Protective Functions

2.1 Difference between Protection and Monitoring Functions

The Main functions for the generator can be classified as protection, monitoring, and testing. Testing
simply indicates carrying out tests on the machine, mostly offline. The difference between protection and
monitoring can be described best by the statement found in the 2014 release of the revised IEEE Std.
1129 [2].

Protection: The process of observing a system, and automatically initiating an action to mitigate the
consequences of an operating condition that has deviated from established acceptable performance
criteria, such as alarms, runbacks, and trips.

Monitoring: The process of observing a system by basic and advanced methods, with the purpose of
verifying that its parameters lie within prescribed limits.

Some oversight functions are clearly identified as protective functions (e.g., sudden and large Volts/Hertz
events and phase-to-phase short- circuits), because the event is too fast for the operator to react in time
and execute a remedial action, and possible consequences too severe. Others, such as winding
temperature and shaft voltage are clearly within the realm of monitoring, because they provide ample
time for the operator to react and take defensive actions based on other information, he/she gathers.
Monitoring can also set alarms on, but automatic tripping is a distinctive feature of protection systems.
There are a few that fall in the intersection of protection and monitoring. One such example is rotor
vibration. If a trip value exists, it is almost always a high value, where operation of the machine is not
recommended. Typically, the vibration increases at a pace that allows the operator to respond before the
trip limit is reached; but more importantly, vibration is often trended, which is a clear distinction from
variables that are not trended and that lead to the actuation of a protective relay. Another example is
under excitation monitoring, which uses the same device as loss-of-field protection; the former alarms
and the latter trips. The difference in the two is the level of sensitivity of the settings.

2.2 Basic Protection Philosophy

As shown in Chapter 1, Figure 1.1, protection is one of the three fundamental supervisory functions on
the behavior of the generator; and the most vital of the three. Protection devices are designed to
separate the generator from the grid and if necessary, shut it down (including its prime mover), following
a number of abnormal operating conditions or equipment malfunction. The response by the protective
relay(s) must be automatic, fast, coordinated with other protective devices, and most importantly, it must
be very reliable; that is to say, it must trip when required to do so, and not trip unnecessarily. Protection
systems will be seldom called to operate, but when they do, it is crucial they do it properly. The goals of a
protection system are

• Protect against injury

• Minimize damage to equipment
• Minimize disruption of the supply of electric power
Protection does not constitute just a single relay, but a system, comprising the protective relays—either
as independent (discrete) devices or in multifunction units, wiring from CTs and PTs (sometimes called
VTs), communication to SCADA or similar systems, and wiring to circuit breakers, auxiliary relays.
Protection also includes coordination with other similar systems, so that operation by one relay or
protective function selectively removes one piece of faulty machinery or system from the grid and does
not remove other equipment unnecessarily. Finally, protection also contains all the required settings that
assure proper relay operation and coordination. Hence, for a protection system to operate correctly, both
the settings of each relay (protective function) should be correct, as well as the coordination with other
relays.

Unfortunately, given that they operate infrequently, protection systems sometimes tend to be overlooked.
This means that maintenance is not pursued with the vigor it requires, resulting in potential for very
deleterious consequences. One of the most common reasons for catastrophic failure of equipment in
power systems is the failure of protection systems to operate properly, or to operate at all. The main
generator and step-up transformer, as well as auxiliary transformers, are among the most critical and
expensive electrical apparatuses in the power plant. In addition, the time to find a proper replacement
after a sudden catastrophic failure may be counted in months, if not years, for the very large units. It is
therefore of foremost importance that power plants retain a good predictive maintenance program for
their protection systems and plant personnel are trained on the significance of each protective device
and its intended function.

It should also be noted that electrical systems change with additions of circuits, modern protection
equipment availability, and other alterations; hence, protection settings should be reviewed periodically to
make sure that tripping will occur when intended, and not to occur when not needed.

2.3 Typical Protective Functions Applied to Large Turbogenerators

In protection, relays are designed to recognize very specific abnormalities, and actuate as required. For
instance, some relays will recognize the existence of higher-than-normal currents and respond
accordingly; others may be designed to recognize a large frequency deviation from nominal.2 The
capacity for detecting a very specific condition is called protective function.

Protective functions can be grouped according to the type of faults they protect against. These types of
faults or abnormal conditions can be categorized as follows:

• Ground faults
• Phase-to-phase and three-phase faults
• Overvoltage
• Overexcitation
• Overfluxing
• Thermal faults (overload, lack of cooling)
• Loss of field
• Loss of synchronism (out-of-step/pole slip)
• Unbalanced currents
• Motoring
• Abnormal frequencies
• Inadvertent energization
• Circuit breaker failure
 • Grid faults/abnormal conditions
• Loss of hydrogen pressure or purity in hydrogen-cooled machines
• Excessive vibration
• Loss of seal oil and/or lube oil
Protective functions are given a number in addition to a name. For instance, the overcurrent protective
function is known as “51.” These numbers are unique for each function, and with minor differences,
harmonized across all standards, in all countries. Table 2.1 contains most of the protective functions that
can be found in a generator protection scheme. Not all of these functions will be designed into the
protection system of every generator; some may be left out, depending on the size and criticality of the
unit. Although some other adaptations of the protection functions in Table 2.1 can be found, most units
will be protected exclusively by some, if not most of the functions on the table.

2.4 Primary and Backup Protective Functions

The typical generating unit consists of very costly components. A generator or a turbine not only
represents a substantial investment in capital, but its repair, not to mention replacement, may necessitate
many months of production downtime. Hence, there is a commanding requirement that when needed,
protection systems operate fast and exactly as designed for. Given the very low cost of protective
devices when compared with the cost of the protected equipment and lost production, it is common, in
particular in the case of the larger and more critical machines, to have installed a primary and a backup
relay for each function.

Backup protection can be in the form of an additional identical relay. For example, installing two
multifunction protection boxes will duplicate all protective functions. If the boxes are from the same OEM,
with the functions set to the same values, then they will back up each other. In that case the concept of
primary protection or backup protection is irrelevant.

Another form of backup protection is when one protective function or combination thereof,
provide backup to a single (primary) function. Table 2.2 shows a number of combinations of
protective functions providing backup to some primary protective function. As it can be seen, duplication
of protective functions of the same type, together with the natural backup provided by other functions
when operating alone or in groups, offer a resilient protection system, as long as set correctly and
maintained properly.

When a large fault occurs inside the generator, it is not uncommon for more than one relay function to
operate, either by sending a trip signal or by flagging.4This multiplicity of information is very useful to the
operator. When more than one relay (protective function) operates, the probability that one is confronted
with a real event and not a degraded protection system is very high.

TABLE 2.1

Protective Function, Device Number, and Protected Zone

Device Protective Function Description Protected Zone or Equipment

Number
15 Speed or frequency- matching device. Provides some positive feedback during the
critical activity of synchronizing to the grid, thus
 protecting the generator.

21 Distance protection— Backup for generator Protects generator, isolated phase bus (or lead
zone phase faults. cables) up to and including the HV winding of
the step-up transformer and auxiliary
transformers. Reach may be more or less than
that, depending on the relay’s settings.

24 Volts/Hertz protection —Senses an Protects generator stator core and step-up and
overfluxing condition. auxiliary transformers’ cores from damage due
to overfluxing.

25 Synchronizing or sync-check protection— Protects generator and turbine components

Works together with the#15 function to from malsynchronization.
facilitate smooth synchronization.

27 Undervoltage protection—Senses a Protects generator from synchronizing on a

condition where the voltage of a given bus is dead bus. Mainly used to sense a loss of
below a normal range. voltage in the station auxiliary systems. It may
alarm and in some cases initiate an automatic
bus transfer activity.

27H Undervoltage protection at the generator Protects the stator winding and stator core from
neutral— Senses a condition where the third grounds. It may also react to grounds in the lead
harmonic component of the neutral voltage cables or IPB, as well as the low voltage
is below certain level. Some schemes use windings of the step-up and auxiliary
the 59H (a third harmonic overvoltage relay transformers.
operating in reverse mode, accomplishing
the same thing).

32 Reverse power protection—Reacts to a Protects against motoring of the generator,

condition where the active power flow is either as a synchronous or induction machine. It
from the grid to the generator. can be part of a scheme to separate the unit
from the grid in an orderly manner to avoid
overspeed, as part of a sequential tripping
scheme.

40 Loss-of-field protection—Senses the Protects many generator components from a

condition when the excitation is too low to loss of synchronization. Fault may be located
maintain synchronous operation with the anywhere in the excitation circuit, including field
grid. winding, brushgear (if brushed), exciters,
rectifiers, excitation cables or buses, AVRs and
any other excitation component. Result of loss
of field is the generator operating as an
induction generator.

46 Stator unbalanced current protection— The protected components are the rotor forging,
Senses condition when the stator negative- wedges, retaining rings, and parts of the
sequence current is higher than a given amortisseur.
threshold.
49 Stator thermal protection—Senses when the Protects specific components where the TCs
temperature of various stator components and/or RTDs are mounted.
(core, winding, etc.) is above the normal
range.

50/51 Instantaneous/timed overcurrent Protects the generator from large overcurrent

protection—Reacts to sudden and/or large events.
increases of stator current due to short
circuits.

50GN/51GN Instantaneous/timed overcurrent protection Protects the stator winding from faults in the
at secondary of the grounding transformer— generator and generator voltage system that
Reacts to sudden and/or large increases in result in sudden and/or large ground currents
neutral current. through the neutral of the generator.

50BF/51BF Overcurrent function used as part of the Protects the main generator (and transformers if
circuit breaker- failure scheme. the main breaker is on the HV side of the SUT)
for a case when the generator breaker fails to
open during a fault-clearing operation.

51TN Time overcurrent protection— Reacts to Protects the SUT from ground faults in the SUT
currents above normal range flowing via the and HV systems. Protects the generator from
neutral of the wye- connected HV winding of large negative-sequence currents due to short
the SUT. circuits on the SUT or close by on the grid.

51V Voltage-controlled (voltage-restrained) time Protects the generator from short circuits at the
overcurrent protection—Reacts to short station or on the grid, in close vicinity to the
circuits in the vicinity of the station and at the station. The reach into the grid can be set, so
station. not to trip the unit unnecessarily for far-away
faults that otherwise would trip the 51
overcurrent relay.

59 Overvoltage protection—Reacts to output Protects the generator from overvoltage and

voltages above the rated maximum overfluxing. When part of the protection
(typically: 105% of rated). scheme, it is normally used only to alarm.

59GN Overvoltage protection—Reacts to an Protects the stator winding from ground faults in
increase in voltage in the secondary of the the generator and generator voltage system that
grounding transformer. result in ground currents through the neutral of
the generator (and thus voltage increase across
the secondary’s resistance). The fault may be
located anywhere between the neutral of the
generator, including the grounding transformer,
to the delta- connected windings (generator
side) of the SUT and auxiliary transformer(s).

59BN Zero-sequence voltage protection—Senses During backfeeding via the SUT with the
a ground fault on an otherwise ungrounded generator breaker or generator links open, this
bus. Also known as 59BG. function protects the equipment from a short
circuit to ground. The protected zone includes
all the equipment between the open links or
breaker to the delta- connected windings of the
 SUT and auxiliary transformer(s).

60 Voltage balance protection—Detects blown Protects the generator against an unnecessary

PT fuses or open secondary circuits. trip due to loss of a PT fuse or open secondary
circuit. Most probably, the fault will be with the
PT circuit (such as a fuse, short-circuit between
secondary wires and/or to ground, or an open
secondary circuit).

61 Time overcurrent protection—Detects turn- Protects stator against shorted turns in the
to-turn faults in generator windings. stator winding. Mainly in hydraulic-driven
generators or small turbogenerators. Large
turbogenerators (the subject of this book) have
a single turn; thus this protection is not used.

62BF Circuit breaker failure protection. Protects the main generator (and transformers if
the main circuit breaker is on the HV side of the
SUT) for a case when the generator circuit
breaker fails to open during a fault-clearing
operation.

64F Ground detector based on voltage sensing Protects against short circuits to ground on the
—Detects grounds on the excitation power excitation power circuit. The fault can be on the
circuit. rotor winding, brushgear, dc cables/busses, or
exciter.

64S/64R Ground fault protection of stator/rotor based Protects 100% of stator/rotor against ground
on voltage injection. faults.

67 Phase directional overcurrent protection— Protects the unit against inadvertent

Detects flow of current toward the generator. energization while standing still or on turning
Used as part of the inadvertent energization gear.
scheme. Also implemented by a combination
of 50/27 functions.

78 Loss of synchronism protection. Protects the generator against a loss of

synchronism. Can be considered backup to the
loss of field relay (#40).

81 O/U Over/under frequency protection—Detects Protects the unit components from operating at
deviation from the nominal frequency. frequencies other than the rated frequency of
the unit.

86 Hand-reset lockout auxiliary relay. Used to lock the system following the operation
of a protective relay. Must be reset manually.

87G Differential protection of the generator. Protects the generator from short- circuits
between phases on the stator winding.
Protected zone includes the stator winding and
the portion of bus/bushings between the CTs
connected to the 87G at both sides of the unit.
87T Differential protection of the SUT, or AUTs. Protects the transformer against a phase-to-
phase fault inside the transformer. The wye-
connected winding will also operate for a phase-
to-ground fault.

87U Unit differential protection. Also indicated as Protects the generator, SUT, AUTs, and HV
87O in some protective schemes. breaker for a phase-to- phase short circuit.
Protected zone where fault is located is between
the CTs connected to the 87U.

Excitation The exciter and AVR most often have built-in Protects the generator against overexcitation
protective a number of protective functions, such as and overfluxing events, as well as operation
functions the maximum excitation limit, minimum outside the capability curve or below the steady-
excitation limit, and maximum V/Hz limit. state stability limit. These protective functions
must be set in such a manner that they
coordinate with the other protective functions
shown in this table.

AUT, auxiliary unit transformer.

TABLE 2.2

Primary and Backup Protective Functions

Type of Fault Primary Protective Function Backup Function(s)

Stator ground faults 27H, 50GN, 51GN, 59GN, 64S 27H, 50GN, 51GN, 59GN

Stator phase short- 87G 87U, 21, 50, 51V, 46

circuits

Excitation ground faults 64F, 64R 40 and/or 78 (for certain double grounds)

Loss of excitation 40 51, 78

Overfluxing 24 59 (when synchronized to the grid), maximum

V/Hz in excitation system

Overexcitation Maximum excitation limit in 24, 59

excitation system.

Circuit breaker failure 50BF/51BF/62BF If the breaker failure scheme fails, clearing the
fault will normally involve other nondedicated
relays such as line protection, or other
protective functions that will operate after the
initial fault develops further into a bigger fault
Tripping and Alarming Methods
Factors that could or should be taken into account when determining what type of trip should be
implemented are as follows:
1. How onerous the fault can be to the generator and turbine
2. How onerous the fault can be to the power system
3. Overspeed risk post trip
4. Fault spreading to other equipment
5. Need for maintaining auxiliary loads post trip
6. Time required for restarting the unit
7. Need to trip the excitation
8. Need to trip the prime mover

Depending on the answers to those questions, the following tripping decisions may be implemented:

Simultaneous Trip. Trips the turbine and trips the generator’s main circuit breaker and excitation circuit
breaker. This trip provides the highest degree of protection to the combined unit, but it allows for some
overspeed, perhaps even high overspeed

Generator Trip. The generator main breaker is tripped together with the excitation. This type of trip does
not trip the turbine; thus, it must be employed only in those circumstances when overspeed is not
expected beyond a very small amount. The benefit is that it allows the unit to be restored to normal
operation in a short time.

Circuit Breaker Trip. Trips the generator main breakers, but neither excitation nor turbine. The
advantage of this type of trip is that it keeps the auxiliary transformer(s) energized. It also allows the unit
to be reconnected to the system in a short time. Overspeed risks must be taken into account. The fact
that the auxiliary load is maintained provides for certain control of overspeed and keeps the turbine in its
allowed operating condition (with a minimum of load that most turbines require for maintained operation).

Sequential Trip. Trips the turbine first, then the generator is tripped by its reverse power relay/function.
The opening of the line circuit breakers trips the excitation. This trip can prevent overspeed occurrences.
It is strongly recommended when implementing this type of trip that backup protection for the reverse
power relay be in place.

Manual Trip. The turbine is tripped manually. Then the generator trips by activation of the reverse power
relay, followed by the excitation trip, as in the case of the sequential trip.

Runback and Trip. Runback can be manual or automatic, depending on whether the generator
monitoring and protection is set up for auto runback. In most cases, it is manual. The operator reduces
power to the turbine (steam to the steam unit) to zero power or close to zero, and then follows with a
sequential trip. This trip is the normal trip mode, and it is normally employed following an alarm that
necessitates the manual tripping of the unit. Some units may also activate an automatic runback trip by
manual command of the operator.
TABLE 2.3

Electrical Faults
1 Stator overcurrent Manual or auto runback
2 Stator ground fault Simultaneous trip
3 Stator phase-to-phase fault Simultaneous trip
4 Volts/hertz Simultaneous or generator trip
5 Stator overvoltage Voltage restoration by field current runback
6 Rotor shorted turns Field current and/or load reduction
7 Rotor overheating Simultaneous or sequential trip
8 Rotor ground Alarm (but small proportion sequentially tripped)
9 Loss of excitation Simultaneous or generator trip R

Mechanical and Thermal Faults

1 Stator core local overheating Runback with eventual trip
2 Bearing vibration excessive Sequential trip
3 Synchronizing error Synchro-check relay protected
4 Motoring Simultaneous, generator, or main breaker trip
5 Loss of SCW flow Runback (manual or auto), eventual sequential trip
6 Loss of seal-oil pressure Reduce H2 pressure and load
7 Hi SCW conductivity Alarm and then runback and trip

System Faults
1 Unbalanced stator currents Main breaker, generator, or simultaneous trip
2 Loss of synchronism Main breaker, generator, or simultaneous trip
3 Abnormal frequency operation Main breaker, generator, or simultaneous trip
4 Main breaker failure Main breaker failure protection
5 Voltage surges Surge arrestors

210 MW 500MW
Rotor A 2330 4040
Rotor V 303 340
No. of turns 9
Damper winding (4 inner + 4 outer) damper segments
Capacitance micro F 0.29 micro F,
Max. temp. Rotor winding -115C
Impedance 4.54 at 230V, at 50Hz 4.09  at 230V, at 50Hz
Over speed test rpm 3600 rpm for 2 min.

Total Losses kW 2892 kW 6655 kW

Excitation loss kW 818 kW 1267 kW
Copper loss kW 964 kW 1300 kW
Mechanical loss kW 730 kW 1541 kW / 2840 kW
No load loss kW 380 kW
Core loss kW 680 kW
Generator Reactance:

Reactance - Is imaginary part of the impedance in any power circuit. There are various
Reactances and Time Constants which contribute during the selection of control systems and
protection scheme for any Generator.

The axis of symmetry of the north magnetic poles of the rotor is called the direct axis or d- axis.
The axis of symmetry of the south magnetic poles is the negative d-axis. The axis of symmetry
halfway between adjacent north and south poles is called the quadrature axis or q-axis.

Direct axis reactance (Xd): The quotient of the sustained value of that fundamental AC component
of armature voltage, which is produced by the total direct-axis primary flux due to direct-axis armature
current and the value of the fundamental AC component of this current, the machine running at rated
speed.

Quadrature axis reactance (Xq): The quotient of the sustained value of that fundamental AC
component of armature voltage, which is produced by the total quadrature- axis primary flux due to
quadrature-axis armature current, and the value of the fundamental AC component of this current,
the machine running at rated speed.

Direct-axis transient reactance (Xd’): The quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that
fundamental AC component of armature voltage, which is produced by the total direct-axis primary
flux, and the value of the simultaneous change in fundamental AC component of direct-axis
armature current, the machine running at rated speed and the high decrement components during the
first cycles being excluded.

Direct axis sub-transient reactance (Xd”): The quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in
that fundamental AC component of armature voltage, which is produced by the total direct-
axis armature flux, and the value of the simultaneous change in fundamental AC
component of direct-axis armature current, the machine running at rated speed.

Negative sequence reactance (X2): The quotient of the reactive fundamental component of
negative sequence armature voltage, due to the presence of fundamental negative sequence
armature current at rated frequency, by the value of that component of current, the machine running
at rated speed.

Zero sequence reactance (Xo): The quotient of the reactive fundamental component of zero
sequence armature voltage, due to the presence of fundamental zero sequence armature current
at rated frequency, by the value of that component of current, the machine running at rated speed.
Time Constants
Direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant (T’d): It is the time, in seconds, required for the
transient alternating component of the short-circuit current to decrease to 1/ε0 or 0.368 times its
initial value.

Direct-axis sub-transient short-circuit time constant (T’’d): It is the time, in seconds, required for
the sub-transient alternating component of the short-circuit current to decrease to 0.368 times its
initial value.

Direct-axis transient open circuit time constant (T’do): It is the time, in seconds, required for the
transient alternating component of the open-circuit current to decrease to 0.368 times its initial
value.

Synchronous Machine Parameters Machine Turbo Hydro

Constant Generator Generator
1 Direct axis reactance Xd 1.1 1.15
2 Quadrature axis reactance Xq 1.08 0.75
3 Direct axis transient reactance X′d 0.23 0.37
4 Quadrature axis transient reactance X′q 0.23 0.75
5 Direct axis subtransient reactance X′′d 0.12 0.24
6 Quadrature axis subtransient reactance X′′q 0.15 0.34
7 Negative sequence reactance X2 0.13 0.29
8 Zero sequence reactance X0 0.05 0.11
9 Stator dc resistance rsdc 0.003 0.012
10 Stator ac resistance rsac 0.005 0.012
11 Negative sequence resistance r2 0.035 0.1
12 Direct axis open-circuit transient time-constant T′d0 5.6 5.6
13 Direct axis short-circuit transient time-constant T′d 1.1 1.8
14 Direct axis short-circuit subtransient time-constant T′′d 0.035 0.035
15 Armature short-circuit (d.c.) time-constant Ta 0.16 0.15
16 Feld resistance referred to the stator

210 MW 500MW
Direct axis reactance Xd 206% 193 %
Quadrature axis reactance Xq %
Direct axis transient reactance Xd 26% 24.13%
Direct axis subtransient reactance Xd 17.5% 17.19%
Negative sequence reactance X2 21.3% 21.47%
Zero sequence reactance X0 10.3% 10.77%
Monitoring of Large generators

2 Definitions
3 Stator Frame and Core
3.1 Frame
3.1.1 Presence of Liquids or Moisture.
3.1.2 Frame Vibration.
3.2 Core
3.2.1 General Overheating.
3.2.2 Local Overheating.
3.2.3 Circulating Currents.
3.2.4 End-Tooth Heating.
3.2.5 Flux-Trap Heating.
3.2.6 Core Vibration.
4 Stator Winding
4.1 Electrical Quantities.
4.1.1 Stator Voltage.
4.1.2 Stator Current.
4.1.3 Frequency.
4.1.4 Power Output.
4.1.5 Negative Sequence Current.:
4.1.6 Volts per Hertz.
4.2 Stator Winding Condition
4.2.1 Stator Winding Temperature.
4.2.2 Temperature Differential—Hottest to Coldest Bar.
4.2.3 Electrical Discharges.
4.3 Bar End Section
4.3.1 Hydrogen Leakage into the Coolant.
4.3.2 Coolant Overtemperature—General.
4.3.3 Coolant Overtemperature—Local.
4.3.4 Overtemperature—General.
4.3.5 Overtemperature—Local.
4.3.6 Plugged Bars (Coils) or Strands.
4.3.7 Strand Fracture.
4.4 Phase Connections
4.4.1 Coolant Leakage.
4.4.2 Coolant Low Flow
4.4.3 Coolant Passage Blockage.
4.5 Terminal Bushings
4.5.1 Coolant Overtemperature (Water).
4.5.2 Coolant Overtemperature (Gas).
4.5.3 CT Temperatures.
4.5.4 Flexible Leads.

5. Rotor
5.1 Shaft and Forging
5.1.1 Torsional Vibration.
5.1.2 Shaft Voltage.
6. Rotor Winding
6.1 Electrical
6.1.1 Excitation Current (Brushless).
6.1.2 Excitation Voltage and Current (Slip Rings).
6.1.3 Rotor Winding Ground Fault.
6.1.4 Rotor Winding Shorted Turns.
6.1.5 Rotor Resistance.
6.2 Mechanical
6.2.1 Overheating.
6.2.2 Vibration.
7.0 Miscellaneous Components
7.1 Fans
7.1.1 Gas-Differential Pressure.
7.2 Bearings
7.2.1 Lubricating Oil Leak.
7.2.2 Temperature.
7.2.3 Vibration.
7.2.4 Shaft Currents.
7.2.5 Lubricating Oil Flow.
7.2.6 Lubricating Oil Pressure.
7.2.7 Lubricating Oil Temperature.
7.3 Hydrogen Seals
7.3.1 Shaft Seal Oil Leak.
7.3.2 Seal Oil Flow.
7.3.3 Seal Oil Pressure.
7.3.4 Seal Metal Temperature.
7.3.5 Seal Oil Temperature.
7.4 Permanent Magnet Generator ( PMG)
7.4.1 PMG Voltage.
7.5 Collector Rings
7.5.1 Air In/Out Temperature.
7.5.2 Plugged Air Filters ( where applicable).
7.5.3 Hydrogen Leaks.
7.6 Hydrogen Cooler
7.6.1 Hydrogen Cooler Leaks.
7.6.2 Air-Bound Coolers.

8 Auxiliary External Systems

8.1 Hydrogen System.
8.1.1 Generator Humidity.
8.1.2 Hydrogen Purity.
8.1.3 Hydrogen Pressure.
8.1.4 Temperature—Cold Gas.
8.1.5 Temperature—Hot Gas.
8.1.6 Hydrogen Consumption.
8.1.7 Hydrogen Loss to Stator-Cooling Water.
8.1.8 Hydrogen Loss to Hydrogen Coolers.
8.19 Hydrogen Loss to Oil.
8.1.10 Particulates.
8.2 Seal Oil System.
8.2.1 Differential Pressure—Filters.
8.2.2 Differential Pressure—Gas to Oil.
8.2.3 Differential Pressure—Air Side to Gas Side.
8.2.4 Air-Side Seal Oil Pressure.
8.2.5 Hydrogen-Side Seal Oil Pressure.
8.2.6 Seal Oil Pump Discharge Pressure.
8.2.7 Seal Oil Tank Level.
8.2.8 Seal Oil System Temperature.
8.2.9 Seal Oil System Flow.
8.3 Stator-Cooling Water System.
8.3.1 Conductivity.
8.3.2 Differential Pressure—Inlet to Outlet.
8.3.3 Inlet Temperature.
8.3.4 Outlet Temperature.
8.3.5 Oxygen Content.
8.3.6 Pressure.
8.3.7 Copper and Iron Content.
8.3.8 Hydrogen Content.
8.3.9 pH Value.