Structural Analysis of Multi Storey Buildings Second Edition K. A. Zalka
Structural Analysis of Multi Storey Buildings Second Edition K. A. Zalka
com
https://ebookname.com/product/structural-analysis-of-multi-
storey-buildings-second-edition-k-a-zalka/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD EBOOK
https://ebookname.com/product/fire-performance-analysis-for-
buildings-building-fire-performance-analysis-second-edition-
fitzgerald/
https://ebookname.com/product/structural-and-stress-analysis-
second-edition-t-h-g-megson/
https://ebookname.com/product/specifying-buildings-second-
edition-a-design-management-perspective-stephen-emmitt/
https://ebookname.com/product/siddhartha-webster-s-spanish-
thesaurus-edition-hermann-hesse/
The Elegance of the Hedgehog Muriel Barbery & Alison
Anderson
https://ebookname.com/product/the-elegance-of-the-hedgehog-
muriel-barbery-alison-anderson/
https://ebookname.com/product/the-sandy-puc-guide-to-children-s-
portrait-photography-sandy-puc/
https://ebookname.com/product/neuromotor-immaturity-in-children-
and-adults-the-inpp-screening-test-for-clinicians-and-health-
practitioners-1st-edition-sally-goddard-blythe/
https://ebookname.com/product/suicide-in-the-entertainment-
industry-an-encyclopedia-of-840-twentieth-century-cases-1st-
edition-david-k-frasier/
https://ebookname.com/product/first-aid-for-the-usmle-
step-1-2011-21th-ed-edition-bhushan/
Basic Clinical Radiobiology Fourth Edition Albert Van
Der Kogel
https://ebookname.com/product/basic-clinical-radiobiology-fourth-
edition-albert-van-der-kogel/
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
OF MULTI-STOREY
BUILDINGS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
OF MULTI-STOREY
BUILDINGS
Karoly Zalka
Second edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the
author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copy
right holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright
holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright
material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in
any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.
copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC
please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk
Notations xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Individual bracing units: frames, (coupled) shear walls and cores 5
2.1 Deflection analysis of rigid sway-frames under horizontal load 5
2.1.1 Characteristic deformations 6
2.1.2 One-bay, multi-storey frames 7
2.1.3 Extension of the results: multi-bay, multi-storey frames 19
2.1.4 Discussion and special cases 20
2.1.5 Worked example: two-bay, ten-storey frame 23
2.2 Frequency analysis of rigid sway-frames 26
2.2.1 Fundamental frequency 26
2.2.2 Discussion 33
2.2.3 Worked example: three-bay, twenty-five storey frame 34
2.3 Stability analysis of rigid sway-frames 37
2.3.1 A comprehensive method for the stability analysis 38
2.3.2 Worked example: two-bay, twenty-five storey frame 43
2.4 Other types of frame 45
2.4.1 A simple method for the stability analysis 45
2.4.2 Frames on pinned support. Stability analysis 49
2.4.3 Frames with longer columns at ground floor level. Stability analysis 51
2.4.4 Frames with cross-bracing 52
2.4.5 Infilled frames 55
2.4.6 Worked example: fifteen-storey frame with cross-bracing 57
2.5 Coupled shear walls 60
2.5.1 The modified frame model 60
2.5.2 Worked example: three-bay, thirty-storey coupled shear walls 62
2.6 Shear walls 68
2.7 Cores 68
2.7.1 Torsional stiffness characteristics 69
2.7.2 Deflection and rotation under uniformly distributed horizontal load 75
2.7.3 Fundamental frequency 77
2.7.4 Critical load 79
3 Deflection and rotation analysis of buildings under horizontal load 83
3.1 Three-dimensional behaviour 84
3.2 The planar problem: lateral deflection analysis of torsion-free buildings 86
3.2.1 The governing differential equations of the problem 86
viii Structural Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings
CAPITAL LETTERS
SMALL LETTERS
GREEK LETTERS
knowledgeable that the result in question is incorrect. A quick check using a back-
of-the-envelope calculation could often remedy the situation in minutes.
But there are other advantages of developing and applying simple hand
calculations. When such methods are developed, structural elements of secondary
importance (e.g. partitions and other non-load-bearing structural elements) are
normally ignored and the investigation centres on dominant aspects and neglects
phenomena of secondary importance. As a consequence, a simple method with
fewer aspects to concentrate on can give a clearer picture of the behaviour
emphasising the most important key characteristics of the structure. This is also
helpful in developing structural engineering common sense. Understanding the
contributions of key structural characteristics is especially important with large and
complex structures.
Perhaps the best way to tackle the task of the structural analysis of multi-
storey buildings is to employ both approaches: at the preliminary design stage
simple hand methods can quickly help to establish the main structural dimensions
and to point to efficient bracing system arrangements. More detailed computer-
based analysis can follow. Before the final decision is made, it is essential to check
the results of the computer analysis and confirm the adequacy of the key elements
of the bracing system. Here, again, suitable simple methods can be very useful.
This book is concerned with the structural analysis of multi-storey buildings
whose bracing system consists of frames, coupled shear walls, shear walls and
cores. Such structures are generally large, contain a great number of structural
elements and behave in a three-dimensional manner. Using the analytical
approach, relatively simple models can be created for the analysis.
The continuum method will be used which is based on an equivalent medium
that replaces the whole building. The discrete load and stiffnesses of the building
will be modelled by continuous load and stiffnesses. This approach makes it
possible to use analytical tools to produce relatively simple, closed-form solutions
to the resulting differential equations and eigenvalue problems.
The fact that the methods in the book are all based on continuous models has
another advantage. When the results of a finite element analysis (based on discrete
models) are checked, it is advantageous to use a technique that is based on a
different approach, i.e., on continuous medium.
Structural analysis is normally carried out at two levels. The structural
engineer has to ensure that (a) the individual elements (beams, columns, floor
slabs, etc.) are of adequate size and material to carry their load and (b) the structure
as a whole has adequate stiffness and the bracing system fulfils its main role to
provide sufficient stability to the building.
The book does not deal with individual structural elements. Its aim is to
present simple analytical methods for the complex global analysis of whole
structural systems in the three main structural engineering areas. Assuming three-
dimensional behaviour, closed-form solutions will be given for the maximum
rotation and deflection, the fundamental frequency and the critical load of the
building.
Whenever methods of analysis are developed, certain assumptions have to be
made. These assumptions reflect a compromise: they help to create relatively
simple methods but at the same time they ensure that the results are of adequate
accuracy. Accordingly, it will generally be assumed that the structures are
Introduction 3
monitoring the “health” of the bracing system. It can be used to show in minutes
whether a bracing system is adequate or not, or a more rigorous (second-order)
analysis is needed. The global critical load ratio can also be used to assess different
bracing system arrangements in order to choose the most economic one. The
results of three comprehensive worked examples demonstrate the practical use of
the global critical load ratio.
To illustrate the practical use of the methods and formulae presented in the
book, nineteen examples worked out to the smallest details are included. The
examples range from the deflection or frequency or stability analysis of individual
bracing units to the complex deflection and frequency and stability analyses of
bracing systems, considering both planar and spatial behaviour. The examples are
to be found at the end of the relevant chapter/section.
Numerous approximate methods have been published for the structural
analysis of multi-storey structures. Most of them deal with individual bracing units.
Some of them can even handle three-dimensional behaviour. However, it is
surprising how few, if any, have been backed up with convincing accuracy
analysis. Chapter 7 is devoted to the very important but often neglected question of
accuracy and reliability. Using 32 individual bracing units at different storey
heights, the accuracy of the relevant formulae is demonstrated by comparing the
results of the closed-form solutions presented in the book with the results of the
“exact” (computer-based) analyses. Altogether 1631 checks are made in two
groups. The first group contains 983 individual bracing units whose maximum
deflection, fundamental frequency and critical load are determined. The second
group contains the three-dimensional bracing systems of 648 multi-storey
buildings. Here, too, the maximum deflection, the fundamental frequency and the
critical load of these systems are determined. The results demonstrate the
applicability and accuracy of the methods presented in the preceding chapters.
Information regarding the accuracy of the procedures used in the nineteen worked
examples concludes Chapter 7.
Although most of the formulae in the book are of the back-of-the-envelope
type, due to the complexity of global three-dimensional analyses, some of the
calculations may still seem to be rather cumbersome to carry out by hand. It is very
rare, however, that a structural engineer today would wish to do actual hand-
calculations, however simple they may be. Convenient spreadsheets and
calculation worksheets make it possible to carry out the structural analysis and
document its result at the same time in minutes. All the methods presented in the
book are suitable for this type of application; in fact the worksheet version of all
the nineteen worked examples has been prepared and made available for
download. Each worksheet is prepared using both MathCad and Excel. These one-
to eight-page long worksheets cover a very wide range of practical application and
can also be used as templates for other similar structural engineering situations.
Short summaries of the nineteen worksheets are given in the Appendix.
2
Individual bracing units:
frames, (coupled) shear walls and cores
Frames are defined as rigid when all the (bay-size) beams and (storey-high)
columns join at nodal points in a rigid manner (i.e. the 90° angle between beam
and column at nodal points remains 90° after deformation) and all the supports are
fixed at ground-floor level.
The behaviour of frames under lateral load is complex, mainly because they
develop a combination of bending and shear deformations (Figure 2.1). Due to the
complexity of the problem, designers and researchers have made considerable
efforts to develop approximate techniques and methods. Perhaps the best and most
widespread method is the continuum method which is based on an equivalent
medium that replaces the frame. It is difficult to pinpoint exactly who developed
the first continuum model but the method probably surfaced in the early 1940s. In
her excellent paper, Chitty (1947) investigated parallel beams interconnected by
cross bars, subjected to uniform lateral load, and established the governing
differential equation of the problem. In a following paper she applied the method
to tall buildings under horizontal load; however, she neglected the axial
deformations of the columns (Chitty and Wan, 1948). Scientists from all over the
world followed—many of them apparently unaware of the previous efforts—who
created and sometimes reinvented and later further developed continuum models
(Csonka, 1950; Beck, 1956; Rosman, 1960; Despeyroux, 1972; Stafford Smith et
6 Structural Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings
al., 1981; Hoenderkamp and Stafford Smith, 1984; Coull, 1990). Perhaps the most
comprehensive treatment of building structures under horizontal load is given by
Stafford Smith and Coull (1991). The continuum model has also been applied
successfully to the stability and dynamic analyses of buildings (Danay et al., 1975;
Rosman, 1981; Rutenberg, 1975; Kollár, 1986; Hegedűs and Kollár, 1999; Zalka,
2000; Potzta and Kollár, 2003).
The procedure presented in the following will result in a very simple and
expressive formula for the deflection, identifying three distinctive parts: bending
mode, shear mode, and their interaction.
In addition to the general assumptions listed in the Introduction, it will also
be assumed that the structures are subjected to uniformly distributed lateral load.
In line with, and using the terminology established in the theory of sandwich
structures (Plantema, 1961; Allen, 1969; Hegedűs and Kollár, 1999; Zalka, 2000),
the behaviour of a frame may be characterised by three types of deformation and
the corresponding stiffnesses. The deformation of a frame is complex but it can be
“divided” into three virtual sub-deformations. These sub-deformations are obtained
by emphasising one possible type of deformation and neglecting the other two. The
shear deformation of the frame is characterized by the double-curvature bending of
the columns and the beams between two nodal points (Figure 2.1/a). For global
bending, the structure as a whole unit is considered and the bending of the unit
occurs through the axial deformation—lengthening and shortening—of the full-
height columns (Figure 2.1/b). Local bending is associated with the full-height
bending of the individual columns of the frame when the beams purely act as
connecting media with pinned ends between the columns (Figure 2.1/c). The
corresponding stiffnesses are the shear stiffness, the global bending stiffness and
the local bending stiffness.
(a) pure shear (b) global bending (c) local bending (d) actual deformation
Figure 2.1 Characteristic virtual sub-deformations and the actual deflection shape.
From now on, these characteristic deformations will be used, together with
the stiffnesses that go with them, not only for the lateral deflection analysis below
but also for the rotation analysis later on as well as for the frequency and stability
analyses in later chapters.
For the deflection analysis, consider first the one-bay, multi-storey frame, shown in
Figure 2.2/a. The continuum method will be used for the analysis and the frame
comprising (storey-high) columns and (bay-size) beams will be replaced with
continuous medium. A full-height equivalent column will be created with the three
characteristic stiffnesses introduced in Section 2.1.1. As for the load of the frame,
we should first consider the way a multi-storey building takes its external load. The
original lateral load acts on and is distributed over the façade of the building. This
load is transmitted from the façade to the floor slabs in the form of concentrated
forces. The floor slabs then transmit these forces to the bracing units. Each bracing
unit takes its share from the external load in proportion to its contribution to
resisting the external load. One such bracing unit is our one-bay, multi-storey
frame which is replaced with its equivalent column subjected to these concentrated
forces (Figure 2.2/b).
w wh w
2
h
wh
h
wh
EI EI
h => K => K H
Ib EIg EIg
wh
Ac1 Ac2
Ic1 Ic2 h
wh
h
wh
2
1 2
(a) original frame and (b) equivalent column with (c) equivalent column with
original load concentrated forces continuous load
that no approximation is made here: the original load (Figure 2.2/a) and the load on
the equivalent column (Figure 2.2/c) are identical in every sense. (The situation
with the frequency and stability analyses will be different.)
The establishment of the stiffnesses of the equivalent column is a more
complex task. These stiffnesses will now be introduced, one by one, embedded into
the procedure of setting up the governing differential equation of the deflection
problem.
The derivation of the governing differential equations below follows Chitty’s
original derivation (Chitty, 1947) but with structural engineering notation. The
solution procedure, however, will be somewhat different. A two-step procedure
will be presented that makes it possible to produce simple, expressive and user-
friendly formulae for the deflection (Zalka, 2009).
w N(z)l1 N(z)l2
y
q(z)h
h
Ib
Ac1 Ac2 q(z)h
h
Ic1 Ic2
N(z) N(z)
q(z)h
h H
EI
q(z)h K
h EIg
q(z)h
h
z
1 2
l l1 l2 l1 l2
(a) original frame (b) discontinuity along (c) two columns with (d) equivalent
contraflexure line continuous forces column
In the usual manner with the continuum procedure, first the beams are cut at
the vertical line of contraflexure. The resulting lack of continuity is compensated
for by a shear flow of intensity q(z). This shear flow materializes at floor levels in
the form of forces q(z)h (Figure 2.3/b). [Shear flow q(z) itself is shown later in
Figure 2.6/c]. It is assumed that there are “enough” numbers of beams so that they
can be considered a continuous connecting medium between the columns. As a
rule, the technique can safely be applied to structures of at least four-storey height.
The shear flow is then transferred to the columns (Figure 2.3/c) in the form of
normal force N(z) and bending moments N(z)l1 and N(z)l2. [Normal force N(z) is
shown later in Figure 2.6/d.]
Finally, after setting up a differential equation responsible for the lack of
Individual Bracing Units 9
continuity in the following sections [c.f. Equation (2.9)], an equivalent column will
be created as the continuum model for the problem (Figure 2.3/d). The origin of
coordinate system y–z is placed at and fixed to the top of the column.
If the beams are cut, relative vertical displacements develop along the line of
contraflexure. Three different actions will cause displacement and they will now be
considered, one by one, as if they occurred independently of each other.
The relative displacement due to the bending of the columns (Figure 2.4/a) is
where y'(z) denotes the slope of the columns. Due to the rigid column-beam
connections, y'(z) also denotes the slope of the beams.
The displacement is positive when the end of the beam-section belonging to
the left column moves downward and the other upward.
N(z) N(z)
Δ1(z) Δ2(z)
h Ac1 Ac2
y (z) y (z)
1 2 1 2
l1 l2
l
l
(a) due to the bending of the columns (b) due to the axial deformation of the columns
The axial deformation of the columns (Figure 2.4/b), due to the normal forces
originating from the shear forces in the connecting beams, also contributes to the
overall relative displacement
H
1 1 1
Δ2 (z) N (z)dz
E Ac1 Ac2 z
where
N (z) q(z)dz
0
10 Structural Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings
is the normal force causing axial deformation in the columns, q(z) is the intensity
of the shear flow, Ac1 and Ac2 are the cross-sectional areas of the columns, H is the
height of the structure and E is the modulus of elasticity. [Normal force N(z) is
shown later in Figure 2.6/d.]
Due to the bending of the beams (Figure 2.5), the shear force at contraflexure
also develops relative displacement. Assuming that the point of contraflexure is at
mid-bay, this relative displacement is
3
l
q(z)h 3 2 2
Δ3* (z) 2 2 q(z)l h q(z)l q(z)l (2.1)
3EI b 12EI b 12EI b Kb
lh
where Ib is the second moment of area of the beams, h is the storey height and l is
the size of the bay. The term
12EI b
Kb (2.2)
lh
h q(z)h
Δ3*(z) Δ3(z)
q(z)h
h
1 2
l
Figure 2.5 Vertical displacement at contraflexure point due to the bending of the beam.
Equation (2.1) only holds when the beams have horizontal tangent to the
columns at the nodal points, i.e. when the columns are considered infinitely stiff
(dashed line in Figure 2.5). This may be the case with coupled shear walls where
the wall sections are often much stiffer than the connecting beams and can prevent
the rotation of the beams at nodal points. However, this is not the case with frames
where the relatively flexible columns develop double-curvature bending between
the beams (solid line in Figure 2.5). It follows that, due to the flexibility of the
columns, in the case of frames, Equation (2.1) should be amended and the vertical
Individual Bracing Units 11
2
q(z)l 2 1 1
2
q(z)l q(z)l
Δ3 (z) K
12EI b 12EI c b Kc
2
lh h
In the above equation the stiffness of the columns (distributed over the
height) is defined as
12EI c
Kc (2.3)
h2
1
1 1 Kc
K
Kb Kbr (2.4)
Kb Kc Kb Kc
Kc
r (2.5)
Kb Kc
q(z)l 2
Δ3 (z)
K
q( z)l 2 1 1 1 H
ly (z)
K
E Ac1 Ac2
z
N (z)dz 0 (2.6)
With
and introducing
Ac1 Ac2 2
I g Ac1l12 Ac2l22 l (2.8)
Ac1 Ac2
as the global second moment of area of the frame, and after differentiating and
some rearrangement, Equation (2.6) can be rewritten and the condition for
continuity along the line of contraflexure assumes the form
l l
y (z) N (z) N (z) 0 (2.9)
K EI g
In the above equation EIg is the global bending stiffness of the frame.
The bending of the two full-height columns is considered next, based on the
classical relationship
y (z)EI M (z)
for bending. Because of the connecting beams, the two columns, with their
combined second moments of area, are forced to assume the same deflection
shape. The external moments (from the horizontal load) are now supplemented by
the moments caused by the shear forces along the line of contraflexure
(Figure 2.3/b,c) as
y (z)E(I c1 I c 2 ) M (z) (l1 l 2 ) q(z)dz
z
I c I c1 I c 2 (2.10)
as the local second moment of area of the frame, and making use of
q(z)dz N (z)
z
Individual Bracing Units 13
and with N(z)l1 + N(z)l2 = N(z)(l1 + l2) = N(z)l, the equation can be rewritten as
1
N (z) y(z)EI c M (z)
l
1
N (z) y (z)EI c M (z)
l
K K 1 K
y (z) y (z) M (z) M (z) (2.12)
EI c EI g EI c EI g
I Icr
Accordingly, from this point on, this modified second moment of area will be
used and
EI EI c r (2.13)
K K K (I I g ) Ks
a , b , ab
EI g EI EII g EI
14 Structural Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings
a ab I I Ig a I
s 1 1 , (2.14)
b b Ig Ig a b I Ig
Using the above notation and with M(z) = wz2/2, the short version of
Equation (2.12) is
w az 2
y (z) 2 y (z) 1 (2.15)
EI 2
This is the governing differential equation of the frame that has now been
replaced by a single cantilever with the corresponding local bending stiffness EI,
global bending stiffness EIg and shear stiffness K (Figures 2.3/d and 2.6/b).
The deflection of the frame can be obtained in two ways. One possibility is to
solve Equation (2.15) directly, in one step. Alternatively, the solution can be
produced in two steps: first, the solution for the normal force is obtained then,
using the formula for the normal force, the deflection is determined. Another
aspect of the solution is the choice and placement of the coordinate system.
Although the actual result of the procedure obviously does not depend on the
solution process and the choice and placement of the coordinate system, the
structure and complexity of the result do. The aim is to produce a result that is
relatively simple and shows how the different stiffness components influence the
magnitude of the deflection of the structure.
After solving the differential equation in the two different ways indicated
above and using different coordinate systems, it turned out that the simplest result
can be produced when the two-step approach is applied and the origin of the
coordinate system is fixed to the top of the equivalent column (Figures 2.3/d and
2.6/b). The main steps of this procedure will now be presented.
In combining Equations (2.9) and (2.11), and with M(z) = wz2/2 and notation
(2.14), the governing second-order differential equation for the normal force
emerges as
bwz 2
N (z) 2 N (z) (2.16)
2l
N (0) 0
The magnitude of the shear flow at z = H is zero (Figure 2.6/c) as, because of
the vertical tangent of the columns at the built-up end, a beam there would not
bend. The second boundary condition therefore is
N (H ) q(H ) 0
Individual Bracing Units 15
where
N p (z) Cz 2 Dz E
w
y 0 0
h
h H EI
Ib
K
Ac1 Ac2
Ic1 Ic2 h EIg
h
z H H
1 2 q(z) N(z)
l
(a) original frame (b) equivalent column (c) shear flow q(z) (d) normal force N(z)
Figure 2.6 One-bay, multi-storey frame F1 (Figure 7.1/a) with shear flow q(z) and normal force N(z).
In substituting Np(z) and its second derivative for N(z) and N (z) in
Equation (2.16)
bwz 2
2C 2Cz 2 2 Dz 2 E
2l
bw bw
C , D0, E
2l 2 l 4
With the values of C, D and E now available, the solution assumes the form
bw bw
N (z) Asinh(z) B cosh(z) 2
z2
2l l 4
where the two constants are obtained using the two boundary conditions:
bw
N (0) 0 B
l 4
and
Knowing the two constants, the equation for the normal force (Figure 2.6/d)
is obtained as
With the above equation of the normal force, Equation (2.11) can now be
used to determine the deflection. After substituting for N(z), Equation (2.11)
assumes the form:
The boundary conditions for the equation express that there is no translation
at the top of the structure (as the origin of the coordinate system is fixed to the top)
y(0) 0
and that the tangent to the equivalent column is vertical at the bottom (Figure
2.6/b):
y (H ) 0
3 3
y (z)
w bz bz z b sinh(H ) cosh(z) bH cosh(z) b sinh(z) C1
EI 6 2
4
6 5
cosh(H ) 4
cosh(H ) 5
3 3
w H bH
C1
EI 6 6 2
w bz 4 bz 2 H 3 z bH 3 z z 4
y(z)
EI 24 2 2 4 6 6 2 24
bw
C2
EI 6
w H 3z z4 b z4 H 3z z2 1
y(z) 2 2 4
EI 6 24 24 6 2
b H sinh(z)
cosh(z)
6
tanh(H ) sinh(z)
cosh(H )
This is not the kind of formula that was aimed at in the beginning of the
derivation following the establishment of governing differential equation (2.15).
This formula is not particularly simple and it does not show what role the
characteristic stiffnesses play in the behaviour of the structure under horizontal
load. However, after returning to the original structural engineering notation
[Equation (2.14)] and following a lengthy rearrangement, the above formula can be
transformed into a much simpler, meaningful and “user-friendly” form:
3 4 2
H z z wz wEI cosh[ (H z)] H sinh(z) 1 (2.18)
w
y(z)
EI f 6
24 2Ks 2 2 3
K s cosh(H )
18 Structural Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings
or in a shorter form:
w H 3z z4
yb (z)
6 24
(2.20)
EI f
wz 2
y s (z) (2.21)
2Ks 2
and
I f I I g Icr I g (2.23)
represents the sum of the local and the global second moments of area of the
columns.
Maximum deflection develops at z = H:
wH 4 wH 2 wEI 1 H sinh(H )
y max y(H ) 2 3 1 (2.24)
8EI f 2Ks 2
K s cosh(H )
or
where
wH 4 wH 2 wEI 1 H sinh(H )
yb (H ) , y s (H ) , yi (H ) 2 3 1 (2.26)
8EI f 2Ks 2
K s cosh(H )
PORMESTARINNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
Kyllä se lapsi nyt on rakas. Kyllä sitä nyt hellitään. Mutta kerran…
ANNA
Älä nyt viitsi. Jos se vieras nyt välttämättä tahtoo, niin tulkoon
Sarkoilaan ja kirjoittakoon meistä kirjoihinsa.
PORMESTARINNA
Vai tulkoon! Vai jo saa tulla. Entä jollen minä enää tahdo.
ANNA
Ole sitten tahtomatta. Tee ihan mitä haluat, kunhan nyt vain
lähdet kotiin…
PORMESTARINNA
Entä jos minulla on yhtä ja toista kysyttävää, entä jollen minä ole
ymmärtänyt sinun käytöstäsi moneen aikaan ja haluan selvitystä…
ANNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
Mitä sinä sitten tarkoitat? Nyt minä sinut ymmärrän: sinä jatkat
yhä rumaa peliäsi… ties miten olet jatkanutkin täällä kaiken aikaa.
Ehkä sinä yhä vielä olet viekoitellut häntä kotoa, minun ja lasten
luota…
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
Ei, Ilta, kuule sinä kerran mikä ihminen tämä äitisi on. Kun sinä
synnyit, häpesi hän sinua niin, ettei tahtonut voida ensimmäistä
huutoasi kuulla…
ANNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA
Sinä oli parin päivän vanha, kun äitisi yritti sinut kuristaa. Kuristaa
niinkuin minkäkin kissanpojan…!
No niin, nyt sinä olet saanut sen sanotuksi. Onko mielesi nyt hyvä!
Vai vieläkö tiedät jotakin… Se on totta, Ilta lapseni. Minä olin kuin
suunniltani…
PORMESTARINNA
Sinä olit jo ihan sinisenä, kun sinut saatiin äitisi kynsistä. Mitäs nyt
sanot äidistäsi?
ILTA
Nauran.
PORMESTARINNA
Vai naurat!
ILTA
ANNA
Kuinka sinä olet järkevä, lapseni, kun otat sen niin tyynesti.
Jumalan kiitos! Kaikki sinä ymmärrät kun kuulet. Minä en ole
aikaisemmin kertonut, kun olet ollut lapsi.
PORMESTARINNA
ILTA
PORMESTARINNA
ANNA
Nyt sinä kai voit jättää meidät. Me lähdemme Iltan kanssa läpi yön
kotiin ja huomenna sopii neiti Tattaran ajaa isännän rinnalla
Sarkoilaan.
ILTA
ANNA
PORMESTARINNA vahingoniloisena.
ANNA
Älä naura, älä naura. Minä toimitan heti hevosen valjaisiin, että
pääsemme tästä kauheasta kaupungista.
ILTA
ANNA
Puhutko sinä minulle sillä lailla. Minä olin silloin niin onneton, niin
sairas, etten tietänyt mitä tein. Matkalla selitän sinulle kaikki.
ILTA
Vielä sinä tapat minut.
ANNA
Kuinka armoton sinä olet! Ei, sinä olet sairas sinäkin. Mutta koeta,
lapseni, pysyä reippaana.
LEMPI kadulta.
ANNA
Tule sisään, Lempi. Katsos nyt: Ilta ei voi oikein hyvin. (Menee
keittiöön.)
LEMPI
ILTA
LEMPI
Mitä ihmettä! Sinä, joka olet niin kaunis ja rikas ja… Mitä sitten on
tapahtunut? Lähdetään nyt, niin kerrot minulle matkalla.
ILTA
LEMPI
Mitä hulluja sinä puhut! Lähde pois nyt, se vain virkistää sinua.
Sadekin on lakannut. (Kuiskaa.) Tirri odottaa meitä tuolla kulmassa…
ILTA
En minä sitten.
LEMPI
ILTA
Anna tulee.
LEMPI
ANNA
Minä jo käskin valjastaa, mutta jos sinusta tuntuu että jaksat, niin
lähde vain huviretkelle. Jos menet vähäksi aikaa. Koetteeksi.
LEMPI
ANNA
Ja sinä soitat jos Ilta väsyisi, niin minä tulen noutamaan hänet.
Oletko nyt oikein ymmärtäväinen, lapseni, että äiti saa olla
levollinen? (Lähtevät. Anna käväisee keittiön eteisen ovella ja huutaa
pihamaalle.) Mimmi sanoo talonmiehelle, kun hän tulee, ettei
tarvitsekaan valjastaa. (Palaa, avaa ikkunan. Hengittää lehvien
lemua ulkoa, seisoo siinä kädet ristissä.) Jumala, armahda meitä…
(Äkkiä tervehtii Heikki kadulta. Anna kavahtaa.)
HEIKKI
ANNA
Tehkää hyvin.
HEIKKI
Ehken minä…
ANNA
HEIKKI
Eikö ketään muita ole kotona?
ANNA
Ei. Minä vain tahdoin… Ei minulla ole mitään asiaa. Tai onhan
minulla: ulkomaanmatkastani ei voi tulla mitään. Minulla on
velvollisuuksia miestäni ja kotiani kohtaan. Toivon että Ilta voi
parantua kotona.
HEIKKI
Minä ymmärrän…
ANNA
Ja te?
HEIKKI
ANNA
HEIKKI
ANNA
Kuinka ihanaa nyt on ulkona!
HEIKKI
ANNA
HEIKKI
Se on niin lyhyt.
ANNA
HEIKKI
ANNA
Hyvästi.
ANNA
Kuka?
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Pane sinä vain. Minulla on vielä vähän tekemistä. Ja sitten odotan
Iltaa.
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Vai niin vai, tiesin minä tuon, niin en olisi pitänyt niin kiirettä.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Olethan sinä ennenkin saanut yhden yön kulumaan tuossa. Jollet
tyydy siihen, saat mennä kestikievariin.
ISÄNTÄ
Vai siinä sitä taas ollaan. Minä jo luulin… ymmärsin sitten ihan
väärin. Mutta etkö sinä ajattele, että minunkin kärsivällisyyteni
joskus voi loppua.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Mitä sinä sitten rupesit minun emännäkseni?
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
No niin, aletaan sitten ja selitetään juurtajaksain. Minä olin tyttönä
Siuroniemellä ja Sarkoilan naapurinpoika osti talon sieltä likeltä ja
hän minulle ensin puhui Sarkoilan isännästä.
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Korttia lyötiin…
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Noh?
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
En minä nyt sennäköinen ollut.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Kyytimies tiesi, että Sarkoilan karjaa keväällä nostettiin…
ISÄNTÄ
Se oli valhe. Siitä minä voisin haastaa sen miehen käräjiin koska
tahansa.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Mikä lie ollut kulkukoira. Eihän meillä siihen aikaan ollut koiraa.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Minä sanoin sinulle rehellisesti kuinka asia oli, että nain talon, en
sinua.
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Siinä se juuri olikin kaiken pahan alku. Minä tutustuin taloon, minä
kiinnyin siihen, minä tein työtä, minä penkosin joka mökin, minä
kokosin lapset pyhäkouluun. Mutta sinä loittonit loittonemistasi. Minä
aloin jo silloin, kun me hääsaatossa ajoimme noita neljää penikulmaa
Siuroniemeltä Sarkoilaan, huomata, ettei minulla ollut mitään sinulle
puhumista.
ISÄNTÄ
Silloin laulujuhlilla sinulla kyllä oli puhumista. Sinä olit niin
simasuuna, että…
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ANNA
Joko taas! Tiedäthän sinä minun syyni. Minun olisi vain paljon
aikaisemmin pitänyt sanoa mitä nyt sanon: päästä minut vapaaksi ja
etsi toinen.
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Etkö tiedä? Ehkä se herra sen tietäisi, se joka äsken tuli täältä.
Ihmisten puheissa on ehkä sittenkin perää.
ANNA
Sekä on että ei.
ISÄNTÄ
Vai niin, vai. Vai olet sinä sittenkin pettänyt minua. Saisit vain olla
kiitollinen, jos vielä huolin sinut kattoni alle.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Niin, ainahan se talonpoika näkyy herran valossa. Mutta muista
sinä, etten minä sinua pyytänyt: itse sinä minua kosit, itse viekoittelit
minut itsellesi…
ANNA
Niin tein, niin tein. Siksi minun kai nyt on viekotteleminen itseni
irti…
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Ketä minä pelkäisin! Vai eikö minulla ole siihen oikeutta, saakeli
soikoon…
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
Sepä nähdään…
ANNA
Sinä luulet ettei minulla ole keinoja, minä vaikka…
ISÄNTÄ uhkaavana.
ANNA
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
Ei! Minä en tahdo sitä. Lääkärin pitää tulla! Ilta, katso, äiti on
tässä ja me lähdemme huomisaamuna kotiin… Mutta tämähän on
mahdotonta, sillä juuri äskenhän hän meni ulos. Lähdetään kotiin,
lapseni, lähdetään.
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA parkaisee.
Minä sen tein. Minä hänet tapoin. Minä tapoin ainoan lapseni.
Koko päivän näin minä hänen hätänsä…. mutta minä ajattelin vain
itseäni ja kuristin häntä kurkusta, niinkuin silloin kerran… Nyt olen
kadotettu ja tuomittu ja se on minulle oikein, kaikki minä olen
ansainnut…
ISÄNTÄ
ANNA
EMÄNTÄ
HEIKKI hätääntyneenä.
ISÄNTÄ
ISÄNTÄ
HEIKKI
Minun?
ISÄNTÄ
HEIKKI
ANNA
EMÄNTÄ