SOUTHERN BICOL COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MASBATE CITY

Prepared by
Maica A. Espinas, RCE
INSTRUCTOR

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

Real numbers includes all the numbers in the number line. It is denoted by R.
 Integers, Z
Includes all positive and negative whole numbers.
Z = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Zero (0), however is an integer that is neither positive nor negative.
 Natural numbers, N
All of positive integers including zero. Also called counting numbers.
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
 Rational numbers, Q
𝑎
If a and b are integers and b ≠ 0, then is a rational number. As b can take the
𝑏
value of 1, all integers are rational numbers.
 Irrational numbers, I
Real numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of integers are irrational
numbers.

I = 𝜋, 𝑒, √7 , …

Let a, b, and c be any real number.

 Closure Property of Addition
a + b is equal to another real number unique from a and b.
 Closure Property of Multiplication
a × b is equal to another real number unique from a and b.
 Commutative Property of Addition
a+b=b+a

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

 Commutative Property of Multiplication

a×b=b×a
 Associative Property of Addition
a + b + c= (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) = (a + c) + b
 Associative Property of Multiplication
a × b × c = (a b) c = a (b c) = c (a b)
 Distributive Property
a (b + c) = a b + a c

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

Simplify the following expressions.

4
−3𝑎3 (2ℎ2 𝑘)
1. 5.
𝑎3 (7ℎ−1 𝑘 2 )2

4
(𝑥 2 𝑦) √234𝑥 11 𝑦
2. (𝑥 2 𝑦)∙(𝑥 2 𝑦)3
6.
√26𝑥 7 𝑦

𝑏8 3 1
3. (𝑚−2 𝑏 2 )7
7. 5 (2𝑥 4 ) (3𝑥 5 )

4. (−2𝑎3 𝑏 −1 )(5𝑎−2 𝑏 2 )

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

Special Products

Factoring Polynomials

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

A polynomial is an expression that can be written in the form:

Each real number 𝒂𝒊 is called a coefficient. The number 𝒂𝟎 that is not multiplied by a
variable is called a constant. Each product 𝒂𝒊 𝒙𝒊 is a term of a polynomial. The highest power
of the variable that occurs in the polynomial is called the degree of a polynomial. The leading
term is the term with the highest power, and its coefficient is called the leading coefficient.

Perform the following operations and simplify.

1. (3𝑥 + 15)(6𝑥 − 4) 5. (𝑏 2 − 1)(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

2. (7𝑥 + 12)(4𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 14) 6. (4𝑡 − 5𝑢)2

3. (9𝑠 2 − 9)(3𝑠 2 − 3) 7. (9𝑥 + 4)(9𝑥 − 4)

4. (4𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 7)(4𝑡 2 − 1) 8. (3𝑏 + 6)(3𝑏 − 6)(9𝑏 2 − 36)

Rewrite the following into factored form.

1. 25𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 4 5. 5𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 6

2. 9𝑥 2 − 25 6. 2𝑎2 + 9𝑎 − 18

3. 𝑥 3 + 512 7. 20𝑤 2 − 47𝑤 + 24

4. 8𝑥 3 − 125

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

Solve and simplify the following rational expressions.

𝟐𝒄 𝒄−𝟏
5 6 +
𝒄+𝟐 𝒄+𝟏
1. +𝑦 6. 𝟐𝒄+𝟏
𝑥
𝒄+𝟏

3𝑦2 −10𝑦+3 2𝑦2 −3𝑦−20

𝑥 2 −9 ∙
3𝑦2 +5𝑦−2 2𝑦2 −𝑦−15
2. 7.
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+3 𝑦−4

2𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
3. ×
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −4

10ℎ2 −9ℎ−9 ℎ2 −16ℎ+64

4. ∙
2ℎ2 −19ℎ+24 5ℎ2 −37ℎ−24

6𝑝2 +𝑝−12 6𝑝2 −11𝑝+4

5. ÷ 2𝑝2 +11𝑝−6
8𝑝2 +18𝑝+9

A linear equation is an equation of a straight line, written in one variable. The only power of
the variable is 1. Linear equations in one variable may take the form 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝟎 and are
solved using basic algebraic operations.

We look at rational equations that, after some manipulation, result in a linear equation. If an
equation contains at least one rational expression, it is a considered a rational equation.
1 71
Recall that a rational number is the ratio of two numbers, such as or . A rational
2 135

expression is the ratio, or quotient, of two polynomials.

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

An equation containing a second-degree polynomial is called a quadratic equation. The

quadratic equation is in the form Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 and can be written in a factored
form (x − 𝑥1 )(x − 𝑥2 ) = 0, where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are the roots of the quadratic equation.

The Quadratic Formula

Discriminant

The quantity 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 inside the √ of the quadratic formula is called the discriminant. The
nature of roots of the quadratic equation according the value of discriminant are as follows:

 There is only 1 root if 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎

 The roots are two unequal numbers if 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎
 The roots are imaginary if 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 < 𝟎

Sum and Product of Roots

 Sum of roots

𝑩
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = −
𝑨

 Product of roots

𝑪
𝒙𝟏 ∙ 𝒙𝟐 =
𝑨

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 EBR 1: BRIDGING PROGRAM

Completing the Square

Not all quadratic equations can be factored or can be solved in their original form using the
square root property. In these cases, we may use a method for solving a quadratic equation
known as completing the square. Using this method, we add or subtract terms to both sides
of the equation until we have a perfect square trinomial on one side of the equal sign. We
then apply the square root property. To complete the square, the leading coefficient, 𝒂, must
equal 1. If it does not, then divide the entire equation by 𝒂.

Solve for the values of 𝑥.

1. 4𝑥 − 3 = 5 9. 4𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 9 = 0

2. 3(𝑥 + 2) − 12 = 5(𝑥 + 1) 10. 6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 5 = 0

3. 12 − 5(𝑥 + 3) + 2𝑥 − 5 11. −3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0

𝑥 3 2𝑥+3
4. −4= 12. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 40 = 0
3 12

𝑥+2 𝑥−1
5. 4
− 3
=2 13. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 = 48

3 𝑥+2
6. 2 − 𝑥+4 = 𝑥+4 14. (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 9

3 1 7
7. = + 15. 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 15 = 0
𝑥−2 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)

8. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15 = 0 16. 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 5

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