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Class Biology

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24 views3 pages

Class Biology

Uploaded by

telmo1234512
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction to Biology
Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with the
environment.
Branches of Biology:
Botany: Study of plants
Zoology: Study of animals
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms
2. Characteristics of Living Organisms
Cellular Organization
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Response to Stimuli
Adaptation and Evolution
3. Cell Structure and Function
Prokaryotic Cells: Simple, lack a nucleus (e.g., bacteria)
Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, with a nucleus and organelles (e.g., plant and animal
cells)
Key Organelles:
Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cellular activities
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP)
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
Chloroplasts: (in plants) Site of photosynthesis
Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable, controls substance movement
4. Genetics
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Carries genetic information
Genes: Segments of DNA coding for proteins
Chromosomes: DNA organized into structures
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Genetic Disorders: Caused by mutations or chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down
syndrome, sickle-cell anemia)
5. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis: Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy by plants
Equation:

𝐶
6

𝑂
2
+

𝐻
6

𝑂
2

𝐿
+

𝑖
𝑔

𝑡
ℎ

𝐶
→

𝐻
6

𝑂
12

6
+

𝑂
6

2
6CO
2

+6H
2

O+Light→C
6

H
12

O
6

+6O
2

Cellular Respiration: Breakdown of glucose to release energy

𝐶
Equation:

𝐻
6

𝑂
12

6
+

𝑂
6

2
→

𝐶
6

𝑂
2
+

𝐻
6

𝑂
2

𝐴
+

𝑇
𝑃
C
6

H
12

O
6

+6O
2

→6CO
2

+6H
2

O+ATP
6. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Major Systems:
Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels, blood (transport of nutrients and oxygen)
Respiratory System: Lungs, trachea (gas exchange)
Digestive System: Stomach, intestines (food breakdown and nutrient absorption)
Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves (control and coordination)
Skeletal and Muscular System: Bones and muscles (support and movement)
7. Ecology and Environment
Ecosystem: Interaction between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components
Food Chain and Food Web: Energy flow in ecosystems
Biodiversity: Variety of life forms, essential for ecosystem stability
Environmental Concerns: Pollution, climate change, deforestation
8. Evolution
Charles Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection:
Survival of the fittest
Descent with modification
Evidence for Evolution:
Fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
9. Microorganisms
Types: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
Role in Nature:
Decomposers
Nitrogen fixation
Disease causation
10. Biotechnology
Use of biological systems for industrial and medical applications
Genetic Engineering: Manipulation of DNA (e.g., CRISPR, GMOs)
Applications:
Medicine: Insulin production, vaccines
Agriculture: Pest-resistant crops

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