MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE
BODIES

ENSC 019
MODULE 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the meeting, the student should be able to:
✓ Interpret the different types of stresses
✓ Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses in a certain element
✓ Evaluate bearing stress
✓ Evaluate tangential and longitudinal stress on thin-walled pressure vessels
INTRODUCTION
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area of unit strength. It is the force
on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in
𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 or MPa.
𝑷
𝜎=
𝑨

Where P is the applied normal load in Newton (N) and A is the area in 𝑚𝑚2 . The
maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members
subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will
tend to lengthen the member.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm mist carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 .

Solution:
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
400 𝑥 103 𝑁
120 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 = 𝜋
𝑥 𝐷2 −(100𝑚𝑚)2
100 𝑚𝑚 𝑫 4

D = 119.35 𝑚𝑚
𝑫 ≈ 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150
MPa in rod BC, determine the smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.

For rod AB: For rod BC:

𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = 𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵𝐶
70 𝑥 103 𝑁 30 𝑥 103 𝑁
175 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 = 𝜋 150 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 = 𝜋 2
4
𝑥 𝑑1 2 4
𝑥 𝑑 2

𝑑1 = 22.57 𝑚𝑚 𝑑2 = 15.96 𝑚𝑚
𝑑1 ≈ 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒎 𝑑2 ≈ 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB has the
same magnitude as the compressive stress in rod BC.

𝜎𝐴𝐵 = 𝜎𝐵𝐶
𝑃 60 − 𝑃
𝜋 =𝜋
𝑥 (2 𝑖𝑛) 2 𝑥 (3 𝑖𝑛)2
4 4
9P= 4 (60 − 𝑃)
P = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A homogenous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in the
figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
By symmetry:
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 3924 N

For the area of bronze cable:

2 3924 𝑁
90 N/𝑚𝑚 =
𝐴𝑏𝑟
Solution: 𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐
෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 For the area of steel cable:
3924 𝑁
𝑃𝑏𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = (800kg)(9.81 m/𝑠 2 ) 120 N/𝑚𝑚2 =
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑏𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 7848 N 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in the figure.
The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and
AC are 0.4 𝑖𝑛2 and 0.5𝑖𝑛2 , respectively.

Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Find the stresses in members BD, BC, and CF for the truss shown in the figure. Indicate
the tension or compression. The cross- sectional area of each member is 1600 mm2.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Two steel plates are to be held together by means of 16-mm-diameter high- strength
steel bolts fitting snugly inside cylindrical brass spacers. Knowing that the average normal
stress must not exceed 200 MPa in the bolts and 130 MPa in the spacers, determine the
outer diameter of the spacers that yields the most economical and safe design.

Solution:
At each bolt location the upper plate is pulled down by a tensile force of the bolt. At the same time, the
spacer pushes that plate upward with a compressive force to maintain equilibrium. We will equate these
two forces to find the outer diameter of spacers.
𝑃𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
SHEARING STRESS
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile
and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which
they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
𝑽
r=
𝑨
Where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
What force is required to punch a 20-mm- diameter hole in a plate that is 25mm thick?
The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Solution:
The resisting area is the shaded area along the
perimeter and the shear force V is equal to the
punching force P.
𝑉 = 𝑟𝐴
𝑉 = (350 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) [𝜋(20𝑚𝑚)(25𝑚𝑚)]
𝑉 = 549.78 𝑘𝑁
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in the
figure. The pin diameter is 20 mm.
Solution: Summing up moments at point C:
෍ 𝑀𝑐 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑉 (0.25𝑚) = (40 cos 35°)(0.20 𝑚) +
(40 sin 35°)(0.25 𝑚)
𝑅𝐵𝑉 = 49.156 𝑘𝑁
Summing of forces horizontal:
෍ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝐻 = (40 cos 35°)
𝑅𝐵𝐻 = 32.766 𝑘𝑁
Reaction at B: Take note that at the pin, it is double shear.
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝐵𝑉 2 + 𝑅𝐵𝐻 2 Therefore, the shearing stress at B is
𝑅𝐵 = 42.1562
+ 32.7662 𝑉𝐵 59.076 𝑥 103 𝑁
𝑟𝐵 = = 𝜋 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑅𝐵 = 59.076 kN 𝐴𝐵 2 4 (20𝑚𝑚 )2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
The 1.4-kip load P is supported by two wooden members of uniform cross section that
are joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Determine the normal and shearing
stresses in the glued splice.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Three pieces of wood, each 100 mm wide, are glued together as shown. If the load joint
is 50 kN, determine the average shearing stress in the glued joint.
Solution:
Shearing force at each joint:
𝑃
V = = 25 𝑘𝑁
2

The average shearing stress

at the glued joint is:
25 𝑥 103 𝑁
r =
(150𝑚𝑚)(100𝑚𝑚)

𝑟 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝑷 𝑷
𝝈𝒃 = =
𝑨 𝒕𝒅
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
In the figure, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa
for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Solution:
Based on the shearing of rivet:
𝑃 =𝑟𝐴
𝜋
𝑃 = (60 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2 ) (20𝑚𝑚)2
4
𝑃 = 18, 849.56 𝑁
Now based on the bearing of the plate The largest stress is found where the area is
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏 smallest; this occurs at the cross section at
18, 849.56 𝑁 = (120 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ) 20𝑚𝑚 𝒕 where the hole is located.
t = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
18, 849.56 𝑁 = 𝜎 (7.85𝑚𝑚)(100𝑚𝑚 − 20𝑚𝑚)
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13
In the hanger shown, the upper portion of link ABC is 3/8 in thick and the lower portions are each
1/4 in thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower portions together at B. The pin at A
is of 3/8-in diameter while a 1/4-in-diameter pin is used at C. Determine (a) the shearing stress in
pin A, (b) the shearing stress in pin C, (c) the largest normal stress in link ABC, (d) the average
shearing stress on the bonded surfaces at B, (e) the bearing stress in the link at C.
Solution:
෍ 𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐶 10𝑖𝑛 = (500 𝑙𝑏)(15 𝑖𝑛)
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 750 𝑙𝑏
Shearing stress in pin A (single shear):
𝐹𝐴𝐶 750 𝑙𝑏
𝑟𝐴 = = 𝜋 = 𝟔, 𝟕𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐴𝐴 2
4 (0.375 𝑖𝑛)
Shearing stress in pin C (double shear):
𝐹𝐴𝐶 750 𝑙𝑏
𝑟𝐶 = = 𝜋 = 𝟕, 𝟔𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐴𝐶 2 (0. 25 𝑖𝑛) 2
4
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13
Solution: Largest normal stress on link ABC: The largest stress is
found where the area is smallest; this occurs at the
cross section at A where the 3/8-in hole is located.
𝐹𝐴𝐶 750 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝐴 = = = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 3
8 𝑖𝑛 1.25 𝑖𝑛 − 0.375
Average shearing stress at B: We note that bonding
exists on both sides of the upper portion of the link and
that the shear force on each side is 𝐹1 = (750 𝑙𝑏⁄2 = 375
𝑙𝑏. The average shearing stress on each surface is thus

𝐹1 375 𝑙𝑏
𝑟𝐵 = = = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐴 1.25 𝑖𝑛)(1.75 𝑖𝑛
Bearing Stress at link C:
For each portion of the link, 𝐹1 = 375 𝑙𝑏 and the
nominal bearing area is (0.25 𝑖𝑛)(0.25 𝑖𝑛) = 0.0625
𝑖𝑛2. 𝐹1 375 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝐵 = = = 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐴 0.0625
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces,
which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
Tangential (or Circumferential) Stress
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the
tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴 = 𝜌𝐷𝐿
𝑇 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜎𝑡 tL
𝜌𝐷𝐿 = 𝜎𝑡 tL
𝜌𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
If there exist an external pressure 𝑝𝑜 and an
internal pressure 𝑝𝑖, the formula may be
expressed as: 𝜌𝑖 − 𝜌0 𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
Longitudinal Stress
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank. The total force
acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress on the wall 𝑝𝑇
= 𝜎𝐿 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to 𝜋𝐷𝑡.
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐷2
4
𝑃𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡
𝜋 2
𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡 = 𝜌 𝐷
4
𝜌𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
4𝑡
If there exist an external pressure 𝑝𝑜 and an internal
pressure 𝑝𝑖, the formula may be expressed as:
𝜌𝑖 − 𝜌0 𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
4𝑡
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that
of the longitudinal stress.
𝜎𝑡 = 2 𝜎𝐿
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
Spherical Shell
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:
𝜌𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
4𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEM 14
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and
longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?
Solution:
Tangential Stress: Longitudinal Stress:
𝜌𝐷 𝜌𝐷
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡 4𝑡
(4.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(400𝑚𝑚) (4.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(400𝑚𝑚)
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑡 =
2 (20𝑚𝑚) 4 (20𝑚𝑚)
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
SAMPLE PROBLEM 15
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 inch. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.

Solution:
𝜌𝐷
𝜎 =
4𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛
𝜌 4 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
8000 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛2 =
5
4 16 𝑖𝑛

𝛒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊