‘Aceeaned by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008, 1 AS 1289.6.1.1—1998 Australian Standard™ Methods of testing soils for engineering Purposes Method 6.1.1: Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of the California Bearing Ratio of a soil—Standard laboratory method for a remoulded specimen 1 SCOPE This Standard sets out the procedure for the determination of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of a soil when compacted and tested in the laboratory. The method is applicable to both fine-grained and medium-grained soils as defined in AS 1289.0. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1152 Specification for test sieves 1289 ‘Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes 1289.0 Method 0: General requirements and list of methods 1289.1 Method 1: Preparation of disturbed soil samples for testing 1289.2.1.1 Method 2.1.1: Soil moisture content tests—Determination of the moisture content of @ soil—Oven drying method (standard method) 1289.5.1.1 Method 5.1.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using standard compactive effort 1289,5.2.1 Method 5.2.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using modified compactive effort 1289.5.4.2 Method 5.4.2: Soil compaction and density tests—Compaction control tests—Assignment of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content values 2103 Dial gauges and dial test indicators 2193 Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring systems of testing machines 3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. 3.1. Laboratory moisture ratie—ihe ratio of the moisture content of the specimen to the ‘optimum moisture content of the material as determined on material prepared in accordance with Clause 5(a), as applicable, expressed as a percentage. 3.2 Laboratory density ratio—the ratio of the dry density of the specimen to the maximum dry density of the material as determined on material prepared in accordance with Clause 5(2), as applicable, expressed as a percentage. copyRicHT[Accessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 AS 1288.6.1.1—1998 2 4 APPARATUS The following apparatus shall be used (a) () © @ (e) wo g) (h) ® «) o (a) (@) @) Steel penetration piston with a 49.6 +0.1 mm diameter over the length of penetration and at least 150 mm long. The length of the piston will depend upon the number of surcharges and the depth of penetration required. Loading machine equipped with— (a moveable head or base capable of travelling at a uniform (not pulsating) rate of 1 40.2 mm/min for use in forcing the penetration piston into the specimen; and (ii) a force-measuring device meeting the accuracy and repeatability requirements of AS 2193 Grade C testing machines for the range of forces used in the test. The force-measuring device shall be capable also of indicating seating loads of approximately 50 N and approximately 250 N (see Note 1) Cylindrical metal mould (see Figure 1) of known volume with an internal diameter 152 £1 mm, height 178 +1 mm and wall thickness of at least 5 mm, provided with ‘a metal extension collar and a perforated metal baseplate, Steel spacer disc (see Figure 2) of 150 40.5 mm diameter and 61 £0.25 mm high, fitted with a removable handle for lifting the disc from the mould. Compaction apparatus complying with the requirements of AS 1289.5.1.1 or AS 1289.5.2.1, as applicable (see Note 2). Metal stem and perforated plate with a mass of 1.00 40.025 kg (see Figure 3). Metal surcharges, with each surcharge having a mass of 2.25 +0.025 kg, a diameter of 150 £0.5 mm and with a centre hole of 55 1.0 mm diameter (see Figure 4 and Note 3). Two displacement measuring devices e.g. dial gauges capable of measuring the expected range of travel, graduated to 0.01 mm and meeting the accuracy and repeatability requirements of AS 2103. Sieve, 19 mm and, if required, a 4.75 mm sieve, complying with AS 1152. Balance of sufficient capacity and limit of performance not exceeding =5 g. Jack, lever, frame or other suitable device which shall be used for extruding specimens from the cylinder (optional). Metal tripod, if swell is to be measured to support the dial gauge or displacement measuring device for measuring the amount of swell during soaking (see Figure 5). Setting piece, if swell is to be measured and the tripod or displacement measuring device is removed from the mould during the test, to set the reading on the dial gauge or measuring device attached to the metal tripod prior to each reading in the swell test Water tank or container capable of maintaining water at a level above the moulds, uting soaking. Other apperatus such as a mixing bowl, straightedge, filter paper and dishes COPYRIGHT[Acoasted by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 3 AS 1289.6.1.1—1998 Holes on baseplate: Number 29 [+5-0) 03 40.2 - _- Sliding it _-—— Spacer disc re SECTION A-A ‘NOTES: 1} Essontial dimensions are toleranced 2 All dimensions are in millimetres FIGURE 1 MOULD 15 ‘Thread to suit handle 7 Ts oO 38- Thread to suit 61 £0.25 75 Hay spacer disc | \ 0150 20.5 ELEVATION HANDLE SPACER DISC Notes: 1 Essential dimensions are toleranced 2 All dimensions are in millimetres FIGURE 2 SPACER DISC AND HANDLE COPYRIGHT[Accessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 AS 199.61.1—1998 4 42 Number @3 40.2 holes equally space ually spaced ies 10 piri itt Teri rt tq Thickness to Gisotas give 4.00 £0.25 kg NorEs: 1 Essential dimensions are toleranced 2 All €imensions are in mullimetres FIGURE 3. STEM AND PLATE PLAN PLAN aso 0.5 0150 405 058 #10. 055 #10 TThiokness to give FThlokgees to ove __f 226 20.028 2.26 20.025 i oo 7 com _ ELEVATION ELEVATION [a] Slotted metal surcharge (0) Annular metal surcharge Novas: 1 Essential dimensions are toleranced 2 All dimensions are in millimetres FIGURE 4 SURCHARGES 5 PREPARATION OF THE TEST PORTION Prepare the test portion as follows: (@) Using the 19 mm sieve, sieve a representative sample of the soil prepared in accordance with the procedure prescribed in AS 1289.1. Determine the percentage of material retained on the sieve (see Notes 4 and 5). The material passing the 19 mm sieve is to be used for the test. (b) Obtain by riffling or quartering the sieved material, representative test portions for determining maximum dry density, optimum moisture content and CBR. (©) Determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in accordance with AS 1289.5.1.1 or AS 1289.5.2.1, as applicable, on one test portion. ‘coPYRIGHT|Aczosted by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 47 Jun 2008 s AS 1289.6.1.1— 3998 If these values are assigned in accordance with AS 1289.5.4.2, take care to ensure that the values are applicable to the material prepared in Clause 5(b), i.e. if material larger than 19 mm has been replaced as detailed in Note 4, the assigned values are not applicable. (4) Thoroughly mix another test portion with the required amount of water to dampen it to achieve the required laboratory moisture ratio. (2) Allow the soil test portion to cure for an appropriate time for the soil type (see Note 6). Record the duration of curing. 93 Machine screw: Hole to suit dial gauge clamping stem NOTE: The axis to align with the axis of stem and plate (see Figure 3) PLAN Dial gauge eae Clamp | 120 y ee ole Pas eee 182 18h ti 109s to be +0 equal in length! FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION NOTES: I Essential dimensioas are toleranced 2 All dimensions are in millimetres FIGURE 5 TYPICAL TRIPOD FOR MEASURING TEST SPECIMEN SWELL 6 PREPARATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN Prepare the test specimen as follows: (a) Determine the mass of the mould (m,). (b) Insert the spacer disc, clamp the mould (with the extension collar attached) to the baseplate and place a filter paper on top of the spacer disc coPYRIGHT‘Accessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 47 Jun 2008 998 6 (©) Immediately prior to compaction, thoroughly mix the cured soil and determine the moisture content (0,) of @ representative fraction of the test portion in accordance with AS 1289.2.1.1 (4) Compact the specimen uniformly in the mould to the specified laboratory density ratio as follows, (see Note 7) (i) Standard compactive effort—in three layers so that the compacted height of the soil is 39 mm to 44 mm in the first layer, 78 mm to 83 mm in the second layer and 117 to 122 mm in the third layer. (ii) Modified compactive effort—in five layers so that the compacted height of the soil in the mould is 21 mm to 26 mm in the first layer, 45 mm to 50 mm. in the second layer, 67 mm to 72 mm in the third layer, 92 mm to 97 mm in the fourth layer and 117 mm to 122 mm in the fifth layer. Discard specimens that do not meet these requirements, (©) Free the material from around the inside of the collar and carefully remove the collar. (While the baseplate is still attached, trim the surface of the compacted specimen level with the top of the mould by means of @ straightedge, Use smaller size material to patch any holes developed in the surface from removal of coarse material during trimming (see also AS 1289.5.1.1 or AS 1289.5.2.1). (g) Remove the perforated baseplate, spacer dise and filter paper, and determine the mass of the mould plus compacted soil (m,). (h) Place a filter paper on the perforated baseplate, invert the mould plus the compacted soil and place it on the baseplate. Clamp the baseplate to the mould with the compacted soil in contact with the filter paper. (If soaking is not required, perform the penetration test (see Clause 8). 7 SOAKING THE TEST SPECIMEN Soak the test specimen as follows: (a) Determine the mass of the baseplate plus mould plus specimen (m,). (b) Place the stem and perforated plate on the compacted soil specimen in the mould and apply surcharges of 4.5 kg. Apply any additional surcharges, if specified (see Note 8). (©) If measurement of swell is required proceed as follows: (If the tripod and or measuring gauge is to be removed from the mould during soaking, set the reading on the measuring device against the setting piece. (ii) Record the initial reading before soaking (h,) using the metal tripod and displacement measuring device. Mark the points of contact of the tripod with the mould, (@) Immerse the surcharged specimen in water, allowing free access of water to the top and the bottom of the specimen. Allow the specimen to soak for 4 days, or for the specified soaking period (see Note 9). Maintain the water level above the mould during this period, (@) After soaking is completed, if the measurement of swell is required proceed as follows: (If the tripod or measuring device has been removed from the mould during soaking, set the reading on the measuring device against the setting piece so that it is the same as that used in Step (c); ‘COPYRIGHT[Acoested by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED cn 47 Jun 2008 7 AS 1289.6.11—1998 (ii) Place the tripod on the points of contact marked in Step (c) and record the reading after soaking (/,). (Tilt the specimen to remove the surface water. Return the mould to the vertical position and allow the specimen to drain downward for 15 min. Do not disturb the surface of the specimen during the removal of water. (g) Remove the surcharges, stem and perforated plate and determine the mass of the baseplate plus mould plus specimen (m4). (h) Perform the penetration test (see Clause 8) as soon as practicable ensuring the specimen does not dry out. 8 PROCEDURE The penetration test shall be performed on the end of the compacted specimen which was in contact with the spacer disc during compaction. The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Place the 2.25 kg annular surcharge on the soil surface end then place the mould plus specimen plus baseplate in the loading machine. Seat the penetration piston with the smallest possible load (see Note 10), not exceeding 50 N for expected CBR values equal to or less than 30 and 250 N for expected CBR values greater than 30, Apply surcharges as required (see Note 8). Unless otherwise specified the surcharge mass shall be 4.5 kg. If the specimen was soaked, apply surcharges equivalent in ‘mass to those applied during soaking, (b) Read, or set to zero, the force-measuring device and the displacement measuring device used to measure penetration. The penetration measured shall be that of the piston relative to the mould (see Note 11). (©) Apply the load with a constant rate of penetration of 1 40.2 mm/min, Record load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm (see Notes 12 and 13). (@) Remove the soil from the mould and determine the moisture content of the top 30mm layer (Wx) and, if required, that of the remaining specimen (vz) in accordance with AS 1289.2.1.1. 9 CALCULATIONS The calculations shall be as follows: (a) Plot the load-penetration curve (see Figure 6). When the load-penetration curve is concave upward initially (because of surface irregularities or other causes) adjust the zero point as shown in Figure 6, curve 3. If the correction is greater than 2 mm the load-penetration curve shall be presented in the test report. (b) Read from the load-penetration curve, corrected if required, the force value in KN at penetrations of 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm and calculate the bearing ratio for each by dividing by 13.2 KN and 19.8 KN, respectively, and multiplying by 100. Record the greater value of the calculated values as the CBR of the material. (©) Calculate the dry density of the specimen before soaking (Q,) from the following equation: =. 90) where 04 ™ dry density of the specimen, in grams per cubic centimetre m, = mass of the mould plus compacted soil, in grams copyricut|Accoseod by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 AS 1289.6.1.1—1998 8 @ © wo (g) m, = mass of the mould, in grams ¥, = volume of the specimen before soaking, in cubic centimetres (volume of the mould less the volume occupied by the dise) w, = moisture content of the material immediately prior to compaction if the specimen is compacted to a density ratio other than 100 per cent, calculate the laboratory density ratio (LDR) of the specimen from the following equation: ea ~ spp * 1 + 92) where LDR = laboratory density ratio, in percent Q, = dry density of the specimen, in grams per cubic centimetre MDD = maximum dry density of the soil, in grams per cubic centimetre If the specimen is compacted with a moisture ratio other than 100 percent, calculate the laboratory moisture ratio (LMR) of the specimen from the following equation: LMR = one x 100 903) where LMR = laboratory moisture ratio, in percent Ww, = moisture content of the soil immediately prior to compaction, in percent OMC = optimum moisture content of the soil, in percent If the swell is to be measured, calculate the swell (S) from the following equation: a) where Ss hy, = the reading after soaking, in millimetres hy = the reading before soaking, in millimetres If the specimen has been soaked and if required, calculate the mass of dry soil in the specimen (m,) from the following equation: m= 96) where m, = mass of dry soil in the specimen, in grams ‘my = mass of mould plus compacted soil, in grams m= mass of mould, in grams w, = moisture content of the soil immediately prior to compaction, in percent ‘COPYRIGHT[Acvessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 ° AS 1289.6.1.1— 1998, (h) If the specimen has been soaked and if required, calculate the moisture content of the specimen after soaking (w,) from the following equation: x 100 ++ 96) moisture content of the specimen after soaking, in percent w, = moisture content of the soil immediately prior to compaction, in percent mg = mass of mould baseplate plus mould plus specimen after soaking, in grams ‘mass of mould baseplate plus mould plus specimen before soaking, in grams mg = mass of dry soil in the specimen, in grams (If the specimen has been soaked and, if required, calculate the volume of the specimen after soaking (V,) from the following equation: nov (OES) +917) where ¥, = the volume of the specimen after soaking, in cubic centimetres ¥, = volume of the specimen before soaking, in cubic centimetres (volume of the mould less the volume occupied by the disc) S- = the swell of the specimen, in percent (i) Ef the specimen has been soaked, and if required, calculate the specimen dry density after soaking (@,,) from the following equation: ve On = 98) where Qu, = dry density of the specimen after soaking, in grams per cubic centimetre ‘mz = mass of dry soil in the specimen, in grams V, = the volume of the specimen after soaking, in cubic centimetres 10 TEST REPORT The following test shall be reported: (a) CBR of the specimen to the nearest value, in percent as follows: CBR Report value percent to the nearest <5 05 5 to 20 1 20 to 50 5 > 50 10 (b) The penetration at which the CBR was determined, in millimetres. (©) The laboratory moisture ratio and the laboratory density ratio at which the specimen was compacted to the nearest 1 percent copyricHt‘Agoessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL Li AS 1269.6.11 (@) (e) wo (8) (hy @ @ (i) oO — 1998 o The moisture content of the top 30 mm (w,,) of the specimen after penetration, in percent. if required— (the swell of the specimen after soaking to the nearest 0.5 percent; (i) the dry density of the specimen after soaking, in thm’; and after (iii) the moisture content of the remaining depth of the specimen (w, penetration, in percent. ‘The percentage by mass of the material retained on the 19 mm sieve and whether it was excluded from the test or crushed to material that passes the 19 mm sieve and is retained on the 4.75 mm sieve (see Note 4). The mass of surcharges applied. The compactive effort, standard (AS 1289.5.1.1) or modified (AS 1289.5.2.1) used ‘or compared to in the laboratory density ratio. If other rammers have been used to compact the specimen, the method used with relevant details such as number of layers. ‘The period of soaking. Identification and description of sample. ‘The load-penetration curve, if the correction to the test curve is greater then 2 mm. The number of this Australian Standard, i.c. AS 1289.6.1.1. NOTES ON TEST: Force-measuring device The indicator points of the force-measuring device at the seating loads of approximately, but not greater than, 50N and 250N need not necessarily meet the Grade C requirements of AS 2193 but should be displayed as definite numbers or marks. Mechanical apparatus A mechanical form of apparatus as permitted in AS 1289.5.1.1 and AS 1289.5.2.1 may be used. Metal surcharges During penetration the surcharge in contact with the soil should meet the tolerances as specified. Other surcharges may be slotted and may be outside the tolerances provided the total surcharge mass is within the required tolerances and there is no contact with the side of the mould and the penetration piston. Effect of oversize particles The removal of small amounts of stone retained on the 19 mm sieve will affect the CBR obtained only by amounts comparable with experimental error involved in measuring CBR. The exclusion of a large portion of stone coarser than 19 mm (such as is present, for example, in a gravel of 75 mm maximum size) may have a major effect on CBR compared with that obtainable with the soil as a whole, and on the optimum moisture content. There is at present no generally accepted method of testing, or of calculation, for dealing with this difficulty in comparing laboratory CBR test results with CBR valucs obtained in the field If it is specified that the same percentage of coarse material (passing the 53 mm and retained on the 4.75 mm sieves) in the test sample as in the original field sample is to be maintained, the material retained on the 19 mm sieve may be replaced by an equal portion by mass of the materials passing the 19 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. copyricHt[Acvessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 u AS 1289.6.1.1—1998 vis important that the meximum dry density and optimum moisture content used to determine the laboratory density ratio and laboratory moisture ratio be determined on the material passing the 19 mm sieve which is the same as that used to determine the CBR value. If material retained on the 19 mm sieve is replaced by an equal portion by mass of materials passing the 19 mm sieve, the values determined on material without the replacement are not applicable, The percentage by mass of material retained on the 19 mm sieve and whether it was excluded or replaced should be included in the report, Material previously compacted Material which has been compacted previously in the laboratory should not be re-used, as breakdown of the material during compaction can lead to misleading results. Mixing and curing It is important that the water is thoroughly mixed into and uniformly distributed through the soil since inadequate mixing gives rise to variable results. It is desirable to keep the soil in a sealed container to allow the water to become more uniformly distributed through the soil before compaction. For materials of low plasticity and high permeability prepared in a moist condition close to optimum moisture content, little or no curing is required, but if the soil is cry and contains heavy clay, up to 7 days curing prior to compaction may be required. The more cohesive a soil, the more time required for moisture to infiltrate and equilibrate. Normally all soils should be cured for @ minimum of 2 hours. Laboratory density and moisture ratios Unless otherwise specified, specimens should be compacted with a laboratory density ratio of 100 percent and a laboratory moisture ratio of 100 percent. This will require 53 blows of the rammer per layer. In other cases, the laboratory moisture ratio should be within 5.0 percent of the specified moisture ratio and laboratory density ratio should be within 1.0 percent of the specified density ratio, respectively. If specified other compaction methods such as static and vibratory methods or different numbers of layers may be used but the results of CBR and swell. are dependent on the method used. Different compaction methods and different numbers of layers should be reported. Surcharges Surcharges may be applied to simulate the confining effects of the overlying material layers (see Figure 7). Soaking periods A shorter soaking period is permissible for soils that take up moisture readily, provided tests have shown that the shorter period does not affect the results. Some specifiers require longer soaking periods. If shorter or longer soaking periods are used they are to be adhered to and reported. Seating load This initial load is required to ensure satisfactory seating of the piston and is considered as the zero load when plotting the load-penetration curve. Displacement measuring device This should be mounted such that no other displacements in the equipment influence the actual measured penetration. Manual operation With manually operated loading devices, it may be necessary to take load readings at closer intervals to contro! the rate of penetration. Termination of test The test may be terminated after 7.5 mm penetration if the penetration is proceeding without any increase or decrease, in the load. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 47 Jun 2008 LOAD ON PISTON, kN Corrected 6.0 penetration Banodrded we oe Corrected for concave upward shape No correction required zero ar ace 25 Corrected PENETRATION, mm FIGURE 6 TYPICAL LOAD—PENETRATION CURVES copyrichT[Accessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED on 17 Jun 2008 18, 16: 4 SURCHARGE MASS, ko AS 1289.6.11—1998 WET DENSITY [t7m9) 3.0 25, 20 15. 100 200 300 400 LAYER THICKNESS, mm FIGURE 7 SELECTION OF SURCHARGE. copyRiGHT 500 60014 1998 AS 12606. NoTES. 002 Une £1 UO GAIN TWNOLLYNUSLN! A209 Aa posssaoy1998 AS 12606.11 5 NOTES {8002 Un? 41 UO CLINI TWNOLLYNBLNI A309 Ka passecoyAccessed by COFFEY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED en 17 Jun 2008 AS 1289.6.11—1998 16 ‘This Austelian Standard was prepaced by Committee CEI, Testing of Soils for Engineering Pucposes. It was approved on ihn oF the Coumet of Stansde Atsras on 10 ily 1898 snd published an 4 August 190K. a ‘The following intrests ate represented on Commitee CE: ‘Australian Geomechanics Society AUSTROADS: crushed Stone Assocation of Autralia Department of Industry, Sport and Tourism, Selene Services Laborato, AGAL Insitui of Engineers Australia National Associaton of Testing Authorities, Australia Univers ty of Sydney Reviow of Australian Standards, To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standords are subject to periodic Boia ahi re tpt op tte by The ae of omebaens oF he eOMLnd es taciany he Laporte eefioe at ‘Standards users enturé tha they are a possession ofthe fate edition, and any amendments thereto. ull details of all australian Standards and elated publications voll ba found im the Standards Ausrlia Cotologue of Publications; the information is supplemented each month by the magaziie ‘The Ausra Stondard, which subscribing ‘embers recelve. and which ives dell of new publications, new editions ond amendnents and of withdraen Standorde Siggetions for inprovamenté to dustalion Stondards,oddretced 10 the head ofce of Standards hutralia, are welcomed Notftaron of any inaccuracy ov ambigsty found tn an ansraion Standard shoud be made without delay tv ardor thatthe tnaror maybe nvectgotad ond appropiate ation ten Originated us par of AS ABI—1966, Provious eden AS 1289.F1.1—1977. Revised aad sedesgnated AS 1289.61 1-— ‘This Standard was iesued in draft form for comment ar DR 96885 © Copyright — STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded shat copyright subsiss in all Standards Austalis publications and goftware, Except where tbe Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australis may be feproduced, stored in a icvieval ssteat in any form o tratsmled by any means without prigr permission in wep om Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information ‘on commercial sofware royatics should be direted tothe betd office of Sandards Australie. 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