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Chapter 8

Nota de Operaciones

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23 views3 pages

Chapter 8

Nota de Operaciones

Uploaded by

Sametzi Gza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8: Facility Layout

1. Three terms commonly used to refer to a layout where similar equipment or functions
are grouped together. Process layout, functional layout, or job shop layout.
These terms refer to a type of layout where machines or workstations with similar functions
are grouped together. In a process layout, similar operations are placed in the same area,
such as all drilling machines being in one part of the plant. This layout is often used in job
shops or in environments where there is a wide variety of products with low production
volume. It allows for flexibility in handling various products, but can lead to inefficiencies in
terms of material handling and production flow.

2. A layout where the work to make an item is arranged in progressive steps and work is
moved between the steps at fixed intervals of time. Assembly line layout.
In an assembly line layout, workstations are arranged in a linear sequence, and the work
moves progressively from one station to the next. The key characteristic of this layout is that
it is designed for high-volume production, and work is performed at fixed intervals, often
dictated by a specified cycle time. This layout minimizes material handling and maximizes
efficiency for producing standardized products in large quantities.

3. A measure used to evaluate a workcenter layout. Workcenter utilization.

Workcenter utilization is a measure of how efficiently a workcenter (or department) is


being used in relation to its available capacity. It is often calculated by dividing the actual
time a workcenter is used by the total available time. A high utilization rate indicates that the
workcenter is being used effectively, while a low rate may suggest underutilization or
inefficiencies that need to be addressed.

4. This is a way to shorten the cycle time for an assembly line that has a task time that
is longer than the desired cycle time. Assume that it is not possible to speed up the task,
split the task, use overtime, or redesign the task. Add workstations or parallel
workstations.
When a task time is longer than the desired cycle time, one way to meet the cycle time is to
add additional workstations or introduce parallel workstations. This allows work to be
divided across multiple stations, effectively reducing the time each station takes to process
its portion of the work. This strategy can help balance the workload and improve the overall
flow of the assembly line without modifying the task itself or working overtime.
5. This involves scheduling several different models of a product to be produced over a
given day or week on the same line in a cyclical fashion. Mixed-model production.

Mixed-model production is a scheduling technique where different models or variants of a


product are produced on the same production line in a cyclic manner. This allows for
flexibility in responding to varying customer demands for different models while still
maintaining the efficiency of the assembly line. It is commonly used in industries like
automotive manufacturing where multiple variations of a product (such as different car
models) are produced on the same line.

6. If you wanted to produce 20 percent of one product (A), 50 percent of another (B), and
30 percent of a third product (C) in a cyclic fashion, what schedule would you suggest?
Product mix scheduling or Heijunka.

To produce 20% of product A, 50% of product B, and 30% of product C, you would use
Heijunka, which is a lean scheduling technique aimed at leveling production. In a cycle, you
would produce the products in the ratio of 20:50:30, ensuring that production is balanced
and the line does not experience excessive fluctuations. For example, if you have a cycle that
produces 10 units, it would produce 2 units of A, 5 units of B, and 3 units of C. This approach
helps maintain a steady flow and minimizes inventory while meeting customer demands.

7. A term used to refer to the physical surroundings in which a service takes place and
how these surroundings affect customers and employees. Service environment (or
Servicescape).
Servicescape refers to the physical environment in which a service is delivered, including
factors like lighting, layout, décor, temperature, and cleanliness. It plays a crucial role in
shaping customer perceptions and influencing their behavior. A well-designed servicescape
can enhance the customer experience, create a positive atmosphere, and improve
employee performance. It is particularly important in service industries like retail,
hospitality, and healthcare.

8. A firm is using an assembly line and needs to produce 500 units during an eight-hour
day. What is the required cycle time in seconds? 57.6 seconds.
To calculate the required cycle time, you need to divide the total available time by the
required number of units. In this case, the firm has 8 hours to produce 500 units:

• 8 hours = 8 × 60 × 60 = 28,800 seconds.

• The cycle time = 28,800 seconds ÷ 500 units = 57.6 seconds. Thus, each unit must be
completed every 57.6 seconds to meet the production target.
9. What is the efficiency of an assembly line that has 25 workers and a cycle time of 45
seconds? Each unit produced on the line has 16 minutes of work that needs to be
completed based on a time study completed by engineers at the factory.
75% efficiency.

To calculate the efficiency of the assembly line, you use the formula:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠.

First, convert the work time per unit from minutes to seconds:

• 16 minutes = 16 × 60 = 960 seconds. Now, calculate the total work time for all
workers:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 960 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.

The total available time per unit is:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 45 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 25 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 1,125 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠.

Now, calculate the efficiency:


960 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100 = 75%.
1,125 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
This means the assembly line is operating at 75% efficiency, meaning 25% of the time is
wasted or underutilized.

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