SMART PORT

Smart Port Definition

• A smart port is a modern and technologically advanced port that leverages innovative
technologies and data-driven solutions to enhance its operational efficiency, safety and
sustainability (Rakin Rahman,
2023)
• Smart Ports are green, digital, and more connected to logistics, industrial environments,
and sustainable development resources. They are automated ports using new technologies
while caring more for the marine environment.
Digitization process
• Digitization. The transformation of documents, including contracts, bills of lading, and any
relevant information, into digital format. This allows for more effective analysis, storage,
duplication, and transmission of information.
• Digitalization. The transformation of business processes and operations through various
forms of automation. It can range from the management of customer orders to terminal
automation.

A wide range of digitalized port services and solutions can be defined within the
three key strategic focus areas – and using different enabling technologies.
These solutions can be categorized into three main groups:

● Smart infrastructure is focused on “fixed assets” in a port, like buildings (e.g.,

warehouses or stacking areas), cranes, railways, and roads. The aim of Smart
Infrastructure services is: 1) to increase productivity; 2) to increase the asset life
through smart maintenance.

● Smart traffic is focused on “moving assets” like ships, trucks, trains, and containers.
The aim of Smart Traffic modules is: 1) to contribute to the efficient flow of assets
and improve productivity; 2) to increase asset utilization and asset availability.

● Smart trading is focused on the “flow of cargo.” The aim of Smart Trading is: 1) to
control the speedy, smooth, and efficient flow of goods to and from a port; 2) to avoid
the spoilage of perishable goods during operation at a port; 3) to improve the safety
and security by an effective custom process.

Each of these three dimensions may include several modules and services, as
shown in the figure below. These modules (which are a combination of hardware
and software solutions) can be potentially connected through a centralized Port
Logistics System, a Port Community System, or, preferably, a Port Ecosystem
Digital Twin.

Automation and Innovation

The port and logistics sector is implementing technology and digital transformation
strategies. Some innovations are particularly relevant and will affect almost all aspects of the
transportation process. There are four category of automation:
• Robotics encompasses the use of robotics in container handling equipment
• Process automation involves the use of technology to automate processes external to
cargo handling (ex. gate process)
• Decision-making automation involves using technology to guide and optimize decisions
related to stowage and yard planning, container positioning, and vehicle and equipment
scheduling. (ex. TOS)
• Process monitoring involves applying digital technologies to commercial operations,
planning, and support functions, emphasizing data aggregation, analytics, and network
optimization.
Yard Automation
• Automated yard planning: information systems to manage the stacking of inbound and
outbound containers => effective positioning of containers and equipment.
• Horizontal movement automation involves using Automated Guided
Vehicles (AGVs) such as straddle carriers (AutoStrads) or shuttles, Automated Stacking
Cranes (ASCs) which are rail-mounted gantry cranes.
• Yard automation requires container position determination systems that make the location
of all the containers within the terminal known at any time through
sensors.
Terminal Interface Automation
• Automated mooring systems are able to quickly dock and undock a ship, improving ship
turnaround time
• Automated Ship to Shore Cranes (ASSC) are automated versions of standard portainers
that are remotedly controlled. An operator can control several cranes instead of one.
• Automated Gate Systems (AGSs) enhance terminal access while require documentation
electronically provided before picking up or dropping at the terminal. AGS rely on optical
character recognition and radio frequency identification to quickly capture data about
inbound and outbound containers.
Foreland and Hinterland Automation
• Many aspects of ship operations have been automated (propulsion and power monitoring,
ballast), reducing crew size substantially.
• Automated trains (control systems, signaling, crossings)
• Automated trucks carrying containers between terminals and their hinterland
• Warehouses with automated storage and retrieval syýtems
Obstacles to Automation
• High and irreversible investment costs. Automation equipment cannot be effectively
provided in increments, but as a complete and integrated system.
• Availability of skills and trained personel. The new set of skills to operate, supervise and
maintain automated equipment require additional training in the workforce and the
recruitment of talent in a competitive market.
• Disruption to terminal operations during conversion. As a terminal is getting close to
operational capacity, automation becomes an increasingly attractive option. However,
converting a footprint to automation will be disruptive to operations, impacting the terminal
performance, revenue, and customer satisfaction.
• Existing labor contracts. Most port workers, particularly longshoremen, see automation as
a disruption and a threat to employment opportunities. A terminal setting up a conversion
towards automation may by facing labor movements and protests that may disrupt its
operations.
SMART SHIPPING
Food for thought

• Several more factors are vital in turning data points into useful information, including data
quality, and real time integration, contextualization and sharing.

• An autonomous ship IS a smart ship → A ship can be equipped with

technologies they use onboard - the Internet of Things (lo T), artificial
intelligence (Al), machine learning, etc.

• A smart ship MIGHT NOT BE an autonomous ship → A mountain of data points

does not make a smart ship - but timely valuable information for the right person
does".

Overview of smart shipping

Smart shipping is not about any one technology or set of solutions. Rather, it focuses on how
different technologies can be used to achieve pre-defined objectives

Definitions of Autonomous Ships

● The definitions of autonomous vessels were used in various names such as

unmanned vessels, smart ships, remote control vessels and digital vessels.
● However, the IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) unified as MASS (Maritime
Autonomous Surface Ship). Since then, each Member State has used the definition
provided by IMO.
● Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is an acronym used by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) to describe commercial vessels that operate with little or
no human intervention, using sensors, software, and communication systems to
navigate, avoid collisions and perform the tasks and functions of the vessel.

Autonomy levels of MASS

DEGREE 1 Ships with automated Seafarers are on board to operate and control
processes and shipboard systems and functions. Some
decision support operations may be automated and at times be
unsupervised but with seafarers on board ready to
take control.

DEGREE 2 Remotely controlled The ship is controlled and operated from another
ship with seafarers on location.
board Seafarers are available onboard to take control
and operate the shipboard systems and functions.

DEGREE 3 Remotely controlled The ship is controlled and operated from another
ship without seafarers location.
on board There are no seafarers on board.
 DEGREE 4 Fully autonomous The operating system of the ship can make
ship decisions and determine actions by itself.

Autonomy levels of MASS

Fully autonomous ship: The operating system of the ship is able to make decisions and
determine actions by itself.
● The remote ship where the tasks of operating the ship are performed via a remote-
control mechanism e.g. by a shore
based human operator.
● The automated ship where advanced decision support systems on board undertake
all the operational decisions independently without intervention of a human operator.
AUTONOMOUS SHIPS
Characteristics of Autonomous Ships
• No captain and crew member on the board
• Remote controlled on the shore control center
• Emergence of remote-controlled cargo ship in 2020
• Without rooms for crew member
• Remote controlled commercial ship will be vulnerable to hackers
• They will hijack it or change its route, deliberately cause collision
• Security and regulation will be strengthened and modified to deal with ship security and
safety events.
Technologies of Autonomous Ships
• ICT & /oT-enabled holistic cloud-based maritime performance & monitoring system, for the
whole lifecycle of a vessel, aimed to fully optimize the energy efficiency, emissions
reduction, and fuel consumption, with regards to introducing circular economy concepts
within the maritime field.
Al Will Enable Ships to achieve a Greater Level of Autonomy and Sailors to possess a far
better understanding of their Vessels
• Smart Contracts Enable Transparent Tracking of Shipments throughout the entire Shipping
Value Chain
• Augmented Reality in conjunction with Big Data Analytics will Provide an Immersive and
Complete User Experience for Ship Navigation.
• Sensors and Connected Systems will end in the Generation of Vast Amounts of knowledge
to assist in Optimize Vessel Operation
• Insights Generated from Big Data Enable Better deciding across Functions on Ships also
as Ports.
Adoption of Cloud Makes easier workforce for both off and onshore in terms of Operations,
Communication and Collaboration. loud Enables Shipping Companies to take care of
Centralized Data Management Systems and Apply Data Policies between Global Locations.

Benefits of AS
1. Efficiencies of Ships Without a Crew
When automation becomes viable, the industry isn't planning to just make the same cargo
ships they currently do minus crew. They are planning on making a whole new class of
vessels re-envisioned from the ground up.
It seems likely that crew reduction will occur before total crew replacement. Until robots
become dexterous enough to fix engines or complete other routine onboard tasks, humans
may need to be in the loop - even if just in the case of emergencies.
2. Reduced Human Error and Risk
Autonomy also holds the promise of reducing human error and therefore bringing down
costs related to accidents and insurance.
According to Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty, between 75% and 96% of all accidents in
the shipping sector can be attributed to human error. These incidents rank as the top cause
of liability loss.
• According to the U.S. Coast Guard, 96% of all marine casualty occur due to human errors.
The aforementioned factor is very serious and hence has given the rise to the thought of
autonomous ships. Autonomous ships are state-of-the-art maritime transport to meet
competitiveness, safety and sustainability challenges of marine transportation.
• Autonomous ships are capable of tackling many issues related to marine transportation
such as human errors, casualty losses, adverse weather conditions and criminal activities.
3. Reduced the Risks of Piracy
• without human crews to threaten or hold hostage, the issue of piracy along certain trade
routes would also likely be reduced or mostly eliminated. Kidnapping crew members for
ransom money is a main driving force behind modern piracy.
• According to the State of Maritime Piracy report, last year there were 18 incidents of
kidnapping for ransom off the coast of West Africa and 21 incidents in Asia.
4. Reduced crew costs
• Autonomous ships can obviously offer the advantage of reducing/eliminating the expense
of salaries and benefits for crew members.
• Autonomous ships offer a variety of other merits such as efficient use of space in ship
design, better fuel efficiency and reduction in transportation time.
Comparison of External Appearance between Manned Ship and Autonomous Ship
Characteristics of Autonomous Ships
• No captain and crew member on the board
• Remote controlled on the shore control center
• Emergence of remote-controlled cargo ship in 2020
• Without rooms for crew member
• Remote controlled commercial ship will be vulnerable to hackers
• They will hijack it or change its route, deliberately cause collision
• Security and regulation will be strengthened and modified to deal with ship security and
safety events.
GREEN SHIPPING
Concept of Green Shipping
• Green shipping refers to the transportation of people or goods by ships with a minimal use
of resources and energy in order to safeguard the environment from ship-generated
pollutants. The aim of green shipping is to promote cleaner practices, including emission
control, efficient port management, and equipment management.
• Green shipping encompasses a range of strategies and initiatives aimed at minimizing the
environmental impact of transporting goods and services.
• Green shipping covers eco-friendly shipbuilding including engines, usage of alternative
shipping fuel, efficient port operation, and optimal functioning of vessels. Even though the
adoption of green practices in shipping is costly in the short term, it is proven to have long-
term economic benefits.
Impacts of Green Shipping
1. Reduces shipping inefficiencies through logistical and operational streamlining
2. Improves fuel efficiency per trip per transport
3. Gives businesses a selection of methods that generate fewer carbon emissions
4. Uses alternative fuels and energy sources for transportation
5. Uses recommended driving best practices for fuel efficiency, etc.

Understandings of Ship Emissions

• Heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the number one fuel for large ships for over a century due to
its low cost and high energy density. A fairly small amount can power a ship for great
distances.
• HFO is
the sticky, tar-like residue that remains after petroleum crude has been catalytically treated
and distilled to separate lighter, more valuable fuels like gasoline and automotive diesel.
What is left over must then be heated to flow through ship engines. This heated mixture
contains a mix of paraffins, olefins, aromatics, asphaltenes and compounds that contain
sulphur, nitrogen and metals. In other words, this type of fuel is far from environmentally
friendly.

Ship owners actions

• Equip their vessels with special Exhaust gas purifiers - scrubbers with which the former
high-sulfur fuel can be used but comply with the standards for the content of harmful
substances in the exhaust gases. It is predicted that by the end of 2020 about 3.000 vessels
around the world will be equipped with scrubbers and about 1.000 more scrubbers will
appear by the beginning of 2021. In total, the world commercial fleet consists of more than
94.000 vessels, including 51.000 units - displacement over 1 thousand tons.
• Apply new special fuel, very low sulfur fuel oil, or VLSFO (very low sulfur fuel oil). Sulfur
content is 0,5% or 7 times lower than in sulfur fuel oil (high sulfur fuel oil, HSFO), which is
more IMO compliant.

Features of Green Ship

• In 2018, the IMO and the shipping community made a strong commitment: By 2050,
greenhouse gases from shipping must be reduced by at least 50% from
2008 levels. To meet the challenge, NYK have in cooperation with MTI and ELOMATIC
developed a roadmap for actions that will culminate in this PCTC (Pure Car and Truck
Carrier), which has 35% lower ship resistance, 70% lower energy demand and the potential
for zero emissions to air and water.
Green Ship related with conventions
(1) Emission Control Area (ECA)
• The Emission Control Area (ECA) has also been implemented one after another.
The Baltic Sea received the International Maritime Organization in 1997 and approved the
establishment of the first pollution emission control area in accordance with the International
Convention for Prevention of Pollution from
Ships.
• The North Sea also approved the establishment of a pollution emission control zone in
2007.
• The United States and Canada applied for and established a ship pollution emission
control zone in 2012 from the coast of 200 nautical miles in 2012.
Green Ship related with conventions
(2) Low fuel sulfur content
• Sulfur fuel. In October 2008, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced a
new ship fuel standard; revised Annex 73 of the 73/78 Convention on the Prevention of Air
Pollution from Ships, and the new Annex provision came into force on July 1, 2010, with the
highest global fuel sulfur content.
• The content will be reduced from 4.5% to 3.5% on January 1, 2012; it will be reduced to
0.5% on January 1, 2020.
• In the pollution control area, the maximum sulfur content of the fuel allowed by ships was
reduced from 1.5% to 1.0% on July 1, 2010, and decreased to 0.1% on January 1, 2015.

The Technologies to Make the Ultimate Green Ship

Alternative fuels
• Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
• Hydrogen
• Methanol
• Electric shipping vessels
•Diesel-electric drive: Electricity is generated by diesel generators, which then powers the
electric engine responsible for propelling the ship.
•Hybrid drive: In addition to the internal combustion engine, batteries are installed onboard.
They can be activated temporarily to provide extra power during peak demands or store
surplus energy from the diesel generator. This allows the ship to operate solely on electricity
for a certain period of time.
•Fully electric drive: This configuration lacks an internal combustion engine, relying solely on
batteries to provide all the required energy for propulsion.

Scope of emissions
SCOPE 2 SCOPE 1 SCOPE 3

Indirect Direct Indirect

Emissions from Emissions from sources (on Emissions of the chain

energy/utilities site) supply or service
(emissions from RTGs, (emissions from vehicles, (emissions from containers,
electricity used to supply the cranes, machinery using ships entering and leaving
port) fossil fuels, burning fuel ports)
during loading and
unloading)

Why Do Ship Operations Cause Pollution?

Ship operations, especially during mooring and port operations, can cause pollution due to
many factors, of which the fuel used and the operation of the main engine are two important
factors.
1. Fuel Used
● Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO): Many ships still use HFO, a fuel with a high sulfur content.
When burned, HFO emits large amounts of toxic gases such as sulfur oxides (SOx)
and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
 ● Diesel fuel: Some ships use diesel fuel, which often has a lower sulfur content than
HFO, but still emits CO2, NOx and fine dust particles.
● LNG fuel (liquefied natural gas): Some new ships now use LNG, which is a less
polluting option, but still has some emissions during use.
2. Main Engine Operation When Anchoring and Entering Port
● Power Supply: When a ship is anchored, the main engine is usually still running to
provide power to onboard systems such as air conditioning, lighting and electronics.
This forces the main engine to consume fuel and emit exhaust fumes.
● Idle Operation: The main engine may be running at idle, but still produce harmful
emissions. This can cause significant pollution in the port area, which is densely
populated and has many other activities.
⇒ Main engine: When the ship is anchored or in port, the main engine must still be running
to provide power to essential systems such as air conditioning, lighting, and electronics. This
is necessary because:
● Crew needs to be on board: During the time the ship is anchored, the crew must
remain on board to ensure safety and perform necessary tasks, so the main engine
needs to be running to maintain utilities.
● Safety: The main engine needs to be running so that it can be quickly moved if an
emergency occurs, such as a storm or accident.
Auxiliary engine: The auxiliary engine also operates to provide power to non-essential but
important systems, such as:
● Water pumps: To maintain the water level in the ship and prevent flooding.
● Air conditioning and ventilation systems: To ensure the crew's living space is
comfortable and safe.

3. Impact on the Environment and Humans

● Air Pollution: Ship emissions, including CO2, SOx, NOx and particulate matter, can
increase air pollution in the area surrounding the port. This can lead to serious health
problems such as respiratory, cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
● Ecosystem Impact: Ship emissions can impact air and water quality, harming marine
ecosystems and the animals that inhabit the area. Climate Change: CO2 emissions
from ships contribute to global warming and climate change, affecting habitats and
global food security.
GREEN PORT
The operation of the ship can be categorized into four phases. Here’s a detailed description
of each phase, including how the machines and fuel operate:
1. Anchorage Phase
● Propulsion Engine: Off
● The main engine is not in operation, leading to no fuel consumption for propulsion.
● Auxiliary Engine: Typically inactive or may operate minimally for essential systems.
● Fuel Usage: Minimal or no fuel is consumed during this phase, primarily limited to
any auxiliary systems that might be running.
2. Cruise Phase
● Propulsion Engine: On
● The main engine is operational, providing thrust for the ship to cruise.
● Auxiliary Engine: Also operational to support electrical and mechanical systems
onboard.
 ● Fuel Usage: The ship consumes fuel actively as the main engine operates at an
average speed of 12 knots. Fuel consumption is higher compared to the anchorage
phase due to the sustained power needed for cruising.
3. Maneuver Phase
● Propulsion Engine: On
● The main engine is still operational but typically at a slower speed.
● Auxiliary Engine: Operational to support navigation systems and other onboard
requirements.
● Fuel Usage: Fuel consumption continues but is moderated as the ship operates at
around 3.5 knots. This phase may require strategic fuel use to navigate safely,
especially in port areas.
4. Hotel Phase
● Propulsion Engine: May be Off or operate at minimal levels.
● The main engine could be switched off if not needed for movement.
● Auxiliary Engine: Remains operational to power amenities (lighting, HVAC, etc.) for
crew and passengers.
● Fuel Usage: Fuel consumption is lower compared to the cruise and maneuver
phases, focusing mainly on auxiliary systems rather than propulsion.

⇒ Each phase of the ship's operation involves different configurations of the

propulsion and auxiliary engines, significantly impacting fuel consumption.
Effective management of engine operation and fuel usage during these phases is
crucial for optimizing performance and minimizing environmental impact.

IMPACT: PORT ENVIRONMENT FACETS

1. Water quality: Ports are often polluted by oil, chemicals from handling equipment,
ship operations, and waste from maintenance activities. Green ports implement strict
water management systems to prevent pollution. This includes controlling and
monitoring the flow of stormwater and wastewater to prevent the discharge of
hazardous substances into nearby waters. Additionally, green ports adopt measures
such as using cleaner fuels (e.g., LNG) and technologies to limit the release of
harmful substances like oil, chemicals, and untreated wastewater into water sources.
This helps reduce the risk of polluting local ecosystems.
2. Coastal hydrology:Port construction can alter the natural flow of water, leading to
coastal erosion and impacting surrounding land areas. Green port development uses
environmentally friendly measures to minimize the effects on hydrology and water
flow.
3. Soil contamination: Port activities contribute to soil pollution through oil or chemical
leaks from storage areas, ships, and warehouses. Green ports implement strict
measures to manage waste from port activities, including the treatment of solid
waste, hazardous waste, and wastewater. This prevents the leakage or discharge of
pollutants such as toxic chemicals and oil into the environment.
4. Marine and coastal ecology: The construction of port infrastructure can destroy
natural habitats, displacing marine life. Vessel operations also generate noise and
waves, further impacting marine species. Green ports aim to preserve ecosystems by
minimizing the impact of ships and construction activities on local wildlife.
 5. Air quality: The use of fossil fuels and transportation activities at ports can cause air
pollution, affecting public health. Green ports work to reduce CO2, NOx, SOx, and
other pollutants by using renewable energy and clean technologies.
6. Noise and vibration: Noise and vibrations from transportation, cargo handling, and
ship activities can negatively affect surrounding communities. Green ports mitigate
noise and vibration by employing modern technology and safe operational
procedures.
7. Waste management: Green ports prioritize effective waste management, focusing on
recycling, reducing solid waste, and safely handling hazardous waste.
8. Visual intrusion: Port structures can disrupt natural landscapes, creating visual
intrusion and affecting tourism or nearby areas. Green ports design infrastructure that
minimizes visual impact and enhances aesthetic value.
9. Socio-cultural impacts: Port activities can affect local communities, from
displacement to changes in cultural practices. Green ports consider social factors,
ensuring that interactions between the port and the community are harmonious and
sustainable.

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Coordination between Remote Control and Autonomous Operation

REMOTE CONTROL
• Port operations
• Navigation in congested areas
• Advanced maneuvering situations
AUTONOMOUS OPERATION
• Navigation at open sea
• Total ship traffic overview
• Route and speed optimization

Current development of Autonomous Ships

• In 2014, Rolls-Royce unveiled the design of the world's first remote-controlled unmanned
cargo ship.
The concept of unmanned cargo ships revolves around a no-crew ship that can be controlled
from the shore. The project is being developed in collaboration with a research project called
MUNIN- Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks supported by the
European Commissions, and which aims at developing and testing the autonomous ship
concept.
• In countries such as Denmark, Norway, Finland, the United Kingdom, Japan, USA and
China, R & D investment, legislation and policy development and technology impact
assessment to preempt technology development and international standardization for
autonomous vessels have
eXIST.

Yara Birkeland
Yara and Kongsberg plans to deploy the first autonomous and fully electric cargo ship in
2018.
The vessel - christened YARA Birkeland - will start as a manned ship in 201 initially
delivering fertilizer along a 37-mile route in Southern Norway. The plan is to test the new
vessel/ and slowly transfer more and more responsibility to the Al system.
Their goal is to have remote operation in 2019 and basically fully autonomous operations by
2020.
• The electric-powered ship will be miniscule by modern standards, with the capacity for 100
to 150 shipping containers.
The ship will cost $25 million, about three times as much as a conventional ship of similar
size but will save up to 90% in annual operating costs by eliminating both fuel and crew.

FREE TRADE ZONE

Definition of Free Zones
The World Bank (2008) provided one of the first attempts to define the variety of free zones
that have emerged in recent decades:
• Free trade zones (FTZ) are considered to be enclosed duty-free areas for the purpose of
providing warehousing and distribution facilities supporting trade, particularly re-exports.
They are commonly near a point of entry, such as a port, an airport or a land border.
• Export processing zones (EPZ) are offering incentives for manufacturing and related
activities with a particular focus on exports, although several such zones allow non-exporting
activities.
• Free ports are considered to be the broader term of a free zone as they include a rather
large area and can cover a wide range of activities and incentives to promote economic
development and trade.
• Special economic zones (SEZ) are a free port paradigm that has been particularly applied
to the Chinese context as a tool to promote foreign direct investments in well defined areas

Advantages of Free Zones

After establishment of Free Trade Zone, it will result in several economic effects to a nation
(Tseng, 2004):
1. Absorb foreign capital investment,
2. Increase foreign currency earnings,
3. Enlarge job employment,
4. Promote technology transfer,
5. Spur local industrial economics,
6. Increase port operating revenue
7. Attract cargo consolidation and transit trading buúiness
FREE PORT
Definition of Free Port
• "A free port is an international logistic interface that is free from border frictions and
designed to bring more value in the global supply chains of its operators" Lavissière et al.
(2014).
• This definition states that the free port is not the port, but the special logistics facility next to
ports.
• "often next to a sea port but also next to or within an airport, a river port, or a dry port.
How Free Port Works
• A freeport or zone is an area inside the boundary of a country, but is considered a separate
entity for the purpose of customs.
• Businesses that operate within these areas are given incentives, such as tax breaks.
→ To cut costs and bureaucracy, at the same time as encourage innovation.
→ Freeports and zones could not so much create new revenue but rather divert
existing economic activity into the area through the promised tax breaks.
Requirements for free port development
• There needs to be investment and innovation in numerous areas alongside freeports if they
are going to work. These areas include design, transport infrastructure, skilled labour and
sufficient capital within the free zone.
• Impact of freeports in building growing innovation and encouraging investment into port
communities.
Automated container terminal
Automation Classification
• A fully automated terminal is when the stacking yard and horizontal transfers between the
quay and the yard are automated. This implies that a container is handled automatically from
the dockside to the pickup area.
• A semi-automated terminal only involves an automated stacking yard.
• A completely automated terminal defines a terminal where automation occurs from the
portainer to the gate (and beyond).
Benefits of Container Terminal Automation
1. To save labor cost
Labor cost ratio of traditional terminals is 40% and those of Auto terminals is 27%. Labor
costs have been reduced by 70 percent because of this automatic terminal, while efficiency
increased by 30 percent.
2. To decrease operation breakdown
To prevent operation breakdown arisen by labor strike
3. To lessen industrial disaster
4. To reduce operating expense
Automated container terminal capital investment is larger than Traditional CT by 116%.
Operation expense is cheaper than Traditional container terminals by 18%.
5. To improve productivity
24 hours operation 20%~ 30% productivity improvement
6. To increase green environment
The fully unmanned automation terminal uses eco-friendly electric power for all loading and
unloading facilities including quay equipment (QC), transport equipment (AGV) and yard
equipment (ASC).

GREENPORT
Reasons for Going Green
• Going green is a trend of seaport for all over the world and environmental
management becomes a critical role in a port operation. The advantages of environmental
management are not only for customer satisfaction and corporate image but also for cost
saving and environment protection.
Air pollution at seaports
• Air pollution is one of the major environmental impacts generated by ports, particularly
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to climate change since
GHG traps heat.
• There are also health effects impacting the residents of the local community surrounding
ports which include asthma, other respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer,
and premature mortality.
Air Pollution Sources at Seaports
• Ships port calls, which are a source of air pollutants such as CO2, SOx, NOx, PM10,
PM2.5, HC, CO, and VOC.
• Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
(Annex VI) that imposes limitations on the main air pollutants contained in ships
• Plans for implementing additional requirements, the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)
for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships.
• A cap on sulfur within particular areas (Emission Control Areas - ECAs)
• Alternative fuels are considered (Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), and hydrogen) to reduce
ship emissions at sea and in ports
• Onshore power supply solutions (or cold ironing)
Air Pollution Sources at Seaports
• Land side activities
• Cargo operations at terminals
• Emissions of dust from bulk cargo handling
• Electricity consumption
• Gases from cargo handling equipment and trucks
• Intermodal connections and congestion
• Industrial and logistics activities in and near port aảeas
Water Pollution Sources
• Water pollution comes from ballast water, fuel oil residue and waste disposal from ship
operations, and cargo residue.
• Untreated water and waste disposal from port operations, industrial activities, construction,
and expansion projects causes another major category of environmental externality. This
includes solid, liquid, and hazardous wastes.
• Waste lubricants, oily mixtures, solid waste (garbage), wastes from cargo operations, daily
administration, and buildings also create pollution.
• Annexes V and VI of MARPOL: what wastes can be discharged into the sea; port facilities
for the reception of ship-generated residues and garbage; reception and handling and
inadequate delivery by ships of their waste cargo residues.
Waste Management
• Waste management in ports requires several steps in a preferred order of priority, with the
first three of the following being the most desirable ones:
• Reducing the use of resources and minimizing the quantities and hazardous qualities of the
waste generated.
• Reuse. Using products or items again for the same or different purposes.
• Recycling. reprocessing valuable components/materials of waste for use as a feedstock to
manufacture the same or a different product.
• Recovery. Obtaining value from wastes by composting, energy recovery, or other
technologies.
• Disposal. If there is no other appropriate solution, waste disposal by landfilling and
incineration without energy recovery. Waste disposal has various options depending on the
type of waste and according to acceptable environmental standards.
• Two initial steps allow achieving better results:
• Waste segregation separates waste, making it useable or less difficult to dispose of. Waste
segregation at source is a prerequisite to securing separate fractions of sufficient quality for
different treatment processes.
• Waste treatment to reduce hazards or nuisance, preferably at the site of generation. The
need for treatment and the level and type of treatment are determined by the requirement of
its use or disposal.
Green Port Concept
• A green port invests and promotes environmentally friendly, long-term operations in all
forms of the port and marine sector.
• Green ports aim to minimise their ecological footprint by implementing various measures
such as reducing air and water pollution, optimising energy consumption, using renewable
energy sources, promoting eco-friendly
transportation and managing waste effectively.
Green Port Policy
The Green Port Policy includes six basic program elements, each with an overall goal:
1. Wildlife - Protect, maintain or restore aquatic ecosystems and marine habitats.
2. Air - Reduce harmful air emissions from Port activities.
3. Water - Improve the quality of Long Beach Harbor waters.
4. Soils/Sediments - Remove, treat, or render suitable for beneficial reuse contaminated
soils and sediments in the Harbor District.
5. Community Engagement - Interact with and educate the community regarding
Port operations and environmental programs.
6. Sustainability - Implement sustainable practices in design and construction, operations,
and administrative practices throughout the Port.
Green Management Tools and Instruments
Penalty and incentive pricing
• Motivating or giving an incentive pricing to the good doers and punishing or giving a
penalty pricing to the wrongdoers is an effective tool to promote environmental
awareness.
• Pricing control is most commonly used in shipping traffic, followed by industrial activities at
ports.
• Example: Voluntary schemes aimed at cleaner ships, such as rewarding the use of low
sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) or Environmental Ship Index (ESI) program. Ship operators typically
embrace such voluntary schemes, particularly when the implementation and further
refinement/updating of such programs go hand in hand with a proactive and constructive
collaboration between the maritime industry and the respective government agencies or port
authorities.
Transparency on environmental impacts
• Publishing annual or bi-annual sustainability reports
• Unsolved conceptual issues and differences in approach among ports remain when it
comes to sustainability reporting:
• The scope and the boundaries of the reporting, i.e., organizational, functional, or
geographical boundaries.
• The perspectives of performance and the calculation/definition of indicators.
• The integration of stakeholder perspectives.
Market access control and environmental standard regulation
• Environmental criteria can be used in the competitive bidding procedure
• Restrict market access and stipulate environmental standards
• National legislation is at various levels: the clean truck program for the ports of los angeles
and long beach
Port Greening Technologies
• Solar energy
• Electric Vehicles (Evs)
• Low-carbon and zero-emissions fuel
• Digitalization
• Onshore Power Supply (OPS)

Đưa 1 tình huống- đề xuất các phương án giải pháp nhà khai thác cảng
có thể sử dụng để xanh hơn và smart hơn

Example 1:
Hai Phong Port, one of the largest ports in Vietnam, is facing two major problems:
environmental pollution due to emissions and noise from cargo vehicles, along with traffic
congestion in the port area. To address these issues, port operators can apply solutions to
make the port greener and smarter.
Solution Options
Switch to renewable energy:
● Install solar panels: Use solar energy for port operations, from lighting to power
systems for loading and unloading equipment.
● Use wind energy: Harness wind energy by installing wind turbines to power port
operations.
Improve transportation and logistics systems:
● Optimize transportation routes: Use smart logistics management software to optimize
cargo transportation routes, minimizing time and fuel consumption.
● Encourage multimodal transport: Develop transport solutions combining road, rail
and waterway to reduce the load on road traffic.
Apply smart technology:
● Smart traffic management system: Deploy sensors and monitoring systems to
monitor traffic flow and coordinate vehicles effectively.
● Apply IoT (Internet of Things) application: Use IoT sensors to monitor the status of
goods and equipment in real time, helping to optimize operating processes.
Minimize emissions and pollution:
● Use electric trucks: Invest in electric trucks to transport goods in the port, minimizing
emissions and noise.
● Implement effective waste treatment processes: Apply waste classification and
recycling measures, and treat wastewater and emissions to meet environmental
standards.
Enhance training and awareness raising:
● Train staff: Provide training courses on green processes and new technologies for
port staff.
● Community Awareness Program: Organize events and communication campaigns to
raise awareness of environmental protection in the community surrounding the port.
Example 2:
Da Nang Port, one of the important seaports in Vietnam, is facing environmental pollution
problems due to emissions from ships and cargo vehicles, along with traffic congestion in the
port area. To address these problems, port operators can apply solutions to make the port
greener and smarter.

Solution Options
Switch to Clean Energy
● Install Solar Energy Systems: Use solar energy for port operations, from lighting to
electrical systems for loading and unloading equipment.
● Use Wind Energy: Harness wind energy by installing wind turbines to power port
operations.
Improve Transportation and Logistics
● Optimize Transportation Routes: Use smart logistics management software to
optimize cargo transportation routes, minimizing time and fuel consumption.
● Promoting Multimodal Transport: Developing transport solutions combining road, rail
and waterway to reduce the load on road traffic.
Applying Smart Technology
● Smart Traffic Management System: Deploying sensors and monitoring technology to
monitor traffic flow and coordinate vehicles efficiently.
● Applying IoT (Internet of Things): Using IoT sensors to monitor the status of goods
and equipment in real time, helping to optimize operating processes.
Reducing Emissions and Pollution
● Investing in Electric Trucks: Using electric trucks to transport goods in the port,
reducing emissions and noise.
● Waste Treatment Process: Applying waste classification and recycling measures,
and treating wastewater and emissions to meet environmental standards.
Strengthening Training and Awareness Raising
● Staff Training: Providing training on green processes and new technologies for port
staff.
● Community Awareness Program: Organize media events to raise awareness of
environmental protection in the community surrounding the port.