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Uploaded by

Ethel Lomongo
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Z SCORE

Z-score is a statistical measure that quantifies the distance between a data point and the mean of a dataset.
It’s expressed in terms of standard deviations. It indicates how many standard deviations a data point is from
the mean of the distribution.
If a Z-score is 0, it indicates that the data point’s score is identical to the mean score. A Z-score of 1.0 would
indicate a value that is one standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores may be positive or negative, with a
positive value indicating the score is above the mean and a negative score indicating it is below the mean.

So we have here an example (Basa)


Z = (X – μ) / s
Z = (35 – 25) / 10
Z = 10 / 10
Z=1

Therefore, a score of 35 on this math test has a z-score of 1, which means it is 1 standard deviation above the
mean.
It is obvious that the student’s score belongs to the upper 50% of the norm group. To be more specific, we
can determine the percentile rank equivalent to a z-score of 1. We can check using a normal table or by
looking at the normal curve (Figure 10.1). A z-score of 1 translates to a percentile rank of 84 which means
that the student’s score is above 84% of the scores.

T- SCORE
A t-score is how far a data point is from the mean in a t-distribution, measured in standard deviations. It’s a
statistical method for analyzing probability. Some teachers are not comfortable with using z-scores because
of negative number.

FOR EXAMPLE (BASA)


To fix this, we can translate it to a percentile rank using the normal table or convert the z-score to a scale that
does not include negative values like the T-score.

For your example, a z-score of -1.5 converts to a T-score of:


T = 10(-1.5) + 50
T = -15 + 50
T = 35

Therefore, a T-score of 35, like a z-score of -1.5, indicates that the raw score of 12 is 1.5 standard deviations
below the mean.
Nganung below siya? Because The mean of a standard score is 50. Anything below 50 would indicate below
the mean.

STANINE
A stanine (“standard nine”) score is a way to scale scores on a nine-point scale. It can be used to convert any
test score to a single-digit score. Like z-scores and t-scores, stanines are a way to assign a number to a
member of a group, relative to all members in that group. However, while z-scores and t-scores can be
expressed with decimals like 1.2 or 3.25, stanines are always positive whole numbers from 0 to 9. A stanines
have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.
They are grouped into categories: 1-3 (below average), 4-6 (average), and 7-9 (above average).

FOR EXAMPLE (BASA)


The z-score for a raw score of 12 was -1.5.
Stanine = 2(-1.5) + 5
Stanine = -3 + 5
Stanine = 2
Therefore, the stanine equivalent of a raw score of 12 is 2.
This indicates that the student’s performance on the science test is below average, as stanines 1 and 2
represent the lowest performance levels

Looking at Figure 10.1, it is estimated that 7% of the test scores fall in this interval. The problem with
stanines is that they are not entirely precise. A student with a stanine score of 2 may have a percentile score
anywhere from the 4th to the 10th. To show significant difference between two scores, there should be at
least one stanine score between them (Mehrens & Lehmann, 1985).
As you may have noticed in the preceding discussion, the standard scores and the percentile rank
communicate the same thing despite in slightly different ways. Figure 10.1 shows the relationship among the
normal curve, percentile rank and standard scores. Meanwhile, Table 10.1 provides an easy conversion
between standard scores and finding the associated percentile rank.

NORMAL CURVE EQUIVALENT


Normal Curve Equivalents (NCEs) are standardized scores that are normalized to a scale of 1-99. This
means that regardless of the specific test or grade level, an NCE of 50 always represents the average
performance. NCEs greater than 50: Indicate above-average performance. NCEs less than 50: Indicate
below-average performance.

FOR EXAMPLE (BASA)


In the given example, the student’s NCE in Mathematics of 40 is closer to the mean of 50 than their NCE in
Reading which is 30. This indicates that the student’s performance in Mathematics is closer to the average
compared to their performance in Reading. The student’s score in Mathematics was 10 points higher than in
reading but both are still below the average score of 50.

Z-scores, T-scores, stanines, and NCEs are all standardized scores that allow for comparisons across
different tests or populations. Z-scores and T-scores are based on the normal distribution, while stanines
offer a simplified 9-point scale. NCEs, on the other hand, are normalized to a specific range. Understanding
these different scoring methods is crucial for accurately interpreting and evaluating student performance.

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