Foreign RRL

We determined the Web-based configurations that are applied to teach medical and
veterinary communication skills, evaluated their effectiveness, and suggested
future educational directions for Web-based communication teaching in veterinary
education. We performed a systematic search of CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, Scopus,
and ERIC limited to articles published in English between 2000 and 2012. The
review focused on medical or veterinary undergraduate to clinical- or residency-
level students. We selected studies for which the study population was randomized
to the Web-based learning (WBL) intervention with a post-test comparison with
another WBL or non-WBL method and that reported at least one empirical outcome.
Two independent reviewers completed relevancy screening, data extraction, and
synthesis of results using Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick's1 framework. The search
retrieved 1,583 articles, and 10 met the final inclusion criteria. We identified no
published articles on Web-based communication platforms in veterinary medicine;
however, publications summarized from human medicine demonstrated that WBL
provides a potentially reliable and valid approach for teaching and assessing
communication skills. Student feedback on the use of virtual patients for teaching
clinical communication skills has been positive, though evidence has suggested that
practice with virtual patients prompted lower relation-building responses. Empirical
outcomes indicate that WBL is a viable method for expanding the approach to
teaching history taking and possibly to additional tasks of the veterinary medical
interview. (Artemiou, E., Adams, C. L., Toews, L., Violato, C., & Coe, J. B. (2014)).

Current limitations in the field of veterinary informatics include limited sources of

training data for developing machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms,
siloed data between academic institutions, corporate institutions, and many small
private practices, and inconsistent data formats that make many integration
problems difficult. Despite those limitations, there have been significant
advancements in the field in the last few years and continued development of a
few, key, large data resources that are available for interested clinicians and
researchers. These real-world use cases and applications show current and
significant future potential as veterinary informatics grows in importance. Veterinary
informatics can forge new possibilities within veterinary medicine and between
veterinary medicine, human medicine, and One Health initiatives. (Lustgarten, J. L.,
Zehnder, A., Shipman, W., Gancher, E., & Webb, T. L. (2020)).

Over the last years, there has been an increase in online educational resources and
media device use for educational purposes in veterinary settings. However, an
overall analysis of these studies providing measurements of the use of learning
resources and media devices could be particularly useful for veterinary teachers.
The evolution of technology, coupled with the advent of pandemic-related
restrictions in person lessons, has made it imperative that educators consider how
students may access educational material, as well as what type of educational
material may be available to them. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, CAB
Abstracts, and Web of Sciences were searched for relevant studies from January
2012 to June 2022. A mini-meta-analysis for proportions was performed using
RStudio. Results highlight a high use of portable media devices with differences
among countries, continued good use of traditional textbooks, moderate use of
online tools, and low use of research papers. The results suggest that despite living
in a technologically advanced world, veterinary students have attitudes towards
digital resources that cannot be assumed. (Muca, E., Cavallini, D., Odore, R.,
Baratta, M., Bergero, D., & Valle, E. (2022)).

Competency-based education is increasingly being adopted across the health

professions. A model for competency-based education in veterinary medicine was
recently developed by a working group of the American Association of Veterinary
Medical Colleges (AAVMC) and is being used in institutions worldwide. The purpose
of this study was to gather information on progress in and barriers to implementing
competency-based education (including use of the AAVMC competency-based
veterinary education [CBVE] Model) by AAVMC member schools to inform the
development of strategies to support institutions in successful implementation of
the CBVE Model. A cross-sectional survey was developed and distributed to AAVMC
member institutions via an AAVMC web-based communication platform. Thirty-four
of 55 AAVMC member institutions responded to the survey (62% response rate).
Twenty schools reported using a competency-based education framework. Eleven of
these institutions had implemented the AAVMC CBVE Framework, with an additional
12 institutions anticipating implementing it over the next 3 years. Timing, resources,
and change management were the most commonly reported challenges to
implementation. Suggestions for development of training resources included
translation of milestones to pre-clinical courses, development of assessments,
guidance on making progress decisions, illustrative overviews of specific
components of the CBVE Model (e.g., the AAVMC CBVE Framework, EPAs,
entrustment scales, milestones), and curriculum mapping. This study assesses
progress in implementing the CBVE Model in AAVMC member schools and aids in
identifying key challenges and resources to support faculty and institutions in the
successful adoption and implementation of this educational model. (Banse, H. E.,
Kedrowicz, A., Michel, K. E., Burton, E. N., Yvorchuk-St Jean, K., Anderson, J., ... &
Trace, C. (2023)).

Modern technologies have brought the veterinary clinic into the animal owner’s
home. Like human healthcare, veterinary medicine is expected to be affected by
these technologies. Competency in health informatics (HI) will allow veterinarians to
leverage these technologies in practice. The overarching objective was to examine
the role health informatics plays in veterinary medicine. To answer this, we 1)
mapped the technological landscape of veterinary medicine; 2) created a set of HI
competencies for new veterinarians; 3) examined the perceptions of practicing
veterinarians around telemedicine; and 4) combined traditional explanatory
techniques with predictive analytics to identify risk factors for a multifactorial
disease (canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)).Unlike human
medical literature, animal health and veterinary medical literature did not see a
rapid increase in big data research. This could be attributed to the changing
definition of big data. New veterinarians will need to develop competencies in the
internet/social media, communication technologies, electronic medical records and
data. Veterinarians will need to be able to establish relationships with partners in
the rapidly-evolving technology sector to stay updated. The delivery of healthcare
through information and communication technologies (ICT)can be practiced with or
without a plan to generate revenue. Distinguishing between these two types of
practices may help prevent confusion among veterinarians regarding telemedicine.
The use of traditional explanatory techniques (e.g. linear and logistic regression)
and predictive analytics (random forest) can be used together to enhance analyses.
This combined approach provided evidence that canine parainfluenza virus and
canine respiratory coronavirus were associated with CIRDC diagnosis and that
coinfection may be a risk factor for disease severity. This research provides an
overview of technology in veterinary medicine and provides an option for educating
veterinary students and veterinarians about health informatics. Such education can
help address misconceptions around specific technologies. Finally, while primarily
used for the purpose of prediction, some frequently-used methods with established
interpretability, such as random forest modeling, can also provide useful insights
alone or when combined with explanatory analyses. (Ouyang, Z. (2021)).
The recent advances in information management systems coupled with machine
learning algorithms paved the way for a significant revolution in animal healthcare
industries. However, the data in such systems suffer from various challenges such
as security, reliability, and convenience, to name a few. Traditional systems are not
useful to meet these critical issues because these systems have not a consistent
structure for data security and reliability policies. Therefore, a new solution is
required to enhance data accessibility and should regulate government security
policies to ensure the accountability of the usage of the medical records system.
Moreover, it is also required to analyze historical data of veterinary clinic using data
mining and machine learning techniques to predict the future appointments
scheduling requests, which is essential for veterinary management to drive better
future decisions, for instance, future demands of medical supplies and to plan
veterinary medical staff, etc. This paper aims to fill the gap by proposing a novel
blockchain-based reliable and intelligent veterinary information management
system (RIVIMS) using smart contract and machine learning techniques. The
proposed RIVIMS consists of two main modules; blockchain-based secured
veterinary information management, data and predictive analytics modules. First, a
blockchain-based secure and reliable veterinary clinic information management
system is developed using Hyperledger Fabric. Second, a smart contract enabled
data, and predictive analytics modules are developed using permissioned
blockchain framework. The data and predictive modules aim to analyze veterinary
clinic patients appointments data in order to discover underlying patterns and build
a robust prediction model using machine learning algorithms. The data and
predictive helps veterinary management to drive better future business decisions to
provide better healthcare services to veterinary patients. Hyperledger Caliper is
used as a benchmark tool to evaluate the performance of the developed blockchain-
based system in terms of transaction per second, transaction success rate,
transaction throughput, and transaction latency. Furthermore, machine learning
performance measures have utilized, such as MAE, RMSE, and R2 score to evaluate
the overall performance of the prediction model. The experimental results
demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed RIVIMS. (Iqbal, N.,
Jamil, F., Ahmad, S., & Kim, D. (2021)).

Veterinary Clinic Management System that proposed for this project. The proposed
system is being developed to solve the problems faced by most of the veterinary
clinics
which are currently using the traditional method of operating their organizations in
manual
or physical filling that requires more time to manage the clinic. This is because the
method
has some drawbacks such as the data pet name, their owners,payments, etc.…
written on
the paper that can be easily misplaced, missing or the pet owner would forget to
bring them
before going to veterinary clinics in order to get a vaccination and deworming, etc.
…,
services for their pets. This veterinary management system allows practitioners to
track patient
information, store medical records securely, and schedule appointments easily. With
this
type of software in place, veterinarians are able to quickly access data on their
patient’s
health history as well as financial records associated with each visit or procedure
performed. (Jamil, H. M. (2023)).

Error recording and management is an integral part of a clinical laboratory quality

management system. Analysis and review of recorded errors lead to corrective and
preventive actions through modification of existing processes and, ultimately, to
quality improvement. Laboratory errors can be divided into preanalytical, analytical,
and postanalytical errors depending on where in the laboratory cycle the errors
occur. The purpose of the current report is to introduce an error management
system in use in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory as well as to examine the
amount and types of error recorded during the 8-year period from 2003 to 2010.
Annual error reports generated during this period by the error recording system
were reviewed, and annual error rates were calculated. In addition, errors were
divided into preanalytical, analytical, postanalytical, and “other” categories, and
their frequency was examined. Data were further compared to that available from
human diagnostic laboratories. Finally, sigma metrics were calculated for the
various error categories. Annual error rates per total number of samples ranged
from 1.3% in 2003 to 0.7% in 2010. Preanalytical errors ranged from 52% to 77%,
analytical from 4% to 14%, postanalytical from 9% to 21%, and other error from 6%
to 19% of total errors. Sigma metrics ranged from 4.1 to 4.7. All data were
comparable to that reported in human clinical laboratories. The incremental annual
reduction of error shows that use of an error management system led to quality
improvement. (Hooijberg, E., Leidinger, E., & Freeman, K. P. (2012)).

All human clinical laboratory testing in the United States is regulated by the Clinical
Laboratory Improvement Amendments of the US FDA,1 and other countries have
similar regulations. Failure of such laboratories to correct issues of noncompliance
with legislation results in lack of accreditation and termination of laboratory
services. In contrast, veterinary laboratories are not uniformly regulated by
government entities. Laboratory accreditation is offered by the American
Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians and is optional. This
accreditation is “restricted to publicly funded, full-service laboratories, full service
being defined as offering necropsy, histopathology, bacteriology, and virology or
equivalent services on site.”2 The International Organization for Standardization
offers certification for veterinary laboratories, but such certification is also voluntary
in that it represents a commitment statement from the laboratory, without
enforcement, with respect to adherence to the QA principles and procedures that
are outlined in their standards for medical laboratories3 and general requirements
for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.4 Both the American
Animal Hospital Association and the UK Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons have a
laboratory quality section as a component of their overall veterinary hospital
accreditation programs. (Cook, J. R., Hooijberg, E. H., & Freeman, K. P. (2021)).

It has always been an issue that most veterinary hospitals do not have efficient
methods of handling data for patients. There are often cases where the doctors offer
wrong or repeated medication for a patient mostly because they do not have a
standard record keeping facility that allows them to follow up a patient’s medical
record from registration to discharge as well as check-up visits. It is in the light of
this problem that the needs for strong, efficient, error-free and cost-effective
methods of record keeping have to be brought into place. This project is the design
and implementation of a web application for Veterinary Hospitals. The objective of
this project is to provide a reliable record keeping facility for both medical
practitioners and patients alike, provide a means for monitoring patient medical
behavior in order to make for easy diagnosis and medical analysis, and improve the
overall working experience of the Veterinary Hospital staff by making information
management cost effective and easy on the long run. The programming languages
used in this design are HTML (Hypertext markup language), CSS (Cascading Style
Sheets), SQL (Structured Query Language), PHP (Personal Homepage) and
Javascript. It allows medical practitioners and staff to have a profile (by registration)
on the portal and register patients as well. Doctors have access to edit patient
medical data and add new data for each visit while the ordinary staff does not. In
the end, all the patient needs is a hospital card in order to track the patient id, all
other information regarding the patient’s business with the hospital is already
known because it is stored in the database. (Arukwe, V. O. (2018)).

References

Artemiou, E., Adams, C. L., Toews, L., Violato, C., & Coe, J. B. (2014). Informing web-
based communication curricula in veterinary education: a systematic review of web-
based methods used for teaching and assessing clinical communication in medical
education. Journal of veterinary medical education, 41(1), 44-54.
https://jvme.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jvme.0913-126R?role=tab

Lustgarten, J. L., Zehnder, A., Shipman, W., Gancher, E., & Webb, T. L. (2020).
Veterinary informatics: forging the future between veterinary medicine, human
medicine, and One Health initiatives—a joint paper by the Association for Veterinary
Informatics (AVI) and the CTSA One Health Alliance (COHA). JAMIA open, 3(2), 306-
317. https://academic.oup.com/jamiaopen/article/3/2/306/5819226

Muca, E., Cavallini, D., Odore, R., Baratta, M., Bergero, D., & Valle, E. (2022). Are
veterinary students using technologies and online learning resources for didactic
training? A mini-meta analysis. Education Sciences, 12(8), 573.
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/12/8/573
Banse, H. E., Kedrowicz, A., Michel, K. E., Burton, E. N., Yvorchuk-St Jean, K.,
Anderson, J., ... & Trace, C. (2023). Implementing Competency-Based Veterinary
Education: A Survey of AAVMC Member Institutions on Opportunities, Challenges,
and Strategies for Success. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 51(2), 155-163.
https://jvme.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jvme-2023-0012

Ouyang, Z. (2021). Health Informatics in Veterinary Medicine: State of the

Literature, Day-1 Competencies, Perceptions of Telemedicine and Application of
Predictive Modeling. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/items/e02dff34-d3cc-44c9-98be-
e85ac9b3537b

Iqbal, N., Jamil, F., Ahmad, S., & Kim, D. (2021). A novel blockchain-based integrity
and reliable veterinary clinic information management system using predictive
analytics for provisioning of quality health services. Ieee Access, 9, 8069-8098.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9314077/

Jamil, H. M. (2023). Veterinary Clinic Management System (Doctoral dissertation,

Ministry of Higher Education). https://lfu.edu.krd/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/lastt-
2-compressed.pdf

Hooijberg, E., Leidinger, E., & Freeman, K. P. (2012). An error management system
in a veterinary clinical laboratory. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic
Investigation, 24(3), 458-468.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1040638712441782

Cook, J. R., Hooijberg, E. H., & Freeman, K. P. (2021). Quality management for in-
clinic laboratories: the total quality management system and quality plan. Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association, 258(1), 55-61.
https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/258/1/javma.258.1.55.xml

Arukwe, V. O. (2018). DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WEB BASED VETERINARY

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Doctoral dissertation, Godfrey Okoye
University). http://eprints.gouni.edu.ng/451/