Scribd
Upload
31 views16 pages

Industries 1-Lecture 27

Uploaded by

ア
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views16 pages

Industries 1-Lecture 27

Uploaded by

ア
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Chemical Industries Technologies Ⅰ

Antibiotics
live

Dr. Asma Eskhan

1
Antibiotics
Outline:
• Antibiotics
• How do antibiotics work
• Antibiotic resistance
• How is resistance spread?
• Antibiotics Production
• Uses of Antibiotics
• Examples of Antibiotics
• Strain improvement in antibiotic or drug production
Antibiotics
❑ Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are
used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced in nature by soil bacteria
and fungi. This gives the microbe an advantage when competing for food and
water and other limited resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic kills
off their competition.

❑ How do antibiotics work


• Antibiotics take advantage of the difference between the structure of the
bacterial cell and the host’s cell.
• They can prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying so that the bacterial
population remains the same, allowing the host’s defense mechanism to fight
the infection or kill the bacteria, for example stopping the mechanism
responsible for building their cell walls.
Antibiotics
❑ Antibiotic resistance
• Bacteria are termed drug-resistant when they are no longer inhibited by an antibiotic to
which they were previously sensitive. The emergence and spread of antibacterial-resistant
bacteria has continued to grow due to both the over-use and misuse of antibiotics.
• Treating a patient with antibiotics causes the
microbes to adapt or die; this is known as
‘selective pressure’. If a strain of a bacterial
species acquires resistance to an antibiotic, it
will survive the treatment. As the bacterial
cell with acquired resistance multiplies, this
resistance is passed on to its offspring. In
ideal conditions some bacterial cells can
divide every 20 minutes; therefore after only
8 hours more than 16 million bacterial cells
carrying resistance to that antibiotic could
exist.
Bacterial
Multiplication
Antibiotics

❑ How is resistance spread?


• Antibiotic resistance can either be inherent or acquired. Some bacteria are naturally resistant
to some antibiotics due to their physiological characteristics. This is inherent resistance.
Acquired resistance occurs when a bacterium that was originally sensitive to an antibiotic
develops resistance. For example, resistance genes can be transferred from one plasmid to
another plasmid or chromosome, or resistance can occur due to a random spontaneous
chromosomal mutation.
Antibiotics
❑ Antibiotics Production
• Nearly all organisms, including humans, are susceptible to bacterial infections. Before
modern medicine, any cuts and bruises had the potential to be fatal. Even catching a
common cold could have turned into a death sentence. Ways to combat microbial
infections were almost non-existent, i.e., until the discovery of the first true antibiotic –
penicillin.
• Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs obtained from other organisms (such as moulds, fungus
and some soil bacteria) to combat harmful microorganisms. However, they are not very
useful against certain microbes such as viruses.
• Antibiotics are produced on a large scale by the fermentation process. This is a chemical
process which is induced by the microorganisms in a large tank.
• A large tank contains the growth medium that provides nutrition for the microorganism’s
growth. Optimization of temperature, pH levels, oxygen and nutrient parameter in the
fermentation tank is very crucial to produce antibiotics.
Antibiotics
• After the completion of antibiotics production, they are extracted and
purified through multiple physical processes. Finally, the purified antibiotics
are converted into crystal form.
Antibiotics
❑ Uses of Antibiotics

• Today, the name antibiotic is synonymous with drugs that kill bacteria. And
because of this, mortality rates have reduced, and lifespan has increased.
• These microbial infections can wipe out an entire population of organisms
and that can adversely affect the ecosystem. For instance, anthrax is a disease
that infects livestock and can spread to humans, which is often fatal unless it
is treated.
Antibiotics
• Antimicrobial therapy is used to destroy or prevent the microorganism’s
growth. However, it might not stop the damage that is already done. For
example, the anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis does not actually
kill the host, instead, it is the toxins that are produced that does the deed.
Antibiotics might kill the bacteria, but the toxins remain in the body and
continue to cause damage.

• Today, two types of antimicrobial therapies are available:


1.Microbicidal therapy – It is used to kill microorganisms.
2.Microbiostatic therapy – It is used to prevent microorganism growth.
Antibiotics
• Examples of Antibiotics
Penicillin
Penicillin was first ever “true” antibiotic and it was discovered by a Scottish bacteriologist,
Alexander Fleming in 1928. It was widely used to treat the different types of bacterial
infections that plagued man. Ironically, Penicillin was an accidental discovery, but it was a
landmark discovery in the field of medicine. Penicillin is acquired from a mould called
Penicillium notatum (also known as Penicillium chrysogenum).

Quinolones
This is another type of antibiotic that can inhibit or kill bacteria. Developed in 1962,
quinolones are made from a synthetic compound called nalidixic acid. Quinolones are usually
the first line of treatment for bacterial infections that affect the urinary tract. It is also quite
effective for sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
Antibiotics
Types of Penicillin
There are different types of penicillin, which are grouped based on their effectiveness.
Penicillin VK and Penicillin G are natural Penicillin
•Penicillin VK – It is used to fight against bacterial infections. Example: Ear infection.
•Penicillin G – More effective against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci bacterial
infections. Example: susceptible bacterial infections in the stomach.

Strain improvement in antibiotic or drug production


Genetic engineering is a set of techniques that are used to modify the biological
characteristics of various living organisms. Example: Recombinant DNA technology,
Microinjection, etc. Recombinant DNA technology helps in producing genetically improved
antibiotic strain.
The wild strain of microorganism is transformed into the mutant strain in order to increase
the yield and quality of antibiotics. The improvement of biosynthetic pathway design and
recombinant DNA techniques can be achieved in order to improve antibiotic production.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy