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The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

Question Paper

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Section 3. Stoichiometry
Topic The Mole & the Avogadro Constant
Difficulty Medium

Time Allowed 170

Score /137
Percentage /100

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Question 1a
Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate solution.
2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Explain why effervescence is seen during the reaction.
[1 mark]

Question 1b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Dilute hydrochloric acid was titrated with sodium carbonate solution.
10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid were placed in a conical flask.
A few drops of methyl orange indicator were added to the dilute hydrochloric acid
The mixture was titrated with sodium carbonate solution.
16.2 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution were required to react completely with the acid.
i) What colour would the methyl orange indicator be in the hydrochloric acid?
[1]
ii) Calculate how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used.
[1]
iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) and the equation for the reaction to calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate
that reacted.
[1]
iv) Use your answer to (b)(iii) to calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution in mol / dm3.
[2]
[5 marks]

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Question 1c
Extended Only
In another experiment, 0.020 mol of sodium carbonate were reacted with excess hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the maximum volume (at r.t.p.) of carbon dioxide gas that could be made in this reaction.
[3 marks]

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Question 2a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Two salts can be made from potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. They are potassium sulfate, K2SO4, and the acid salt
potassium hydrogen sulfate, KHSO4. They are both made by titration.

25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, concentration of 2.53 mol / dm3, was neutralised by 28.2 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid.
2KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid.

number of moles of KOH used = ............................

number of moles of H2SO4 needed to neutralise the KOH = ............................

concentration of dilute sulfuric acid = ............................ mol / dm3

[3 marks]

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Question 2b
In the conical flask there is a neutral solution of potassium sulfate which still contains the indicator used in the titration.
i) Describe how you could obtain a solution of potassium sulfate without the indicator.
[2]
ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate can be made by the following reaction.

KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → KHSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

Suggest how you could make a solution of potassium hydrogen sulfate without using an indicator.
[2]
[4 marks]

Question 2c
Describe a test which would distinguish between aqueous solutions of potassium sulfate and sulfuric acid.
Test:
Result:
[2 marks]

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Question 3a
Extended Only
Define the following
i) The mole
[1]
ii) The Avogadro constant
[1]
[2 marks]

Question 3b
Extended Only
Which two of the following contain the same number of molecules?
Show how you arrived at your answer.

2.0 g of methane, CH4

8.0 g of oxygen, O2
2.0 g of ozone, O3
8.0 g of sulfur dioxide, SO2
[2 marks]

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Question 3c
Extended Only
4.8 g of calcium is added to 3.6 g of water. The following reaction occurs.
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
i) The number of moles of Ca = ....................

The number of moles of H2O = ....................

[1]
ii) Which reagent is in excess? Explain your choice.
[2]
iii) Calculate the mass of the reagent named in (ii) which remained at the end of the experiment.
[1]
[4 marks]

Question 4a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Quantities of chemicals, expressed in moles, can be used to find the formula of a compound, to establish an equation and
to determine reacting masses.
A compound contains 72% magnesium and 28% nitrogen. What is its empirical formula?
[2 marks]

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Question 4b
A compound, Al4C3, contains only aluminium and carbon. 0.03 moles of this compound reacted with excess water to form
0.12 moles of Al(OH)3 and 0.09 moles of CH4.

Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

[1 mark]

Question 4c
Extended Only
0.07 moles of silicon reacts with 25 g of bromine.
Si + 2Br2 → SiBr4
i) Which one is the limiting reagent? Explain your choice.
[3]
ii) How many moles of SiBr4 are formed?
[1]
[4 marks]

Question 5a
Extended Only
Chemists use the concept of the mole to calculate the amounts of chemicals involved in a reaction.
Define mole.
[1 mark]

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Question 5b
Extended Only
3.0 g of magnesium was added to 12.0 g of ethanoic acid.
Mg + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
The mass of one mole of Mg is 24 g.
The mass of one mole of CH3COOH is 60 g.
i) Which one, magnesium or ethanoic acid, is in excess? You must show your reasoning.
[3]
ii) How many moles of hydrogen were formed?
[1]
iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen formed, measured at r.t.p.
[2]
[6 marks]

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Question 5c
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 0.4 mol / dm3, was neutralised by 20.0 cm3 of aqueous oxalic
acid, H2C2O4.
2NaOH + H2C2O4 → Na2C2O4 +2H2O
i) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of 0.4 mol / dm3 solution.
[1]
ii) Use your answer to (i) and the mole ratio in the equation to find out the number of moles of H2C2O4 in 20 cm3 of
solution.
[1]
iii) Calculate the concentration, mol / dm3, of the aqueous oxalic acid.
[2]
[4 marks]

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Question 6
Extended Only
Iron(III) sulphate decomposes when heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide formed and the volume of sulphur trioxide
produced when 10.0 g of iron(III) sulphate was heated.

Mass of one mole of Fe2(SO4)3 is 400 g.

Fe2(SO4)3 (s)→ Fe2O3 (s) + 3SO3 (g)

Number of moles of Fe2(SO4)3 =
Number of moles of Fe2O3 formed =
Mass of iron(III) oxide formed in g =
Number of moles of SO3 produced =
Volume of sulphur trioxide at r.t.p. in dm3 =
[5]
[5 marks]

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Question 7a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Sulphur trioxide can be made from sulphur dioxide.
i) Why is this reaction important industrially?
[1]
ii) Complete the word equation.

sulphur dioxide + .............................................. → sulphur trioxide

[1]
iii) What are the conditions for this reaction?
[2]
[4 marks]

Question 7b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Sulphur dioxide is easily oxidised in the presence of water.
SO2 + 2H2O – 2e– → SO42- + 4H+
What colour change would be observed when an excess of aqueous sulphur dioxide is added to an acidic solution of
potassium manganate(VII)?
[2 marks]

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Question 7c
Extended Only
Sulphur dioxide reacts with chlorine in an addition reaction to form sulphuryl chloride.
SO2 + Cl2 → SO2Cl2
8.0 g of sulphur dioxide was mixed with 14.2 g of chlorine. The mass of one mole of SO2Cl2 is 135 g.

Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed by this mixture.

Calculate the number of moles of SO2 in the mixture =

Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 in the mixture =

Which reagent was not in excess?

How many moles of SO2Cl2 were formed =

Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed in g =

[5 marks]

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Question 8a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
A compound, X, contains 55.85% carbon, 6.97% hydrogen and 37.18% oxygen.
i) How does this prove that compound X contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
[1]
ii) Use the above percentages to calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
[2]
iii) The Mr of X is 86.

What is its molecular formula?

[2]
[5 marks]

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Question 8b
Separate: Chemistry Only
i) Bromine water changes from brown to colourless when added to X.

What does this tell you about the structure of X?

[1]
ii) Magnesium powder reacts with an aqueous solution of X. Hydrogen is evolved.

What does this tell you about the structure of X?

[1]
iii) X contains two different functional groups.

Draw a structural formula of X.

[1]
[3 marks]

Question 9a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Titanium is a transition element. It is isolated by the following reactions.

titanium ore → titanium(IV) oxide → titanium(IV) chloride → titanium

TiO2 TiCl4 Ti
Why is it usually necessary to include a number in the name of the compounds of transition elements?
[1 mark]

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Question 9b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Titanium(IV) chloride is made by heating the oxide with coke and chlorine.
TiO2 + 2Cl2 ⇌ TiCl4 + O2
2C + O2 ⇌ 2CO
Explain why the presence of coke ensures the maximum yield of the metal chloride.
[2 marks]

Question 9c
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Explain why the change, titanium(IV) chloride to titanium, is reduction.
[1 mark]

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Question 9d
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
The titanium ore contains 36.8% iron, 31.6% titanium and the remainder is oxygen.
i) Determine the percentage of oxygen in this titanium compound.
[1]
ii) Calculate the number of moles of atoms for each element.

The number of moles of Fe is shown as an example.

Number of moles of Fe = 36.8/56 = 0.66

[1]
iii) What is the simplest ratio for the moles of atoms, Fe : Ti : O?
[1]
iv) What is the formula of this titanium compound?
[1]
[4 marks]

Question 10a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
The food additive E220 is sulfur dioxide. It is a preservative for a variety of foods and drinks.
Sulfur dioxide is a reductant (reducing agent). Describe what you would see when aqueous sulfur dioxide is added to
acidified potassium manganate(VII).
[2 marks]

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Question 10b
Extended Only
Sulfur dioxide can also be made by the reaction between a sulfite and an acid.
Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O
Excess hydrochloric acid was added to 3.15 g of sodium sulfite. Calculate the maximum volume, measured at r.t.p., of
sulfur dioxide which could be formed.
The mass of one mole of Na2SO3 is 126 g.
[3 marks]

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Question 11a
Across the world, food safety agencies are investigating the presence of minute traces of the toxic hydrocarbon,
benzene, in soft drinks. It is formed by the reduction of sodium benzoate by vitamin C.

Sodium benzoate is a salt, it has the formula C6H5COONa. It can be made by the neutralisation of benzoic acid by sodium
hydroxide.
i) Deduce the formula of benzoic acid.
[1]
ii) Write a word equation for the reaction between benzoic acid and sodium hydroxide.
[1]
iii) Name two other compounds that would react with benzoic acid to form sodium benzoate.
[2]
[4 marks]

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Question 11b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Benzene contains 92.3% of carbon and its relative molecular mass is 78.
i) What is the percentage of hydrogen in benzene?
[1]
ii) Calculate the ratio of moles of C atoms: moles of H atoms in benzene.
[1]
iii) Calculate its empirical formula and then its molecular formula.

The empirical formula of benzene is ...................

The molecular formula of benzene is ...................
[2]
[4 marks]

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Question 11c
The structural formula of Vitamin C is drawn below.

i) What is its molecular formula?

[1]
ii) Name the two functional groups which are circled.
[2]
[3 marks]

Question 12a
The alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons. Their reactions include combustion, cracking and substitution.
i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
ii) What is meant by the term saturated?
[1]
[2 marks]

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Question 12b
Separate: Chemistry Only
i) What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?
[1]
ii) Calculate the mass of one mole of an alkane with 14 carbon atoms.
[2]
[3 marks]

Question 12c
Extended Only
The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water only.
i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of nonane, C9H20.
[2]

ii) 20cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with an excess of oxygen, 200 cm3. The mixture was ignited. After
cooling, 40 cm3 of oxygen and 100 cm3 of carbon dioxide remained. Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and
the equation for its combustion. All volumes were measured at r.t.p..
[3]
[5 marks]

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Question 12d
Cracking is used to obtain short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen from long-chain alkanes.
i) Give a use for each of the three products listed above.

short-chain alkanes ..................................................

alkenes ..................................................

hydrogen ..................................................
[3]

ii) Write an equation for the cracking of decane, C10H22, which produces two different alkenes and hydrogen as the
only products.
[1]
[4 marks]

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Question 12e
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Chlorine reacts with propane in a substitution reaction to form 1-chloropropane.
CH3–CH2–CH3 + Cl2 → CH3–CH2–CH2–Cl + HCl
i) What is the essential condition for the above reaction?
[1]

ii) There is more than one possible substitution reaction between chlorine and propane.
Suggest the structural formula of a different product.
[1]
[2 marks]

Question 13a
In a titration, a student added 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide to a conical flask. The student then
added a few drops of methyl orange to the solution in the conical flask.

Dilute sulfuric acid is then added from a burette to the conical flask. The volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed to neutralise
the aqueous sodium hydroxide was 20.0 cm3

The reaction is shown by the equation.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
[1 mark]

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Question 13b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Determine the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g/dm3 using the following steps.
Calculate the number of moles of aqueous sodium hydroxide added to the conical flask.
..................... mol
Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid added from the burette.
...................... mol
Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in mol/dm3.
............ mol/dm3
Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g/dm3.
............... g/dm3
[4 marks]

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Question 13c
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
Both ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid dissociate in aqueous solution.
Hydrochloric acid produces salts called chlorides.
Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride.
MgCO3 + 2HCl→ MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
A student used 50.00 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid in an experiment to produce magnesium chloride.
Calculate the mass, in g, of magnesium carbonate needed to react exactly with 50.00 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric
acid using the following steps.
Calculate the number of moles of HCl present in 50.00 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 HCl.
.............................. mol
Determine the number of moles of MgCO3 which would react with 50.00 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 HCl.

.............................. mol
Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of MgCO3.

Mr of MgCO3 = ..............................
Calculate the mass of MgCO3 needed to react exactly with 50.00 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 HCl.

mass = .............................. g
[4 marks]

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Question 14a
Extended Only
When copper(II) oxide is heated at 800 °C it undergoes the reaction shown by the equation.

4CuO → 2Cu2O + O2

Calculate the volume of oxygen, measured at r.t.p., which is formed when 1.60 g of CuO reacts as shown in the equation.
[3 marks]

Question 14b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the catalyst for this reaction.

The equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is shown.

2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
25.0 cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide forms 48.0 cm3 of oxygen at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide at the start of the experiment using the following steps.
Calculate the number of moles of oxygen formed.
Deduce the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide that decomposed.
Calculate the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in mol/dm3.
[3 marks]

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Question 15a
Extended Only
This question is about elements X, Y and Z.
What is the name of the amount of any substance that contains 6.02 × 1023 particles?
[1 mark]

Question 15b
Extended Only
The constant 6.02 × 1023 has a name.

What is the name of this constant?

[1 mark]

Question 15c
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
The next stage of the process is a reaction which can reach equilibrium.

The equation for this stage is shown.

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)  2SO3 (g)

Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur in sulfur trioxide, SO3.

percentage = ..............................%
[2 marks]

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Question 15d
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
This question is about reactions of bases and acids.
A student wanted to find the concentration of some dilute sulfuric acid by titration. The student found that 25.0 cm3 of
0.0400 mol/dm3 NaOH (aq) reacted exactly with 20.0 cm3 of H2SO4 (aq).

Calculate the concentration of the H2SO4(aq) in mol/dm3 using the following steps.

Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3.

moles = ..............................

Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that reacted with the 25.0 cm3 of NaOH (aq).

moles = ..............................

Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 (aq) in mol/dm3.

concentration = .............................. mol/dm3

[3 marks]

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Question 15e
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
A student wanted to find the concentration of some dilute sulfuric acid by titration. The student found that 25.0 cm3 of
0.0400 mol/dm3 NaOH (aq) reacted exactly with 20.0 cm3 of H2SO4 (aq).
Calculate the concentration of the 0.0400 mol/dm3 NaOH (aq) in g/dm3.
concentration = .............................. g/dm3
[2 marks]

Question 16a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Ammonia, NH3, is used to produce nitric acid, HNO3. This happens in a three-stage process.

Stage 1 is a redox reaction.

4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
In this reaction the predicted yield of NO is 512 g. The actual yield is 384 g. Calculate the percentage yield of NO in this
reaction.
percentage yield of NO = ................................ %
[1 mark]

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Question 16b
Extended Only
The equation for the reaction in stage 3 is shown.
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3
Calculate the volume of O2 gas, at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.), needed to produce 1260 g of HNO3.

Use the following steps.

Calculate the number of moles of HNO3.
moles of HNO3 = ..............................
Deduce the number of moles of O2 that reacted.
moles of O2 = ..............................
Calculate the volume of O2 gas that reacts at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
volume of O2 gas = .............................. dm3
[4 marks]

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