o MAC - The common abbreviation used for a sort of personal Computer Macintosh

developed by the Apple Computer Company.

o PDF - PDF means Portable Document Format, a space to store files in.
o VGA - Video Graphics Array or VGA is a system for displaying videos which were
developed by IBM.
o AGP - AGP means Accelerated Graphic Port which is a graphics hardware technology
o EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, it is a type of chip that can retain
data even after power shut.
o HDD - Hard Disk Drive, is a fixed disk that stores data using magnetic storage, one or
more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
o PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect, which is a standard for connecting
computers and other peripherals.
o UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer, is one of the earliest computers.
o GUI - Graphic User Interface is a visual representation of communication presented to
the user for easy interaction with the machine.
o MAN - Metropolitan Area Network, is a computer connecting network for the
metropolitan area.
o ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a data encoding system
for communication to be done electronically amongst computers.
o WAN - Wide Area Network, is a connection widely spread, not constrained to a specific
location.
o EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code is an IBM-developed data
encoding system.
o EEPROM/EAPROM - Electrical Erasable/Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory is
a memory type that can be erased and reprogrammed repeat
o ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit is part of a central processing unit that performs
arithmetic and logical operations.
o DVD - Digital Vertypesatile Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format.
o CD - Compact Disk is a digital optical disc data storage format that was developed by
Philips and Sony.
o ROM - ROM means Read Only Memory, is a type of computer storage containing non-
volatile, permanent data which can be only read not written.
o VDU - Visual Display Unit encompasses all equipment with a graphic or alphanumeric
screen for display.
o RAM - RAM means Random Access Memory, which is a form of computer memory that
can be read and changed in any order and is used for storing working data and machine
code.
o ICT - ICT means Information Communication Technology which refers to the
combination of services and manufacturing industries.
o PROM - Programmable Read-Only Memory is a kind of digital memory where contents
can be changed only once after being manufactured.
o IDE - IDE full for being Integrated Drive Electronics, is a software application that helps
programmers develop software code efficiently.
o FORTRAN - FORTRAN means Formula Translator is a compiled programming language.
o MOS - Media Object Server is a protocol that is used in newsroom computer systems.
o ATX - Advanced Technology Extended, is a factor for desktop cases and applications.
o SIM - Subscriber Identification Module is a circuit to securely store the international
mobile subscriber identity number.
o MHZ - Megahertz is a unit to measure transmissions through airwaves.
o ISP - Internet Service Provider is an internet service providing company.
o GHZ - Gigahertz is a unit to measure alternating current and electromagnetic wave
frequencies.
o DBMS - Database Management System is a software management system.
o SQL - Structured Query Language is a programming language.
o RW — Re-Writeable, for eg., if it is CD-RW then this means compact disk which is
rewriteable.
o SDT - Serial Data Transmission is a process of sending data one bit at a time.
o CAN - Campus Area Network is a network of several interconnected local area networks
in a restricted geographical area.
o SIMMs - Single In-line Memory Module.
o PAN - Personal Area Network is an interconnection of personal technology devices to
communicate over short distances.
o DIMMs - Dual In-line Memory Module.
o CMOS - Complimentary Metaoxide Semi-Conductor, is a system configuration stored in
a battery-powered memory chip.
o ENIAC - Electronic Number Integrator And Calculator.
o EDSAC - Electronic Dialog Storage Automatic Computer, is the first programmable digital
computer.
o IC - Integrated Circuit is a set of electronic circuits.
o LSIC - Large Scale Integrated Circuit.
o DIR - Directory is a type of file that contains only the information required to access files
and other directories.
o GIGO - Gabbage In Garbage Out means that the quality of input determines the quality
of output.
o PHP - PHP Hypertext Preprocessor is an open-source and general-purpose server-side
scripting language used in web development.
o DOC - Document is an open source to record information permanently for reference
later on.
o PDT - Parallel Data Transmission is a structure of transmission that shares multiple data
bits at a smaller time over separate media.
o PDA - Personal Digital Assistant, are small handy devices that can be used in
information storage and retrieval capabilities.
o USSD - Unstructured Supplementary Service Data is a communications service
controlled by mobile network operators.
o WWW - World Wide Web is a system of interconnected webpages accessible via the
internet.
o COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language is a compiler that takes a computer
program written in a high-level language and converts it into another program.
o CCNP - Cisco Certified Network Professional is a person with Cisco Career Certification.
o BASIC - Beginner All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
o CEH - Certified Ethical Hacking is a certification program that teaches ethical hacking
o TCP - Transmission Control Protocol is a standard that defines how to maintain an
established network conversation.
o CSS - Cascading Style Sheet, which describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on
screen or paper.
o CISCO - Computer Information System Company provides software solutions.
o XXS - Cross Site Scripting, is injecting malicious scripts in trusted websites.
o XML - Extensible Mark-up Language, is a markup language related to arbitrary data.
o HTML - Hypertext Markup Language, is a standard markup language for web pages.
o CCNA - Cisco Certified Network Associate.
o RFI - Remote File Inclusion is an inclusion attack.
o DDOS - Distribution Denial Of Service, is an attack to disrupt normal traffic.
o VPN - Virtual Private Network explains the opportunity to establish a protected
network connection when using public networks.
o SEO - Search Engine Optimization is a process of improving the quality and quantity of
traffic on a web page.
o IP - Internet Protocol is a set of standards for catering to and routing data on the
internet.

o BIOS - The Basic Input and Output System which controls the computer and related
devices, it also tells us about the functions to be performed on the system. The
instructions to be performed are embedded in a chip connected to the motherboard.
o BYTE - Byte is known as the data storage unit.
o K - K stands for kilobyte and is equivalent to 1024 bytes.
o MB - stands for megabyte which is a million bytes.
o GB - GB is Gigabyte which is 1000 megabytes
o CPU - CPU is called the brain of a computer. Its full form is the Central Processing Unit
of the Computer.
o MAC - Media Access Control manages the way a network is accessed by computer
terminals and transmits from one terminal to another.
o OS - OS is the computer’s Operating System. It is the most important program of the
computer device which runs automatically once the device is switched on.
o PC - PC means the personal computer in the world of ICT.
o RAM - RAM is Random access memory, it is a type of computer memory that can be
read and changed in any order.
o ROM - ROM is read-only memory, it is nonvolatile and cannot be altered.
o VGA - Visual Graphic Adaptor, means a form of the standard type of connection for
video devices like monitors and projectors.
o WYSIWYG - This stands for “what you see is what you get” which means what you see
on the monitors is what you will get as a print.
o FTP - File transfer protocol is a service that moves files between computers via the
internet.
o HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language formats information so as to transport it on the
internet.
o HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a protocol to access data on WWW.
o LAN - Local Area Network is a collection of devices constrained to a physical location
such as a home.
o URL - URL means Uniform Resource Locator which is an address of a given unique
resource on the web.
o USB - Universal Serial Bus, is an industry-defined standard for connectors, cables, and
protocols for communication.
o VR - Virtual Reality is a three-dimensional scene on the computer, used in gaming as
well.
 What do Keyboard F1 to F12 Function Keys do
F1 Key
 The F1 key is universally linked to Help in almost every program, whether Chrome or Microsoft Word.
 Win Key+F1 opens the Microsoft Windows help and support center.
 Shift + F1 reveals formatting in MS Word.
 Ctrl+F1 opens Task Pane in MS Office.
F2 Key
 Hotkey to rename any of the highlighted icons, files, or folders. Select a file/folder/icon and
click F2 to rename it.
 Ctrl+F2 opens the print preview in MS Word.
 Fn+F2 mutes the volume of your PC.
 Alt+Ctrl+F2 opens the document library in MS Office.
 When clicked during the Boot Process, the F2 key takes you to the BIOS setup of your PC.

F3 Key
 F3 often activates search functions in different applications, including the leading
browsers, Google Chrome, Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.
 Fn+F3 to decrease the volume in some laptops.
 Click Shift + F3 to change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lowercase.
 Shift +F3 opens the search in Google Chrome.

F4 Key
 F4 is often used to close the applications. Alt+F4 closes the currently open program.
 Alt+F4 opens the shutdown option when no program is open.
 Ctrl+F4 closes a part of the running program, such as a tab or a document.
 Click Fn+F4 to increase the volume in some laptops.
 F4 takes you to the address bar in Windows Explorer and Microsoft Edge.
 F4 opens a fullscreen window in some applications like Space Cadet and 3D Pinball.

F5 Key
 F5 Key is often used to refresh a web page.
 Click F5 to open the Find & Replace window in MS Word.
 Starts a slideshow when clicked in PowerPoint.
 Fn+F5 decreases the brightness of some laptops’ monitors.
 F6 Key
 This key takes you to the address bar in some browsers like Google Chrome, Firefox,
Microsoft Edge, and many other popular browsers.
 Fn+F6 increases the brightness of your monitor on some laptops.

F7 Key
 F7 opens spelling and grammar checker in MS Word.
 Shift+F7 opens thesaurus in MS Word.
 Fn+F7 opens second screen options on some laptops and opens display schemes on
some laptops.
F8 Key
 Commonly used to start your Windows PC in Safe Mode.
 Takes you to the Windows Recovery system at times.

F9 Key
 If you are using MS Word, the F9 key will update your document.
 Click F9 to send or receive an email in Microsoft Outlook.
F10 Key
 F10 Key opens the Menu Bar in the open application.
 Shift+F10 works as a right-click option.
F11 Key
 Enters and exits Full-Screen Mode in almost every popular browser, including
Chrome, Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.

 CTRL+F11 opens the hidden recovery options in some Windows laptops.

 Alt+F11 opens the Visual Basic Editor.

F12 Key
 If you are working on MS Word, click F12 to open the Save As window.
 Win+F12 saves your document in MS Word.
 CTRL+F12 opens a document in MS Word.
 Opens Inspect Element in popular web browsers.