. This is known as the chemical formula
of the molecule, or in other words we can say, chemical formula of a molecular compound represents
the actual number & kind of atoms of different elements present in one molecule of the compound,
e.g. H2O.

Some ionic compounds

Ionic Compound Constituting Elements Ratio by Mass
Calcium oxide Calcium and oxygen 5:2
Magnesium sulphide Magnesium and sulphur 3:4
Sodium chloride Sodium and chlorine 23 : 35.5

Chemical formula of an ionic compound simply represents the ratio of the cations & anions present
in the structure of the compound, eg. : NaCl. However, in both cases, the writing of chemical formula
is based on the concept of "Valency".
Valency of an element is defined as the combining capacity of the element.
It is also equal to the number of hydrogen atoms or number of chlorine atoms or double the number
of oxygen atoms with which one atom of the element combines.
Important points
1 . While writing the formula of an ionic compound the metal is written on the left hand side while
the non-metal is written on the right hand side. The name of the metal remains as such but
that of the non-metal is changed to have the ending 'ide'.
Example : MgO is named as magnesium oxide, KCl is named potassium chloride etc.
2. Molecular compounds, formed by the combination between two different non-metals, are written
in such a way that the less electronegative element is written on the left hand side while
the more electronegative element is written on the right hand side. In naming molecular
compounds, the name of the less electronegative non-metal is written as such but the name
of the more electronegative element is changed to have the ending 'ide'.
Example : H2S is named as hydrogen sulphide.
3. When there is more than one atom of an element present in the formula of the compound, then
the number of atoms are indicated by the use of appropriate prefixes (mono for 1, di for 2,
tri for 3. tetra for 4 atoms etc.) in the name of the compound.
Example : CO2 is named as carbon dioxide, CCl4 is named as carbon tetra chloride.
4. The prefixes are also needed in naming those binary compounds in which the two non-metals
form more than one compound (by having different number of atoms).
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Example : Two non-metal, nitrogen and oxygen, combine to form different compound like
Nitrogen monoxide (NO), Nitrogen di-oxide (NO2), Nitrogen tri oxide (N2O3) etc.
5. But, if two non-metals form only one compound, then prefixes are not used in naming such
compounds.
Example : Hydrogen and sulphur combine to form only one compound H2S, So H2S is named
as hydrogen sulphide and not hydrogen monosulphide.
8.1 Writing of formula of molecular compound
Steps
The steps to be followed for writing the formula of molecular compound are,
1. First, write the symbols of the elements contributing in the compound.
2. Then, below each symbol, write its corresponding valency

19
Class IX : Chemistr y
3. Finally, we exchange the valencies of the combining atoms that is, with first atom, we write
the valency of the second atom and with second atom, we write the valency of the first atom,
the valencies are to be written as subscripts to the symbols.
4. If the valencies have any common factor, then the formula is divided by the common factor.
This gives the required formula of the compound.
Example : To work out for the formula of hydrogen sulphide
(i) Hydrogen sulphide compound is made up of hydrogen and sulphur elements. So first we
write down the symbol of hydrogen and sulphur.
(ii) The valency of hydrogen is 1 and the valency of sulphur is 2. So below the symbol H we
write 1 and below the symbol S we write 2.
H S
Symbol H S
1 2
Valencies 1 2 Cross-over valencies
5. We now cross-over the valencies of H and S atoms. With H atom we write the valency of S
(which is 2) so that it becomes H 2 with S atom we write the valency of H (which is 1) so that
it becomes S1. Now, joining together H2 and S1 the formula of hydrogen sulphide becomes
H2S1 or H2S (This is because we don't write the subscript 1 with an atom in a formula).

8.2 Writing the formula of Ionic compound

Steps
1. First, write the symbols of the ions from which the ionic compound is made. As a convention,
the cation is written on the left side while the anion is written on the right side.
2. Then, the valencies of the respective cation and anion are written below their symbols.
3. The valencies of the cation and anion are exchanged. The number of cation and anions in the
formula of the compound are adjusted in such a way that total positive charge of cation become
equal to the total negative charge of the anion making the ionic compound electrically neutral.
4. The final formula of the ionic compound is then written but the charges present on the cation
and the anion are not shown.
Examples
(a) Molecular compounds
A m m onia M eth a n e C a rbo n d iox id e
N H C H C O

3 1 4 1 4 2
N H3 CH 4 C 2O 4 or C O 2
(b) Ionic compounds
S o d iu m ch lorid e S o diu m p h o sp h ate
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Na Cl Na (P O )4

+1 –1 +1 –3
N aC l Na 3 PO4

8.3 Significance of molecular formula of a substance

(i) It tells the name of the substance.
(ii) It tells about the names of the different elements present in the substance.
(iii) It represents one molecule of the substance.
(iv) It tells about the number of atoms of each element present in 1 molecule of substance.
(v) It tells about atomicity of the substance.

20
 Atoms and Molecules
Chemical formula of some compounds
Positive ion (cation) Negative ion (anion)
Name of the Chemical
Valency Valency
compound Name Formula Name Formula Formula
number number
Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen H 1 Chloride Cl 1 HCl
Hydrogen sulphide Hydrogen H 1 Sulphide S 2 H2S
Sulphuric acid H2(SO4)1,
Hydrogen H 1 Sulphate SO4 2
(Hydrogen sulphate) H2(SO4)
Na1(NO3)1,
Sodium nitrate Sodium Na 1 Nitrate NO3 1
NaNO3
Al3(PO4)3,
Aluminium phosphate Aluminium Al 3 Phosphate PO4 3
AlPO4
Aluminium sulphate Aluminium Al 3 Sulphate SO4 2 Al2(SO4)3

Fe2(SO4)2,
Ferrous sulphate Ferrous Fe 2 Sulphate SO4 2
FeSO4
Ferric
Ferric Fe 3 Sulphate SO4 2 Fe2(SO4)3
sulphate
Potassium Dichromat K2(Cr2O7)1,
Potassium K 1 Cr2O7 2
dichromate e K2Cr2O7
Magnesium
Magnesium Mg 2 Nitrate NO3 1 Mg(NO3)2
nitrate
Barium Ba2(CO3)2,
Barium Ba 2 Carbonate CO3 2
carbonate BaCO3
Potassium Permang
Potassium K 1 MnO4 1 KMnO4
permanganate -anate
Calcium
Calcium Ca 2 Hydroxide OH 1 Ca(OH)2
hydroxide
Aluminium oxide Aluminium Al 3 Oxide O 2 Al2O3
Magnesium
Magnesium Mg 2 Phosphate PO4 3 Mg3(PO4)2
phosphate
Ammonium sulphate Ammonium NH4 1 Sulphite SO3 2 (NH4)2SO3

Zinc phosphate Zinc Zn 2 Phosphate PO4 3 Zn3(PO4)2

Illustration 1. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3 (ii) CaCl2 (iii) K2SO4 (iv) KNO3 (v) CaCO3
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Solution. (i) Al2(SO4)3 : Aluminium sulphate

(ii) CaCl2 : Calcium chloride
(iii) K2SO4 : Potassium sulphate
(iv) KNO3 : Potassium nitrate
(v) CaCO3 : Calcium carbonate

Illustration 2. What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Solution. The chemical formula of a compound means the symbolic representation of the
composition of a compound. For example, from the chemical formula CO2 of carbon
dioxide, we come to know that one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are chemically
bonded together to form one molecule of the compound, carbon dioxide.

21
Class IX : Chemistr y

Objective Questions
1. The bond which is formed by sharing of electrons is :
(A) Covalent bond (B) Coordinate bond (C) Ionic bond (D) Hydrogen bond

2. Electrovalent bond is formed between :

(A) Two metals (B) Two nonmetals
(C) A metal and a non metal (D) Two metalloids

3. Formula of Calcium phosphate is :

(A) Ca2PO4 (B) Ca2(PO4)3 (C) Ca3(PO4)2 (D) CaPO4

4. Negative radicals are also called :

(A) Acid radicals (B) Basic radicals (C) Neutral radicals (D) Amphoteric radicals

5. A radical which consist only one type of atom :

(A) Simple radical (B) Compound radical (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Subjective Questions
6. Number of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen in HCN is :

7. Number of lone pair of electrons on each oxygen atom in CO 2 molecule :

8. Write the formula for the following.

(a) Caustic potash (b) Baking soda
(c) Lime stone (d) Caustic soda
(e) Ethanol (f) Common salt

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

22
 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

(AM-5)

9.0 ATOMIC MASS

Atom is so small in size that it may not be possible to isolate a single atom and then weigh it. For
–24
example, an atom of hydrogen has mass equal to 1.67 × 10 g.
To solve this problem, it was suggested that the mass of an atom should be expressed as the relative
mass. It could be done by fixing the mass of some atom of a particular element as the standard
mass. The masses of the other atoms could be compared relative to it. In the beginning, hydrogen
was chosen to be standard element because it happens to be the lightest of all the elements. Later,
it was found that hydrogen gas in its natural state has three isotopes. Thus the average mass of
naturally occurring hydrogen works out as 1.008 amu rather than 1 amu.
However, using hydrogen as the reference, the masses of atoms of other elements came out to be
th
fractional. Hence, the reference was changed to oxygen taken as 16. In other words , 1/16 of
the mass of an atom of naturally occurring oxygen was taken as one unit. This was selected because
of the following two reasons.
(i) Oxygen combined with most of the elements.
(ii) By comparing with oxygen taken as 16, the relative atomic masses of most of the elements
were found to be whole numbers.
However, a difficulty arouse when it was found that naturally occurring oxygen is a mixture of
atoms of slightly different masses (called "isotopes").

Carbon-12 as standard reference

12
It was found that the atomic mass of the most common isotope of carbon, C is a whole number
12
12. Thus, the mass of 1/12 of C is equivalent to 1 atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) or unified atomic
mass. Atomic mass of a substance when expressed in terms of grams is called gram atomic mass.
Atomic masses of some common elements (in amu or u)

Element Symbol Atomic mass

Hydrogen H 1
Carbon C 12
Lithium Li 7
Nitrogen N 14
Oxygen O 16
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Fluorine F 19
Neon Ne 20
Sodium Na 23
Magnesium Mg 24
Phosphorous P 31
Sulphur S 32
Chlorine Cl 35.5
Calcium Ca 40

23
Class IX : Chemistr y
9.1 Average Atomic Mass
There are many cases where different atoms of the same element possess different relative masses.
Such atoms of the same element which have different relative masses are called isotopes. In such
cases atomic mass of the element is average of relative masses of different isotopes of the element.
For example, Chlorine contains two types of atoms having relative masses 35 u and 37 u. The
relative abundance of these isotopes in nature is in the ratio 3 : 1. Thus, atomic mass of Chlorine is
the average of these different relative masses as described below :

( 35 ´ 3 + 37 ´ 1)
Atomic mass of Chlorine = = 35.5 u.
4
Thus, the atomic mass of an element may be defined as the average relative mass of an
atom of the element as compared with the mass of an atom of Carbon (C-12) taken
as 12 u (or 12 amu).
The use of relative masses of atoms is preferred over absolute masses because gram is too big unit
for expressing their masses. If some how we express the mass of an atom in gram the numerical
value which we get is extremely small and hence, inconvenient to use. For example, mass of an
–23
atom of Carbon (C-12) is 1.99×10 gram.

9.2 Gram Atomic Mass (GAM)

It may be defined as that much quantity of the element whose mass in gram is
numerically equal to its atomic mass. Gram atomic mass is also called one gram-atom of
the element. For example, atomic mass of Magnesium (Mg) is 24 u, therefore,
1 gram-atom of Mg = Gram atomic mass of Mg = 24 g
2 gram-atom of Mg = 2 × Gram atomic mass of Mg = (2 × 24) g = 48 g.
From the above discussion, we can get the relationship between mass of the element and its gram-
atoms as :
Mass in gram W( g )
Number of g-atom = =
Gram atomic mass GAM

10.0 M O L E C U L A R M A S S
Like atoms, the molecules are also very small in size. Hence, their actual masses cannot be determined
by direct weighing. Therefore, masses of molecules are also determined relative to the mass of
Carbon atom (C– 12) taken as 12 u. These relative masses of molecules are called molecular
masses. Molecular mass of a substance (element or compound) may be defined as the average
relative mass of a molecule of the substance as compared with mass of an atom of
Carbon (C-12) taken as 12 u.
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Molecular mass of a substance tells us the number of times a molecule of the substance is heavier
than 1/12th of mass of a Carbon (C-12) atom. For example, molecular mass of water (H2O) is 18 u.
It means that a molecule of water is 18 times heavier than 1/12th of mass of a Carbon atom (C-12).
Molecular mass of a substance can be obtained by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms
present in a molecule of the substance. For example,
Molecular mass of NH3 = atomic mass of N + 3 (atomic mass of H)
= 14 + 3× 1 = 17 u.

10.1 Gram Molecular Mass (GMM)

It may be defined as that much quantity of the substance (element or compound) whose
mass in gram is numerically equal to its molecular mass. Gram molecular mass is also
called one gram-molecule of the substance. For example, molecular mass of Ammonia is 17 u.

24
 Atoms and Molecules
Therefore,
1 gram-molecule of NH3 = gram molecular mass of NH3 = 17 g
2 gram-molecule of NH3 = 2 × gram molecular mass of NH3 = (2× 17) g = 34 g.
From the above discussion it follows that
Mass in gram W ( g)
Number of g-molecule = Gram molecular mass =
GMM

10.2 Formula Mass

Since ionic compounds do not consist of molecules, the use of term ‘molecular mass’ for them is
not very correct. So, we use the term ‘formula mass’ for ionic compounds in which individual
molecules do not exist. The formula mass of an ionic compound is the relative mass of
its ‘formula unit’ as compared with the mass of a Carbon-12 atom taken as 12
units. In other words, formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms (or ions) represented
by its formula. In order to calculate the formula mass of an ionic compound, we should know the
formula of the ionic compound as well as the atomic masses of all the atoms (or ions) present in the
formula.
The formula mass is then calculated in a way similar to the calculation of molecular mass. Please
note that the atomic mass of an atom and its ion is just the same (because the
electrons which convert an atom into an ion have negligible mass). For example, the
formula mass of Sodium chloride (NaCl) will be the sum of atomic masses of Sodium (Na) and
Chlorine (Cl). Now, the atomic mass of Na is 23 u and the atomic mass of Cl is 35.5 u, so the
formula mass of Sodium chloride (NaCl) will be 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 u.

Illustration 1. Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, Cl2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4,NH3,CH3OH.
Solution. Molecular mass of H2 = 2 × Atomic mass ( H) = 2 × 1 = 2 u
Molecular mass of O2 = 2 × Atomic mass (O) = 2 × 16 = 32 u
Molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 × Atomic mass (Cl) = 2 × 35.5 = 71 u
Molecular mass of CO2 = Atomic mass ( C) + 2 × Atomic mass (O)
= 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 u
Molecular mass of CH4 = Atomic mass (C ) + 4 × Atomic mass (H)
= 12 + 4 × 1 = 16 u
Molecular mass of C2H6 = 2 × Atomic mass of C + 6 × Atomic mass of H
= 2 × 12+6×1= 30 u
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Molecular mass of C2H4 = 2 × Atomic mass (C) + 4 × Atomic mass (H)

= 2×12+4×1=28 u
Molecular mass of NH3 = Atomic mass of N + 3 × Atomic mass of H
= 14 + 3 × 1 = 17 u
Molecular mass of CH3OH = Atomic mass (C)+4×Atomic mass (H)+Atomic mass (O)
= 2 + 4 × 1 + 16 = 32 u

25
Class IX : Chemistr y

Objective Questions
1. Number of gram atoms in 72g of Mg :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2. Weight in gms of 2 gram-molecules of H2O :

(A) 18 (B) 36 (C) 9 (D) 72

3. Molecular mass of H2SO4 is :

(A) 49 u (B) 98 u (C) 72 u (D) 96 u

4. Number of gram molecules in 63 gm HNO3 :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

5. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2u. What are the percentage of isotope
16
8 X and 18
8 X in the sample ?
(A) 16
8 X = 10% and 18
8 X = 90% (B) 16
8 X = 90% and 18
8 X = 10%
(C) 16
8 X = 52% and 18
8 X = 48% (D) None of these

Subjective Questions

6. Calculate the molecular masses of H2O2, HCl, CaCO3, C6H6, CH3COOH

7. Which of the following has highest molecular mass.

(i) C8H16O8 (ii) C7H14O7 (iii) C6H12O6 (iv) C5H10O5
(v) C6H4Cl2

8. Why do atomic mass of element is different from actual atomic masses of the atoms of the
element ?

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

26
 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

(AM-6)

11.0 MOLE CONCEPT

In everyday life, we buy things in terms of number or in terms of mass (or weight). Further, generally
a bigger unit for counting numbers such as dozen (for 12), score (for 20) or gross (for 144) is used
& similarly, a bigger unit for mass like kilogram or quintal etc. is used. For example, we buy eggs,
bananas, oranges etc. in dozens whereas we buy wheat, rice, sugar etc. in kilograms.
There is a very close analogy or similarity between the terms mole & dozen. A dozen always represents
12 articles. They may be apples, oranges, pens etc. In a similar way, a mole represents
23
6.022 × 10 particles.
They may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, protons etc.
23
Gram atomic mass of an element contains 6.022 × 10 atoms. Similarly the gram molecular mass
of a compound also contains the same number of molecules.
For example : The gram atomic mass of carbon = 12 g. The mass of one atom of carbon
–23
= 1.9924 × 10 g. The number of C-atoms in 12 g of carbon will be,

Gram atomic mass of carbon

No. of C-atoms =
Mass of one carbon atom

12(g)
= -23
= 6.022 ´ 10 23
1.9924 ´ 10 (g)

Similarly, gram molecular mass of oxygen (O 2 ) = 32 g. The mass of one molecule is

–23
5.313 × 10 g. The number of oxygen molecules in 32 g of oxygen will be,
Gram molecular mass
No. of O2 molecules =
Mass of one oxygen molecule

32(g)
= -23
= 6.022 ´ 10 23 .
5.313 ´ 10 (g)
23
This 6.022 × 10 is known as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant & is denoted by either
'N0' or 'NA'. A mole denotes Avogadro's number of particles.
23
One mole of H-atoms = 6.022 × 10 H-atoms
23
One mole of O2-molecules = 6.022 × 10 O2-molecules
+ 23
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

One mole of sodium ions (Na ) = 6.022 × 10 sodium ions.

Necessity of mole concept
We know that the atoms & molecules of any substance (element or compound respectively) are
23
very small in size. This is quite evident from the fact that 12 g of carbon contains 6.022 × 10
atoms of carbon. This means that it may not be possible to count these atoms individually.
However, they can collectively be represented as one mole. This is a very convenient method to
represent different particles.
A mole of particles is therefore, defined as that amount of the substance which contains Avogadro's
number of particles. Thus,
23
1 mole of C - atoms = 6.022 × 10 atoms = 12 gm
23
1 mole of O - atoms = 6.022 × 10 atoms = 16 gm

27
Class IX : Chemistr y
23
1 mole of O2 molecules = 6.022 × 10 molecules of O2 = 32 gm
23
1 mole of H2O molecules = 6.022 × 10 molecules of H2O = 18 gm
23
Thus , 1 mole of atoms = 6.022 × 10 atoms.
23
1 mole of molecules = 6.022 × 10 molecules.
For example : oxygen atom in elementary oxygen (O) and oxygen molecule is O2.
23
1 mole of oxygen atoms (O) = 6.022 × 10 oxygen atoms
23
1 mole of oxygen molecules = 6.022 × 10 oxygen molecules.

Memory chart

1 mole of
carbon atoms

6.022 × 1023 12 gm of
atoms of C carbon atoms
1 mole of
hydrogen atoms

6.022 × 10
23
1 gm of
atoms of H H atoms
1 mole of any particle
(atoms, molecule, ions)

6.022 × 1023 number Relative mass of those

of that particle particles in grams
1 m o le of
m olecule s

6.022 × 1023 M o lecula r m as s

number of particle in gram s

Fig. Relationship between mole, Avogadro number and mass.

23
6.022 × 10 22.4 L of a
Particles In f gas at N.T.P.
te
par rms o mso
te r e
ticl f In olum
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

es v
1 mole of oxygen atoms
23 1 MOLE
= 6.022 × 10 atoms
1 mole of oxygen molecules
23
= 6.022 × 10 molecules In terms of
mass

1 gram atom 1 gram molecule 1 gram formula

of element of substance weight of substance

12 g 23 g 18 g 44 g 58.5 g 100 g
C Na H2O CO2 NaCl CaCO3

28
 Atoms and Molecules

Illustration 1. Covert 22 g of carbon dioxide (CO2) into moles. (Atomic masses : C = 12 u ;

O = 16 u)
Solution. 1 mole of CO2 = Molecular mass of CO2 in grams
= Mass of C + Mass of O × 2
= 12 + 32
= 44 grams
So, the mass of 1 mole of carbon dioxide is 44 grams.
Now, 44 g of carbon dioxide = 1 mole
1
So, 22 g of carbon dioxide = ´ 22 mole
44
1
= = 0.5 mole
2
Thus, 22 grams of carbon dioxide are equal to 0.5 mole.
Note : The above problem can also be solved directly by using the formula :
Mass of subs tan ce in grams
Number of moles of molecules = Gram molecular mass of subs tan ce

22 1
= = = 0.5 mole
44 2
Thus, 22 grams of carbon dioxide constitute 0.5 mole of carbon dioxide.
A yet another way of writing the above formula is by using the term ‘molar mass’ in
place of ‘gram molecular mass’. That is :
Mass of subs tan ce
Number of moles of molecules = Molar mass of subs tan ce

In the above case, mass of substance is 22 grams and Molar mass of the substance is
44 g/mol.

Illustration 2. What is the mass of 0.5 mole of water (H2O). (Atomic masses : H = 1 u ; O = 16 u)
Solution. In order to solve this problem, we should know the mass of 1 mole of water. This can be
obtained by using the given values of the atomic masses of hydrogen and oxygen as
follows :
1 mole of water (H2O) = Molecular mass of H2O in grams
= Mass of 2H atoms + Mass of O atom
= 2 × 1 + 16
= 2 + 16 = 18 grams
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Thus, the mass of 1 mole of water is 18 grams.

Now, Mass of 1 mole of water = 18 g
So, Mass of 0.5 mole of water = 18 × 0.5 g = 9 g
Thus, the mass of 0.5 mole of water (H2O) is 9 grams.

Illustration 3. What is the number of molecules in 0.25 moles of oxygen?

Solution. We know that :
23
1 mole of oxygen contains = 6.022 × 10 molecules
23
So, 0.25 mole of oxygen contains = 6.022 × 10 × 0.25
23
= 1.505 × 10 molecules
23
Thus, 0.25 mole of oxygen contains 1.505 × 10 molecules.

29
Class IX : Chemistr y
Illustration 4. A piece of copper weighs 0.635 g. How many atoms of copper does it contain?
Solution. Gram atomic mass of copper = 63.5 g
0.635
Number of moles in 0.635 g of copper = = 0.01
63.5
23
Number of copper atoms in one mole = 6.02 × 10
23 21
Number of copper atoms in 0.01 moles = 0.01 × 6.02 × 10 = 6.02 × 10

Illustration 5. How many molecules of water and oxygen atoms are present in 0.9 g of water?
Solution. Gram molecular mass of water = 18 g
0.9
Number of moles in 0.9 g of water = = 0.05
18
23
Number of water molecules in one mole of water = 6.02 × 10
23 22
Number of molecules of water in 0.05 moles = 0.05 × 6.02 × 10 = 3.010 × 10
As one molecule of water contains one oxygen atom.
22 22
So, number of oxygen atoms in 3.010 × 10 molecule of water = 3.010 × 10

Illustration 6. Calculate the mass of a single atom of sulphur and a single molecule of carbon dioxide?
Solution. Gram atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g
Gram atomic mass
Mass of one sulphur atom =
6.02 ´ 10 23

32
= 23
= 5.33 ´ 10 -23 g
6.02 ´ 10

Formula of carbon dioxide = CO2

Molecular mass of CO2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44
Gram molecular mass of CO2 = 44 g
Gram molecular mass
Mass of one molecule of CO2 =
6.02 ´ 10 23

44
= 23
= 7.308 ´ 10 -23 g
6.02 ´ 10

22
Illustration 7. What is the mass of 3.01 × 10 molecules of ammonia ?
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

Solution. Gram-molecular mass of ammonia = 17 g

23
Number of molecules in 17 g (one mole) of NH3 = 6.02 ×10
22
Let the mass of 3.01 × 10 molecules of NH3 be = x g

3.01 ´ 10 22 x
So, 23
=
6.02 ´ 10 17

17 ´ 3.01 ´ 10 22
or x = = 0.85g
6.02 ´ 10 23

30
 Atoms and Molecules
21
Illustration 8. From 200 mg of CO2,10 molecules are removed. How many moles of CO2 are left?
Solution. Gram-molecular mass of CO2 = 44 g
44
Mass of 10
21
molecules of CO2 = 23
´ 10 21 = 0.073 g
6.02 ´ 10
Mass of CO2 left = (0.2 – 0.073) = 0.127 g

0.127
Number of moles of CO2 left = = 2.88 ´ 10 -3
44

Illustration 9. How many electrons are present in 1.6 g of methane?

Solution. Gram-molecular mass of methane
(CH4 )= 12 + 4 = 16 g

1.6
Number of moles in 1.6 g of methane = = 0.1
16
Number of molecules of methane in 0.1 mole
23
= 0.1 × 6.02 × 10
22
= 6.02 × 10
One molecule of methane has = 6 + 4 = 10 electrons
22
So, 6.02 × 10 molecules of methane have
22
= 10 × 6.02 × 10 electrons
23
= 6.02 × 10 electrons
20
Illustration 10 Suppose the chemists had chosen 10 as the number of particles in a mole. What
would be the molecular mass of oxygen gas?
23
Solution 6.022 × 10 molecules of oxygen weigh = 32 g
32 –23
\ Mass of 1 molecule of oxygen = = 5.32 × 10 g
6.022 ´ 10 23
20
If the mole contained 10 particles
20 –23 20
The mass of one mole i.e., 10 particles = 5.32 × 10 × 10
–3
= 5.32 × 10 g
–3
\ Molecular mass of oxygen = 5.32 × 10 g
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

31
Class IX : Chemistr y

Objective Questions
1. Mass of Avogadro number of oxygen (O) atoms equal to :
(A) 16 u (B) 16 g (C) 32 g (D) 6 kg

2. The element whose gram - atomic mass and gram molecular mass are the same :
(A) Hydrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Nitrogen (D) Helium

23 23
3. Volume of a mixture of 6.023 × 10 oxygen atoms and 3.01×10 hydrogen molecules at NTP is:
(A) 28 litre (B) 33.6 litre (C) 11.2 litre (D) 22.4 litre

22
4. 4.6 × 10 atoms of an element weigh 13.8 g. The atomic mass of the element is :
(A) 290 (B) 180 (C) 34.4 (D) 10.4

5. The total number of protons in 10 g of calcium carbonate is :

24 24 24 24
(A) 3.0115 × 10 (B) 1.5067 × 10 (C) 2.0478 × 10 (D) 4.0956 × 10

Subjective Questions
6. Arrange the following in order of increasing masses:
(i) 0.1 gram–atom of silver
(ii) 0.1 mole of H2SO4
23
(iii) 10 molecule of CO2 gas
(iv) 1 gram of carbon
23
(v) 10 atoms of calcium.
(Atomic masses : Ag = 108 u, S = 32 u, N = 14 u, Ca = 40 u)

7. Calculate the no. of molecules in a drop of water weighing 0.07 g.

8. 2.76 g of silver carbonate (at. mass of Ag = 108) on being heated strongly yields a residue
weighing......g.
1
Strong heating
Ag2CO3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® 2Ag + CO2 + O
2 2
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

32
 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

(AM-7)

12.0 EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MASS

We have just seen that knowing the molecular formula of the compound we can calculate percentage
composition of the elements. Conversely if we know the percentage composition of the elements
initially, we can calculate the relative number of atoms of each element in the molecules of the
compound. This gives as the empirical formula of the compound. Further if the molecular mass is
known then the molecular formula can be easily determined.
Thus, the empirical formula of a compound is a chemical formula showing the relative number of
atoms in the simplest ratio, the molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element
in a molecule.
i.e. Empirical formula : Formula depicting constituent atom in their simplest ratio.
Molecular formula : Formula depicting actual number of atom in one molecule of the compound.
The molecular formula is generally an integral multiple of the empirical formula.
i.e. molecular formula = empirical formula × n

molecular formula mass

Where n = empirical formula mass

Illustration 1. An organic substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following
percentage composition.
C = 40.687 % ; H = 5.085 % and O = 54.228 % The molecular weight of the compound
is 118. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
Solution Step-1
To calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

Percentage
Element Symbol % At. mass Relative no. Simplest whole of
At.mass
atoms
40.687 3.390
Carbon C 40.687 12 =3.390 =1 2
12 3.389
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

5.085 5.085
Hydrogen H 5.085 1 =5.035 =1.5 3
1 3.389

54.228 3.389
Oxygen O 54.228 16 =3.389 =1 2
16 3.389
\ Empirical formula is C2H3O2
Step - 2
To calculate the empirical formula mass.
The empirical formula of the compound is C2H3O2.
\ Empirical formula mass
= (2 × 12) + (3 × 1) + (2 × 16) = 59.

33
Class IX : Chemistr y
Step - 3
To calculate the value of 'n'
molecular mass 118
n = Empirical formula mass = =2
59
Step - 4
To calculate the molecular formula of the salt
Molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula)
= 2 × C2H3O2 = C4H6O4
Thus the molecular formula is C4H6O4.

Objective Questions

1. The correct molecular formula of a compound in which Carbon and Hydrogen are present in the
atomic ratio 1 : 1.5 is :
(A) C1H1.5 (B) C4H6 (C) C2H3 (D) C1.5 H1

2. A hydrocarbon contains 80% carbon. The empirical formula of the compound is :

(A) CH2 (B) CH3 (C) C5H2 (D) None of these

3. An organic compound has the empirical formula CH.Its molecular mass is 78. Molecular formula
of the compound will be
(A) CH4 (B) C6H6 (C) C4H10 (D) C6H8

4. The empirical formula of a compound of molecular mass 240 is CH2 O. The molecular formula
of the compound is:
(A) C8H16O8 (B) C7H14O7 (C) C6H12O6 (D) C5H10O5
22
5. A sample of pure compound contains 1.15 g of sodium, 3.01 × 10 atoms of carbon and 0.1 mol
of oxygen atom. Its empirical formula is :
(A) Na2CO3 (B) NaCO2 (C) Na2CO (D) Na2CO

Subjective Questions

6. Given the following empirical formula and molecular weight, compute the true molecular formula.
Empirical formula Molecular weight
(a) CH2 84
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

(b) CH2 O 150

(c) HO 34
(d) HgCl 472 [Hg = 200.5, Cl = 35.5]
(e) HF 80
7. A gaseous oxide contains 30.4% of nitrogen, one molecule of which contains two nitrogen atoms.
Calculate the emperical formula mass of the oxide.
8. An organic substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following percentage
composition.
C = 52.17 % ; H = 13.04 % and O = 34.78 % The molecular weight of the compound is 46.
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.

34
 Atoms and Molecules

· Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad named the smallest particle of matter “Parmanu”
· Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Kayayana elaborated that these particles normally exist com-
bined form which is now called “molecule”
· John Dalton was the first scientist who called these particles “atom” which means “indivisible”
· Law of Conservation of Mass : According to “Lavoisier” during any physical or chemical change,
the total mass of the products remains equal to the total mass of the reactants.
· Law of constant composition or definite proportion : According to “proust” a chemical compound
always contain same elements combined together in same proportion by mass.
· All the matter is made up of extremely small indivisible and indestructible ultimate particles called
atoms.
· Atom: Smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical reaction.
· Atomic Mass : One twelfth of the actual mass of an atom of carbon – 12 isotopes.
Unit ® amu / u
· Gram Atomic mass : Mass in grams which is numerically equal to its atomic mass. Unit ® gram
· Molecular mass : The average relative mass of a molecule of the substance as compared with
mass of an atom of carbon (C – 12) taken as 12 u Unit ® amu / u
· Gram Molecular Mass: Mass in grams which is numerically equal to its molecular mass.
Unit ® gm
· Ions : Electrically changed atom (or group of atoms).
A positively charged ion is known as cation eg. Na+, Mg2+
A negatively charged ion is known as anion eg. Cl–, O2–.
· Molecules : smallest particle of an element or of a compound which can exist alone or freely
under ordinary conditions and shows all the properties of that substance, eg H2, O2 etc.
· Valency : Combining capacity of an clement
· Radicals : Charge particles (atom or group of atoms)
Positive radicals = basic radicals
Negative radicals = acid radicals
· Mole Concept :
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

35
 Extended or Long Form of the Periodic Table

36
p-Block Elements
IA 0
Metals
(1) (18)
Period 1 2
Non metals
H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He
1 1.0079 4.0026
Hydrogen (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) Helium
Metalloids
Class IX : Chemistr y

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be d-Block Elements B C N O F Ne
6.940 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948
Sodium Magnesium (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.941 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.39 62.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chrominum Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 98 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 210 210 222
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac** Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
223 226 227 261 262 266 264 269 268 269 272 277
Francium Radium Actinium Unnilquadium Unnilpentium Unnilhexium Unnilseptium Unniloctium Unnilennium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
6 Lanthanide Series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.12 140.91 144.24 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.07 174.97
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
7 **Actinide Series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.04 231.04 238.03 237 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 262
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Califonium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

IUPAC designations of groups of elements are given in brackets

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules
 Atoms and Molecules

1. The number of bond pairs and lone pairs in a molecule of water are respectively :
(A) Two and one (B) Four and Four (C) Four and Two (D) Two and Two

2. Correct formula of ferric sulphate is :

(A) FeSO4 (B) Fe(SO4)2 (C) Fe3(SO4)2 (D) Fe2(SO4)3

3. A sample of pure water irrespective of its source contains 88.89% oxygen and 11.11% hydrogen by
mass. The data supports :
(A) Law of conservation of mass (B) Law of constant composition
(C) Dalton’s Atomic theory (D) Law of multiple proportion

4. A chemical equation is always balanced to fulfil the condition of :

(A) Dalton’s atomic theory (B) Law of constant composition
(C) Law of multiple proportions (D) Law of conservation of mass

5. Study the following table :

Compound Mass of the compound
(in gram) taken
I. CO2 4.4
II. NO2 2.3
III. H2O2 6.8
IV. SO2 1.6
Which two compound have least mass of oxygen:
(A) II and IV (B) I and III (C) I and II (D) III and IV

6. Which of the following data illustrates the law of conservation of mass :

(A) 56g CO react with 32g of oxygen to produce 44g CO2
(B) 20.8 g of BaCl2 react with 9.8 g H2SO4 to produce 7.3 g HCl and 23.3 g of BaSO4
(C) 12g C is heated in vacuum and on cooling there is change in mass
(D) None of the above

7. Silica is a .............. :
(A) Monoatomic element (B) Diatomic element
(C) Triatomic compound (D) Tetratomic compound
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

8. In a test tube, there is 18g of glucose (C6H12O6) 0.08 mole of glucose is taken out. Glucose left in
the test tube.
(A) .02 gm (B) .10 gm (C) 3.6 gm (D) .36 gm

9. A signature written with carbon pencil weighs 1 mg. What is the number of carbon atoms present
in the signature
2 30 20 17
(A) 6.02 × 10 (B) 6.02 × 10 (C) 0.502 × 10 (D) 50.2 × 10

10. When lead and oxygen combine to form PbO and PbO2, then the ratio of oxygen combining with
a fixed weight of lead is :
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 1 (D) None of these

37
Class IX : Chemistr y

11. If law of conservation of mass was to hold true, then 1.70 g of AgNO3 on reacting with 0.365 g of
HCl will produce 1.435 g of AgCl and HNO3 equal to :
(A) 6.33 g (B) 0.63 g (C) 63.3 g (D) 60.3 g

12. How many times an atom of sulphur is heavier than an atom of carbon ?
(A) 32 times (B) 12 times (C) 8/3 times (D) 12/32 times

13. The Gram atomic mass of calcium (Ca) is 40 g. The number of moles in 60 g of calcium are :
(A) 0.5 mol (B) 2.0 mol (C) 1.5 mol (D) 0.75 mol

14. No. of moles of 0.64 g of SO2 is :

(A) 100 (B) 10 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.1

15. The number of molecules in 4.25 g of NH3 is approximately :

(A) 1.5 × 1023 (B) 2 × 1023 (C) 4 × 1023 (D) 6 × 1023

16. The atomic mass of calcium is 40 u. The number of calcium atoms in 0.4 gm of calcium is :
(A) 6.022 × 1010 (B) 6.022 × 1022 (C) 6.022 × 1023 (D) 6.022 × 1021

17. The atomic mass of oxygen is 16 and the molecular mass of ozone is 48. What is the atomicity of
ozones if it is an allotrope of oxygen ?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

18. The no. of oxygen atoms is 4.4 g of CO2 is approx.

22 23 23 23
(A) 6 × 10 (B) 6 × 10 (C) 12 × 10 (D) 1.2 × 10
23 2+
19. A sample of CaCO3 contains 3.01 × 10 ions of Ca and. The mass of the sample is :
(A) 100 g (B) 50 g (C) 200 g (D) 5 g
–3
20. The density of liquid mercury is 13.6 g cm . How many moles of mercury are there in 1 litre of the
metal.(atomic mass of Hg = 200)
(A) 68 (B) 78 (C) 88 (D) 98
–23
21. The mass of a single atom of an element M is 3.15 × 10 g. What is its atomic mass ?
(A) 18.97 u (B) 20.16 u (C) 26.78 u (D) 40 u
–23
22. An atom of neon has a mass of 3.35 × 10 g. How many atoms of neon are there in 20 g of the
gas.
23 23 23 23
(A) 5.97 × 10 (B) 6.02 × 10 (C) 12.24 × 10 (D) 38.24 × 10
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

23. How many grams of sodium will have the same number of atoms as 6 g of magnesium ? (Na = 23,
Mg = 24.)
(A) 10.75 g (B) 5.75 g (C) 8 g (D) 20.75 g

24. The total number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 12 g of 12

6 C is:
(A) 1.084 × 10
25
(B) 6.022 × 10 23
(C) 6.022 × 10 22
(D) 18

25. The molecular mass of an organic compound is 78 and its percentage composition is 92.4% C and
7.6% H. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
(A) C2H6 (B) C3H6 (C) C6H6 (D) C5H6

38
 Atoms and Molecules

1. The atomic weight of Cu is 63.546. There are only two naturally occurring isotopes of copper 63
Cu
and 65Cu. The natural abundance of the 63Cu isotope must be approximately :
(A) 10% (B) 30% (C) 50% (D) 73%

2. Which of the following has greatest number of molecule.

(A) 1 gm butane (C4H10) (B) 1 gm nitrogen (N2)
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) 1 gm water (H2O)

3. A certain alkaloid has 70.8% carbon, 6.2% hydrogen, 4.1% nitrogen and the rest oxygen. What
is its empirical formula :
(A) C20H21NO4 (B) C20H20NO4 (C) C21H20NO3 (D) C20H19NO3

4. The simplest formula of a compound containing 50% of element X (atomic mass = 10) and 50%
of the element Y (atomic mass = 20) by weight is :
(A) XY (B) X2Y (C) XY2 (D) X2Y3

5. The mass of 1× 1022 molecules of CuSO4.5H2O is : [Cu = 63.5]

(A) 41.44 g (B) 4.144 g (C) 414.4 g (D) 0.4144 g

6. Insulin contains 3.40% sulphur. Then the minimum molecular mass of insulin is about
(A) 940 amu (B) 9400 amu (C) 3600 amu (D) 970 amu

7. Which of the following correctly represents 180 g of water ?

(i) 5 moles of water (ii) 10 moles of water
(iii) 6.022 × 10 molecules of water
23
(iv) 6.022 × 1024 molecules of water
(A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv)

8. The molecular formula of ethanoic acid is C2H4O2. Its empirical formula is :

(A) C4H8O (B) CH2O (C) CHO (D) CHO2

23
9. What mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) will contain 3.011 × 10 molecules ?
(A) 11.0 g (B) 22.0 g (C) 4.4 g (D) 44.0 g

10. Four gram of copper chloride on analysis was found to contain 1.890 g of copper (Cu) and 2.110
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

g of chlorine (Cl). What is the empirical formula of copper chloride ? [Cu = 63.5]
(A) Cu2Cl2 (B) CuCl2 (C) CuCl3 (D) CuCl

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Class IX : Chemistr y

Very Short Answer type questions

1. Define atomic mass unit.

2. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S 8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.

3. Give symbols for the following elements : Aluminium, Tin, Bromine, Neon.

4. What is meant by formula unit mass?

5. What do you understand by the 'atomicity' of the substance?

Short Answer type questions

6. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of
boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound by weight.

7. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.(Hint: The mass of
an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al = 27 u)

8. How are mass, molar mass and number of moles related to each other?

9. Write the molecular formula of the following and give the ratio by mass of atoms present in
(i) Ammonia (ii) Water (iii) Methane

10. How many g of element are present in 35.125 g-atom of Si. (Given at. wt. of Si = 28.)

Long Answer type questions

11. If 1 g of SO2 contains x molecules, what will be the number of molecule in 1 g of methane?
(S = 32 u, O = 16 u, C = 12 u, H = 1 u)

12. Find the number of atoms of each type present in 3.42 grams of canesugar (C12H22O11).

13. What are the postulates and limitations of Dalton's atomic theory?

14. The density of liquid mercury is 13.6 / cm3. How many moles of mercury are there in 1 litre of the metal?
(Atomic mass of Hg = 200)
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

15. The action of bacteria on meat and fish produces a poisonous compound called cadaverine. As
its name and origin imply, it stinks ! It is 58.77% C, 13.81 % H, and 27.42 % N. Its molar mass
is 102 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula of cadaverine.

40
 Atoms and Molecules

1. The formula of Sulphuric acid is : [Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2012]

(A) H2SO3 (B) HNO3 (C) H2SO4 (D) H2S

2. Which of the following is a suitable example for illustrating the law of conservation of mass ?
(Atomic mass of O = 16; H = 1) [NTSE Stage-II 2013]

(A) 18g of water is formed by the combination of 16g oxygen with 2g of hydrogen.
(B) 18g of water in liquid state is obtained by heating 18g of ice. ‘
(C) 18g of water is completely converted into vapour state on heating.
(D) 18g of water freezes at 4°C to give same mass of ice.

3. The formula of Ammonium Sulphate is : [Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2013]

(A) NH4SO4 (B) (NH4)2 SO4 (C) NH4 (SO4)2 (D) NH4 (SO4)3

4. In the rection, 2KClO3 ® 2KCl + 3O2 what is the volume of oxygen released under NTP conditions
when 36.75 g of KClO3 is heated? [NSEJS - 2014-15]
(A) 3.6 litres (B) 7.2 litres (C) 10 litres (D) 1.8 litres

5. The reaction of burning of carbon in oxygen is represented by the equation:

[Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2015]
C(s) + O2(g) ¾¾® CO2(g) + Heat + Light
When 9.0 g of solid carbon is burnt in 16.0 g of oxygen gas, 22.0 g of carbon dioxide is produced.
The mass of carbon dioxide gas formed on burning of 3.0 g of carbon in 32.0 of oxygen would be
(Note: atomic mass of C = 12.0 u, O = 16.0 u)
(A) 6.60 g (B) 7.33 g (C) 8.25 g (D) 11.00 g

6. Number of molecules in 14 g of carbon monoxide is [Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2015]

(A) 12.044 × 1023 (B) 6.022 × 1023 (C) 3.011 × 1023 (D) 1.5050 × 1023

7. If 0.50 mole of monovalent metal (M+1) halide is mixed with 0.2 mole of a divalent metal (L+2)
phosphate, the maximum number of moles of M3PO4 that can be formed is–
[NSEJS - 2016-17]
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.30 (C) 0.16 (D) 0.20

8. Number of molecules present in 14 gm of N2 molecule is

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

[Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2017]

23 23 23
(A) 6.022 × 10 (B) 3.011 × 10 (C) 1.51 × 10 (D) 6.022 × 1022

9. Which of the following elements shows variable valency ?

[Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2017]
(A) Na (B) Mg (C) Fe (D) Zn

10. Formula of aluminium carbonate is

[Raj/NTSE Stage-I 2017]
(A) Al2(CO3)3 (B) Al2CO3 (C) Al2HCO3 (D) AlCO3

41
Class IX : Chemistr y
11. The metal (M) forms an oxide, M2O3. The formula of its nitride will be
[NTSE Stage-II 2017]
(A) M2N3 (B) MN (C) M2N (D) M3N2

12. 1.80 g of glucose is dissolved in 36.00 g of water in a beaker. The total number of oxygen atoms in
the solution is
[NTSE Stage-II 2017]
(A) 12.405 × 10 23
(B) 12.405 × 10 22
(C) 6.022 × 10 23
(D) 6.022 × 1022

13. 35
Cl and 37Cl are the two isotopes of chlorine, in the ratio 3 : 1 respectively. If the isotope ratio is
reversed, the average atomic mass of chlorine will be–
[NTSE Stage-II 2017]
(A) 35.0 u (B) 35.5 u (C) 36.0 u (D) 36.5 u

14. The ratio of atoms present in 4 g of magnesium and 4 g of sulphur is (Mg = 24 ; S = 32)
[NSEJS - 2017-18]
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 3 : 4

15. If Z = 10 the valency of the element is..............

[NSEJS - 2017-18]
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) three

16. The average atomic mass of an element X is 80 u. The present of isotopes 79X35 and 82X35 in the
sample is
[NSEJS - 2017-18]
(A) 90.99 and 9.01 (B) 80.8 and 19.2 (C) 66.67 and 33.34 (D) 50 and 50

17. Arun needs 1.71 g of cane sugar (C12H22O11) to sweeten his tea. What would be the number of
carbon atoms consumed through sugar in the tea ?
[NSEJS - 2017-18]
(A) 3.66 × 1022 (B) 7.2 × 1021 (C) 5 × 1021 (D) 6.6 × 1022

18. What would be the atomic number of the next halogen element, if discovered in future ?
[NSEJS - 2017-18]
(A) 103 (B) 115 (C) 117 (D) 121
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

42
 Atoms and Molecules

ANSWERS
CHECK POST-1
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (A)

CHECK POST-2
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (D)

CHECK POST-3
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (C)

CHECK POST-4
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A)

CHECK POST-5
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (B)

CHECK POST-6
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A)

CHECK POST-7

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (B)

EXERCISE - 1 (ELEMENTARY)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D D B D A B C C C A B C C C A
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. D C D B A A A B A C
19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules

EXERCISE - 2 (SEASONED)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D D A B B A D B B B

EXERCISE - 4 (COMPETITIVE ASSESMENT)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C A B C D C C B C A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. B A D D A C A C

43
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Class IX : Chemistr y

IMPORTANT NOTES

19\d\PN & CF-2019-20\Chemistry\IX\Unit-2 (Module)\Atoms and Molecules