AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

CHAPTER

14 Current Electricity

Chapter Highlights
Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm's law, Resistance, Effect of temperature on resistance, Grouping of resistance,
Cell, Grouping of cell, Kirchhof's law, Wheat stone bridge, Meter bridge ammeter, Voltmeter, Potentiometer,
Power, Heating effect of current

ELECTRIC CHARGE AND CURRENT Solution:

Given that charge flowing Q = 78 C,
Electric charges in motion constitute electric current.
Metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminium, etc., called Time of flow t = 6 s
conductors, have large number of free electrons. These Q 78 C
free electrons move around in all directions from atom to The current I = = = 13 A.
t 6s
atom under normal conditions but when a potential differ-
ence is applied between two points (two ends preferably), 2. What is the quantity of electricity required to provide
the electrons move only in one direction. The electrons are a current of 10 A for 1 hour?
negatively charged particles, and the conventional current
is considered as the flow of positive charges. Hence the Solution:
direction of flow of electrons is opposite to the direction of Given that the current I = 10 A,
conventional current, which takes place in a direction from
Time of flow t = 1 hour = 3600 s
a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential.
The strength of the current is the rate at which the The quantity of electricity = the amount of charge
electric charges are flowing. If a charge Q coulomb passes flowing
through a given cross-section of the conductor in t second,
Q = It
the current I through the conductor is given by

Q coulomb Q = (10 A)(3600 s) = 36000 C.

I= =
t second t
The SI unit of current is ‘ampere’(A) ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND VOLTAGE
Let us consider a water flow system as shown in Fig. 14.1.
SOLVED EXAMPLES Suppose in the horizontal tube AB, we wish to maintain a
steady flow of water. This requires a steady pressure differ-
1. An electrical device sends out 78 coulombs of charge ence between A and B. This is accomplished by maintain-
through a conductor in 6 s. Find the current flow. ing the levels of water in the two reservoirs R1 and R2. An
14.2 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
external source of energy (the pump P) serves the purpose. The unit of resistance is ohm. Symbol is W. Ohm is
Water flows spontaneously from higher to lower pressure. that resistance between two points of a conductor when a
The pump is meant to do the opposite, that is, take water potential difference of one volt is applied between these
from lower pressure to higher pressure. For this, the pump points produced in this conductor a current of one ampere.
will need to work at a steady rate. Water cannot flow at a
constant rate in an isolated tube.
A steady electric current in a conductor is maintained
OHM’S LAW
in an analogous way. In a conductor, positive charge will Ohm’s law is the most fundamental of all the laws in
flow from higher potential (A) to lower potential (B), i.e., in electricity.
the direction of electric field. To maintain a steady electric
current, the conductor cannot be isolated to transport the A B
1 amp R ohm
positive charge from B back to A, i.e., from lower to higher
potential and thus maintain a potential difference between V volt
A and B. The external device will need to do work for trans-
porting positive charge from lower to higher potential. Statement: The current which flows in a conductor is pro-
portional to the potential difference which causes its flow
provided the temperature of the conductor is constant.
If a potential difference of V volt exists between the
R1
ends A and B of a conductor AB current of I ampere flows
through the conductor and
P
V ∝ I or V = IR
B
A where the constant R is the resistance of the conduc-
tor. In this Ohm’s law relation, V is in volts, I is in amperes,
R2 and R is in ohms.

Fig. 14.1
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Electromotive force is the maximum work done in taking
a unit charge once around the closed circuit. The external 3. The current in a conductor is 5 A when the voltage
device may be a cell, a battery, a generator, or dynamo. between the ends of the conductor is 12 V.
Emf of a cell is defined as the maximum potential (A) What is the resistance of the conductor?
difference between the two electrodes of the cell when no (B) What will be the current in the same conductor if
current is drawn from the cell. the voltage is increased to 42 V?
The SI unit of emf of a cell is volt (V) or joule per Solution:
coulomb. The emf of the cell is said to be 1 V, if 1 J of
(A) Given that I = 5 A; V = 12 V; R =?
energy is supplied by the cell to drive 1 coulomb of charge
once around the whole circuit. V 12 V
R= = = 2.4 W
In current electricity, dry cells or secondary cells or I 5A
generators are employed to create a potential difference in (B) If the voltage applied becomes 42 V
order to cause an electric current flow in closed circuits
just as a water pump is used to create pressure difference in V 42 V
I = = = 17.5 A.
order to drive water in water pipes. R 2.4 Ω
The unit of potential difference is volt. The volt is
defined as that potential difference between two points of a RESISTIVITY
conductor carrying a current of one ampere when the power
dissipated between these points is equal to one watt. The resistance of a resistor depends on its geometrical fac-
tors as also on the nature of the substance of which the
resistor is made. For a conductor of length l and cross-
RESISTANCE sectional area A, the resistance R is proportional to both
Electrical resistance may be defined as the property of a l and R.
substance, which opposes the flow of an electric current l
R∝
through it. A
 Current Electricity 14.3
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
the square faces (B) across two opposite rectangular
l
R=ρ faces. The specific resistance of the material is
A 40 × 10–8 W m.
where r is a constant of proportionality called resistivity.
It depends only on the nature of the material of the resistor Solution:
and its physical conditions such as temperature and pres- (A) Resistance of the block across the square faces
sure. The unit of resistivity is ohm m (W m). The inverse of
r is called conductivity and is denoted by s. The unit of s 1 cm2
is (W m)–1 or ohm m–1 or siemen m–1. A1 L=1m

RELATION BETWEEN CURRENT AND ρ × L ( 40 × 10 −8 Ω m) (1 m)

R= =
DRIFT VELOCITY A 1 × 10 −4 m 2

Let us consider a conductor of length l and of uniform area = 40 × 10–4 W

of cross-section A. If n is the number of free electrons per (B) Resistance across the two opposite rectangular faces
unit volume of the conductor, then total number of free
electrons in the conductor = Aln. Thus, charge on all the
free electrons in the conductor is q = Alne. If a constant 100 cm2
potential difference V be applied across the ends of the con-
A2
ductor with the help of a battery, then electric field set-up
V L=1m
across the conductor is given by E = , let vd be the drift
l ρ L ( 40 ×10 −8 Ω m) (10 −2 m)
speed of the electrons. R= = 40 × 10–8 W.
Therefore, the time taken by the free electrons to A 100 × 10 −4 m 2
cross the conductor
l TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF
t=
Vd RESISTIVITY
q Al n e In most metals, an increase in temperature increases the
Hence current ⇒ I = = = neAvd amplitude of vibration of lattices ions of the metal. Due
t l / vd
to it, the collision of free electrons with ions/atoms while
ne 2 Avτ m l drifting becomes more frequent, resulting in a decrease in
or I= or v = 2 I = RI
lm ne τ A relaxation time t.
The resistivity of all metallic conductors increases
m l
\ R= 2
with temperature.
ne τ A
m
m Resistivity of the material ρ =
Resistivity of the material ρ = ne 2τ
ne 2τ
Over a limited temperature range that is not too large, the
resistivity of a metallic conductor can often be represented
MOBILITY OF ELECTRON approximately by a linear relation
Mobility of electron (me) is defined as the drift
velocity of electron per unit electronic field applied. ρT = ρ0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 )⎤⎦
vd Where r0 is the resistivity at a reference temperature T0
μe = ⇒ vd = μ e E
E and rT its value at temperature T. The factor a is called the
So, I = neAμe E temperature coefficient of resistivity.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF
SOLVED EXAMPLE RESISTANCE
4. A certain rectangular block has dimensions 100 cm × 1 If R0 and R be the resistances of a conductor at 0°C and
cm × 1 cm. Find the resistance of the block (A) across q°C, then it is found that
14.4 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
R = R0 (1 + aq)
E
The current through the circuit I =
where a is a constant called the temperature coef- R+r
ficient of resistance. Potential difference across the ends A and B
R − R0 ER
α= and the unit of a is K–1 or °C–1. = IR =
R0 ⋅ θ R+r
E r
If R1 and R2 be the resistances of a conductor at tem-
peratures θ1 C and θ 2 C, then
R1 = R0 (1 + aq1) R
A B
R2 − R1
R2 = R0 (1 + aq2) and α =
R1θ 2 − R2θ1 Thus, although the emf of the cell is E, the effective poten-
tial difference it can deliver is less than E, and it is given by
SOLVED EXAMPLE VAB = E – Ir
The quantity VAB is called the terminal potential difference
5. A metal wire of diameter 2 mm and of length 100 m of the cell, and this is also the potential difference across
has a resistance of 0.5475 W at 20°C and 0.805 W at the external resistance R.
150°C. Find the values of (A) temperature coefficient
of resistance (B) its resistance at 0°C (C) its resistivi- If R → ∞, VAB → E, the emf of the cell.
ties at 0°C and 20°C.

Solution: GROUPING OF RESISTANCES

(A) If R20 and R150 be the resistances at temperatures
20°C and 150°C, respectively, and a be the tem- Resistors in Series
perature coefficient of resistance The series circuit is one in which the same current flows in
R20 = 0.5475 = R0 (1 + a × 20) (1) all the components of the circuit. If resistors R1, R2, R3, ...
are connected in series, the equivalent (or effective) resist-
R150 = 0.805 = R0 (1 + a × 150) (2) ance of the combination is the sum of the resistances so
connected.
R150 − R20
Now, α = R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ....
R20 × 150 − R150 × 20
0.805 − 0.5475 R1 R2 R2
I
=
0.5475 × 150 − 0.805 × 20
In a series combination of resistors,
or a = 3.9 × 10–3 °C–1 (i) the equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances,
(B) Substituting this value of a in Equation (1),
(ii) the same current flows through all the components,
R0 = 0.5079 W
and
ρ0 L ρ0 (100) (iii) the sum of the separate voltage drops (IR drop) is equal
(C) Now R0 = , 0.5079 =
A π (1 × 10 −3 ) 2 to the applied voltage across the combination. If V be
the applied voltage, V1, V2, V3, ....... be the IR drops
or r0 = 1.596 × 10–8 W.m
across resistances R1, R2, R3, ....... respectively.
ρ20 = ρ0 (1 + α × 20)
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + ........ = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...........
= 1.596 × 10–8 [1 + (3.9 × 10–3 × 20)]
= 1.720 × 10–8 W.m.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
EMF OF A CELL AND ITS INTERNAL
RESISTANCE 6. Three resistors of values 4 W, 6 W, and 7 W are in
series and a potential difference of 34 V is applied
If a cell of emf E and internal resistance r be connected with across the grouping. Find the potential drop across
a resistance R, the total resistance in the circuit is (R+ r). each resistor.
 Current Electricity 14.5
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution: Solution:
A 4Ω B 6Ω C 7Ω D (A) Two resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel. Their
equivalent resistance R is given by
V1 V2 V3 1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
34 V
R1 R2
34 V or R =
The current through the circuit = =2A R1 + R2
( 4 + 6 + 7) Ω
2×3 6
Potential difference across 4 W resistor = IR = = = = 1.2 W
2A×4W=8V 2+3 5
Potential difference across 6 W resistor = 2 A × 6 W I 3 R1 = 3 Ω
= 12 V
Potential difference across 7 W resistor = 2 A × 7 W
I2 R 2 = 2 Ω
= 14 V.

Resistors in Parallel
I
A parallel circuit of resistors is one in which the same volt- 12 V
age is applied across all the components.
If resistors R1, R2, R3, ...... are connected in parallel Circuit voltage
(B) The circuit current =
then reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is the sum of the Circuit resistance
reciprocals of the resistance of separate components.
12 V
1 1 1 1 = = 10 A
= + + + .... 1.2 Ω
R R1 R2 R3
(C) The current through 2 W resistor
R1
3 3
I1 I2 = I × = 10 × = 6 A
R2 2+3 5
A B
I2 R3 The current through 3 W resistor
I I3 I
2 2
V I3 = I × = 10 × = 4 A
2+3 5

(i) The total current taken from the supply is equal to the (Also I3 = I - I2 = 10 A - 6 A = 4 A).
sum of the currents in separate branches.
(ii) The potential difference across each resistor is the Series-parallel Groupings
same V volt which is the applied voltage. A series-parallel circuit is a combination of resistors in
(iii) The branch currents I1, I2, I3, ... are in the ratio, series as well as parallel connections. The following exam-
1 1 1 ples will illustrate the solutions of such problems.
: : :…
R1 R2 R3
(iv) The equivalent resistance is smaller than the smallest SOLVED EXAMPLES
of the resistances in parallel.
8. Determine the current taken from the 30 V supply and
SOLVED EXAMPLE the current through the 6 W resistor.
6Ω
7. Two resistances 3 W and 2 W are in parallel connection
and a potential difference of 12 V is applied across 2Ω
them. Find
3Ω
(A) the equivalent resistance of the parallel
combination, 30 V
2Ω
(B) the circuit current, and
(C) the branch currents.
14.6 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution: 9.4 Ω 6.7 Ω
a b
As a first step to solution, let us reduce the parallel c
combination of 6 W and 3 W into a single resistance.
The circuit now reduces as two resistors in series i.e.,
6Ω 9.4 + 6. 7 = 16.1 W.
2Ω 10. Figure 14.2 shows a cube made of wires each having
3Ω a resistance R. The cube is connected into a circuit
across a body diagonal AB as shown. Find the equiva-
2Ω 30 V lent resistance of the network in this case.
C R D
R R
6×3 R B
The parallel combination = Ω=2Ω
6+3 R D1
R
Now the circuit reduces to three resistors, each 2 R R
A R C1
ohm, in series to a 30 V supply.
R R
30 V R
Hence the circuit current = =5A C2 D2
6Ω
3 Fig. 14.2
The current through 6 W resistor = 5 × A
6+3
Solution:
15
= = 1.7 A. Let us search the points of same potential. Since the
9 three edges of the cube from A viz., AC, AC1, and AC2
9. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit given are identical in all respects, the circuit points C, C1,
across ab. and C2 are at the same potential. Similarly for the point
B, the sides BD, BD1, and BD2 are symmetrical and the
5Ω 5Ω points D, D1, and D2 are at the same potential.
Next let us bring together the points C, C1 and C2
25 Ω 20 Ω
and also D, D1, and D2.
10 Ω 5Ω

a b
C D
A B

Solution:
As a first step, the circuit may be redrawn as follows.
Then the cube will look as follows.
R
5Ω c 5Ω The resistance between A and C =
3
R
10 Ω 5Ω The resistance between C and D =
25 Ω 20 Ω 6
a b R
The resistance between D and B =
3
The left block is equivalent to 15 W and 25 W in parallel R R R
The circuit is equivalent to , , and in
25 × 15 5 3 6 3
That is, = 9.4 Ω series which is equal to R.
25 + 15 6

The right block is equivalent to 10 W and 20 W in 11. Study the following circuit. Values of r1, r2, and r3
parallel are 1 W, 2 W, and 3 W, respectively. A resistance R is
connected across the points C and D. What should be
10 × 20 200 the value of R for which the resistance of the network
That is, = = 6.7 Ω
10 + 20 30 across AB is R?
 Current Electricity 14.7
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
r1 r1 r1 r1 r1 r1 r1
A C
−3 ± 9 + 36
R=
2
r3 r3 r3 r3 r3 r3 r3 R
−3 ± 3 5
B D =
r2 r2 r2 r2 r2 r2 r2 2

Solution: \ R=
3 ( 5 −1 ) W.
2
Let us consider the extreme right square of the loop.
Resistance across EF = (r1 + R + r2) and r3 in 12. A homogeneous poorly conducting medium of resis-
parallel tivity r fills up the space between two thin coaxial ide-
r ( r + r + R) ally conducting cylinders. The radii of the cylinders
= 3 1 2 are equal to a and b with a < b, the length of each
( 1 + r2 + r3 + R)
r
cylinder is l. Neglecting the edge effects, find the resis-
E
r1
C
tance of the medium between the cylinders.
l
dr
r
r3 R
a b
a
b
F r2 D

This value should be equal to R, so that by the repeated

Solution:
operation of this type, we will be left with only one
square which will be the left extreme one and it will The current will be conducted radially outwards
have a value R. from the inner conductor (say) to the outer. The area
of cross-section for the conduction of the current is,
r3 ( r1 + r2 + R )
i.e., = R therefore, the area of an elementary cylindrical shell,
( r1 + r2 + r3 + R) which varies with radius. The length of the conducting
Substituting the numerical values, shell is measured radially from radius a to radius b.
Consider an elementary cylindrical shell of radius
3 (1 + 2 + R ) r and thickness dr. Its area of cross-section (normal to
= R
(1 + 2 + 3 + R) flow of current) = (2prl ) and its length = dr.
3 (3 + R ) Hence, the resistance of the elementary cylindrical
(or) =R ρdr ρ ⎡ dr ⎤
(6 + R ) shell of the medium is dR = =
2π rl 2π l ⎢⎣ r ⎥⎦
9 + 3R = 6R + R2
The resistance of the medium is obtained by inte-
(or) R2 + 3R – 9 = 0 grating for r from a to b.
Hence, required resistance,
r1
E b
ρ dr ρ ⎛ ρ ⎞ b
∫r
b
R= = ⎡loge r ⎤⎦ a = ⎜ ⎟ loge a .
2π l 2π l ⎣ ⎝ 2π l ⎠
a
r3 R

GROUPING OF CELLS
r2 F Cells in Series
Let there be n cells each of emf e, arranged in series. Let r
r1
A be the internal resistance of each cell.
nε nr
r3 R

B
r2 R
14.8 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
The total emf is ne and the total internal resistance is nr. If nε 6 × 1.08
The current in the circuit I S = =
R be the external load, the current I through the circuit R + nr 5+6
= 0.589 A.
nε
I= . (14.1) (B) The cells in parallel.
R + nr Here e = 1.08 V, m = 6, r = 1 W, R = 5 W

Cells in Parallel mε 6 × 1.08 6.48

Ip = = = = 0.209 A.
mR + r 6 × 5+1 31
If m cells each of emf e and internal resistance r be con-
nected in parallel and if this combination be connected to (C) The cells in multiple arc with n = 3, m = 2
an external resistance R, then the emf of the circuit = e. mnε 6 × 1.08
I = =
The internal resistance of the circuit = the resistance mR + nr ( 2 × 5) + (3 × 1)
r 6.48
due to m resistances each of r in parallel = . = = 0.498 A.
m 13
ε r

ε r ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS FOR

ε r MAXIMUM CURRENT
ε r Considering the above case, it is required to find the condi-
tion for maximum current if the product mn is given.
R
In this case, the product mn, e, r, and R are constants
and m and n alone can be varied to get I maximum.
Now the current through the external resistor
For Imax denominator (mR + nr) should be minimum
ε mε nr
R = = . in Equation (14.1). This happens when mR = nr or R = .
r mR + r m
R+
m Hence the current through the external resistance R
is maximum when it is equal to internal resistance of the
Mixed Grouping of Cells nr
battery .
Let n identical cells be arranged in series and let m such m
rows be connected in parallel. Obviously, the total number If cells of different emf and internal resistance are in
of cells is nm. parallel, there is no simple formula to give the total emf and
The emf of the system = ne the internal resistance, and any calculations involving cir-
nr cuits in such cases can be done with the help of Kirchhoff’s
The internal resistance of the system =
m laws, which will be discussed later.
The current through the external resistance R
nε mnε
I= = . SOLVED EXAMPLE
nr mR + nr
R+
m
14. How would you arrange 20 cells each of emf 1.5 V and
internal resistance 1 W to give the maximum current
SOLVED EXAMPLE through an external resistance of 5 W? Also find this
current.
13. Six cells are connected (A) in series, (B) in parallel, Solution:
and (C) in 2 rows each containing 3 cells. The emf Let n cells be in series and let there be m such groups
of each cell is 1.08 V and its internal resistance is in parallel.
1 W. Calculate the currents that would flow through an Total number of cells mn = 20
external resistance of 5 W in the three cases. The external resistance R = 5 W
Solution: The internal resistance of each cell r = 1 W
nr
(A) The cells in series. The condition for maximum current is R =
Given that e = 1.08 V, n = 6, r = 1 W, R = 5 W m
n ×1 n
The total emf = ne = 6 × 1.08 V or, 5 = =
The total internal resistance nr = 6 × 1 = 6 W m m
 Current Electricity 14.9
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
or n=5m Important Points Regarding First Law
Now mn = m (5m) = 20 1. This law implies that current reaching a junction is
equal to the current leaving the junction.
or m2 = 4 2. If a current comes out to be negative, actual direction
m = 2 n = 100 of current at the junction is opposite to that assumed.
To get the maximum current, the cells have to be
I1
arranged in 2 rows, each row consisting of 10 cells in
series. I
The maximum current
J
mnε 20 × 1.5 30
= = = = 1.5 A. I2
mR + nr 2 × 5 + 10 × 1 20

KIRCHHOFF’S LAW In the above diagram, I + I1 + I 2 = 0 can be satisfied

only if at least one current is negative, i.e., leaving the
If several resistors and cells are connected such that they junction.
cannot be reduced to simple series and parallel arrange- 3. This law is simply a statement of ‘conservation of
ments, Ohm’s law becomes insufficient to solve the charge’. If current reaching a junction is not equal to
problem. the current leaving, charge will not be conserved.
4. This law is also applicable to a capacitor treating the
First Law resistance of capacitor to be zero during charging or
Accordingly, ‘The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a discharging and infinite in steady state.
junction is zero’. Charging Discharging –
– I
+ 1 +
i.e. ∑ I =O I I
R R
I1
I = I1 + l2 I2 I = I1 + l2 I2
I
Steady state –
J + I1 = 0
I
I2
R
(a)
I = l2 I2
I
5. This law is also known as junction rule or current law
I (KCL) or node theorem.

Second Law
I2
Accordingly, ‘The algebraic sum of all potential differences
(b)
in closed loop is zero’, that is,
Fig. 14.3
∑v = 0
Treating the current to be positive, if it is reaching a junc-
tion and negative if leaving it, we have Important Points Regarding Second Law
I − I1 − I 2 = 0 1. Determination of sign
(A) Sign of Battery EMF: A rise in voltage should be
or I = I1 + I 2 (for Fig. 14.3 (A)) given a +ve sign and a fall in voltage a –ve sign.
For Fig. 14.3 (B), we have Keeping this in mind, it is clear that as we go from
the negative terminal of a battery to its positive
I + I1 − I 2 = 0 terminal, there is a rise in potential; hence, this
or I + I1 = I 2 voltage should be given a +ve sign. If, on the other
14.10 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
hand, we go from +ve terminal to the –ve termi-
nal, then there is a fall in potential, hence this SOLVED EXAMPLES
voltage should be preceded by a negative sign.
15. Find the current in the resistors of the circuit given.
E E The internal resistances of the batteries are included in
A – + B A – + B
the external resistances.
Rise in voltage +E Fall in voltage –E
6V 5Ω
It is important to not that the sign of the battery
6V 10 Ω
emf is independent of the direction of the current
through that branch. 10 V 6Ω
(B) Sign of IR drop: If we go through a resistor in the
same direction as the current, then there is a fall
in potential because current flows from a higher to Solution:
a lower potential. Hence, this voltage fall should
The circuit given cannot be simplified further because
be taken as negative. However, if we go in a direc-
it contains resistors not in simple series or parallel con-
tion opposite to that of the current, then there is a
nection. Hence, Kirchhoff’s rules have to be applied.
rise in voltage. Hence, this voltage rise should be
Since the currents have not been marked, we have to
given a positive sign.
do that first. No special care need be taken to indicate
I+ R –I – R + I the exact current directions since those chosen incor-
A B A B rectly will simplify to give negative numerical values.
Fall in voltage Rise in voltage
–IR +IR ε1 6 V i1 5Ω
c
1
I1 R1 ε2 6 V i2 10 Ω
A B b
a
I2 I2
Direction of travel

2
ε 3 10 V i3 6Ω
d
R4 R2
Applying the junction rule to junction a,
E1 E2
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 (1)

D I3 R3 I3 C Taking the loop acba,

IR drop across 5 W = +5i1
Fig. 14.4
IR drop across 10 W = – 10i2
Consider the closed path ABCDA (as shown in emf of e1 = +6 V
Fig. 14.4). As we travel around the mesh in the clock-
wise direction, different voltage drops will have the emf of e2 = – 6 V
following signs. Applying the loop rule,
I1R1 is –ve (fall in potential)
I2R2 is –ve (fall in potential) 5i2 – 10i2 = +6 – 6 = 0 or i1 – 2i2 = 0 (2)
I3R3 is +ve (rise in potential) Considering the loop abda,
I4R4 is –ve (fall in potential)
E2 is –ve (fall in potential) 10i2 – 6i3 = 10 – 6
E1 is +ve (rise in potential) 10i2 – 6i3 = 4
Using Kirchhoff’s voltage law, we get
5i2 – 3i3 = 2 (3)
− I1 R1 − I 2 R2 + I 3 R3 − I 4 R4 − E2 + E1 = 0
To find the unknowns i1, i2 , and i3, solve the three
or I1 R1 + I 2 R2 − I 3 R3 + I 4 R4 = E1 − E2 Equations (1), (2), and (3). We get
2. This law represents ‘conservation of energy’. If the 2 1
i1 = A , i2 = A
sum of potential changes around a closed loop is not 7 7
zero, unlimited energy could be gained by repeatedly 3
carrying a charge around a loop. i3 = − A .
7
 Current Electricity 14.11
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
The direction of flow of i3 is opposite to that marked Let the current distributions be I1 and I2 as shown.
in the circuit. Let the current in the switch be iab from a to b and
x the resistance of switch. Then for the loop QabQ,
16. A convention is often employed in circuit diagrams
where the battery (or other power source) is not shown P 36 V
explicitly but the points connected to the source are
6Ω I 1 a I2 3Ω
indicated by voltage and ground, respectively. The fol-
lowing two circuit diagrams are drawn on this conven- x
tion. Assume the battery resistance is negligible. Q R

3Ω I2 b I1 6Ω
V = 36 V V = 36 V
Fig. 14.6

6Ω 3Ω
6I1 + Iab x - 3I2 = 0 (1)
6Ω 3Ω
3Ω
a b a b For the loop PQaRP, 36 = 6I1 + 3I2 (2)
S S
3Ω 6Ω 3Ω 6Ω Also iab = I1 - I2 (3)
I1 3 + x
From (1) and (3), we get, = (4)
I2 6 + x
(a) (b) Proceeding to the limit x → 0 without iab → ∞,
Fig. 14.5 from (4), we get
(A) In Fig. 14.5 (A), what is the potential difference I1 1
=
Vab when the switch S is open? I2 2
(B) What is the current through switch S when it is or I2 = 2I1
closed?
(C) In Fig. 14.5 (B), what is the potential difference Substituting in (2), we get
Vab when switch S is open? I1 = 3 A and I2 = 6 A.
(D) What is the current through switch S when it is
closed? Hence, the current through the switch iab = I1 - I2
(E) What is the equivalent resistance in the circuit = -3 A
(b), when (i) switch S is open and (ii) switch S is The current flows in the switch from b to a.
closed? (C) In Fig. 14.6 (b) we have a resistance of 3 W added
to the switch circuit. However, this will NOT
Solution: affect the current and potential distributions when
The given circuit is equivalent to the switch S is open.
Hence the potential difference Vab = -12 V (as in
⎛6 ⎞
(A) Potential at the point a = Va = 36 − ⎜ × 36 ⎟ = 12 V the case (a) above).
⎝ 9 ⎠ (D) When the switch S is closed, the currents and
⎛3 ⎞ potentials will redistribute to new values. Let the
Potential at the point b = Vb = 36 − ⎜ × 36 ⎟ = 24 V currents be I1, I2 , and I3 as shown.
⎝9 ⎠
For the loop QROQ,
36 V 6I1 - (3 + x) I3 - 3I2 = 0 (5)

6Ω a 3Ω For the loop PQOSP,

36 = 6I1 + 3(I1 + I3) = 9I1 + 3I3
S
P 36 V
3Ω b 3Ω

Hence Vab = Potential difference between a and b 6Ω O I1 + I3

I1 3Ω
= Va - Vb = 12 - 24 = - 12 V 3Ω
I3 S
Q a
(B) When the switch S is closed, the currents and 3Ω 6Ω
x b
potentials will readjust to new values.
I2 R (I2 – I3)
The equivalent circuit is now
14.12 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
or 3I1 + I3 = 12 (6) Hence, E2 = 7 V
For the loop QRSOQ,
20 V
6Ω P 1Ω
3I2 + 6(I2 - I3) - 3(I1 + I3) - 6I1 = 0
or 9I1 - 9I2 + 9I3 = 0 1A
4Ω ε1 1Ω
or I1 - I2 + I3 = 0 (7) a b
1A
Solving (5), (6), and (7) for I1, I2, and I3, we get 2A 1Ω 2Ω
24 Q
I1 = = 3.43 A, ε2
7
36 Thus, the potential difference between the points a and
I2 = = 5.14 A
7 b is
12 Vab = 18 - 1 - 4 = 13 V.
and I3 = = 1.71 A.
7 (B) On reversing the polarity of the battery E1, the
Hence, the current that flows through the switch current distributions will be changed.
when it is closed = 1.71 A (flowing from b to a). Let the currents be I1 and I2 as shown.
(E) When the switch S is open in circuit diagram (b) Applying Kirchhoff’s law for the loop PabP,
the total current in the circuit = the same total cur- 20 + E1 = (6 + 1) I1 – (4 + 1) I2
rent as in circuit diagram (a) with switch S open.
Hence, equivalent resistance is the same as in case or 38 = 7I1 – 5I2 (1)
(a) above, and Similarly, for the loop abQa,
9 × 9 81
Req = = = 4.5 W 4I2 + I2 + 18 + 2(I1 + I2) + (I1 + I2) + 7 = 0
9 + 9 18
When the switch S is closed in diagram (b), the 20 V
+ P
total current drawn from the battery is
1Ω 6Ω
24 36 60 11
I = I1 + I 2 = + = A.
7 7 7 I2 1Ω +
a b
Hence, the equivalent resistance in the circuit is 4Ω
(l1 + l2) 18 V
E 36 21 1Ω
Req = = = = 4.2 W.
I 60 / 7 5 7V
Q 2Ω

17. (A) Find the emfs e1 and e2 in the circuit of the follow-
ing diagram and the potential difference between or 3I1 + 8I2 = - 25 (2)
the points a and b. Solving (1) and (2) for I1 and I2, we get
(B) If in the above circuit, the polarity of the battery
e1 is reversed, what will be the potential difference I1 = 2.52 and I2 = – 4.07 A
between a and b? Hence, Vab = – 5 × (4.07) + 18
Solution: = – 20.35 + 18 = – 2.35 V.
(A) It is clear that 1 A current flows in the circuit from
18. In the circuit V1 and V2 are two voltmeters of resis-
b to a.
tances 3000 W and 2000 W, respectively. The resis-
Applying Kirchhoff’s law to the loop PabP,
tances R1 = 2000 W and R2 = 3000 W and the emf of the
20 – E1 = 6 + 1 - 4 - 1 = 2 battery e = 200 V. The battery has negligible internal
resistance. Find the readings of the voltmeters V1 and
Hence, E1 = 18 V
V2 when
Also applying Kirchhoff’s law to the loop PaQbP,
(A) the switch S is open and
20 – E2 = 6 + 1 + (1 × 2) + (2 × 2) = 13 (B) the switch S is closed.
 Current Electricity 14.13
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
ε ELECTRICAL DEVICES
Wheatstone Bridge
V1 V2
For measurement of a resistance, a network made up of four
R1 S R2 resistance arms P, Q, R, and S is arranged as shown. Arms
AB and BC having resistances P and Q, respectively, are
known as ratio arms.
Solution:
B
(A) When S is open P Q
V1 and V2 in series have a resistance
A C
= 3000 + 2000 = 5000 W R G S
R1 and R2 in series have a resistance
= 2000 + 3000 = 5000 W D

5000 W and 5000 W in parallel are equivalent to ε

5000 × 5000 A galvanometer G is connected across B and D. A battery
= 2500 W
10000 is connected across A and C. When the values of resistances
200 2 P, Q, R, and S are such that no current flows through the
Circuit current = = A galvanometer G, the bridge is said to be balanced. In that
2500 25
case, B and D are at the same potential and we have the
Current in the branch of V1 and V2
condition
1⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 P R
= ⎜ ⎟= A =
2 ⎝ 25 ⎠ 25 Q S
Usually, S is an unknown resistance and P, Q, and R are
⎛ 1 ⎞
Potential difference across V1 = ⎜ A ⎟ (3000 W) known.
⎝ 25 ⎠
= 120 V Temperature measurement using wheatstone bridge
⎛ 1 ⎞
Potential across across V1 = ⎜ A ⎟ (2000 W) A platinum wire about 50 cm in length is wound on a
⎝ 25 ⎠
= 80 V non-conducting rod with a non-inductive winding. This
\ The voltmeters V1 and V2 read 120 V and 80 V, platinum wire in connected in the arm CD of wheatstone
respectively. bridge circuit as shown in Fig. 14.7.
Similarly, V2 and R2 in parallel have an equivalent P Q
resistance of 1200 W. G
A C
As these two equivalent resistances are same R S
Potential difference across AS = potential differ- K2
ence across SB
D
\ Potential difference across AS = 100 V
This is registered by V1 SB K1
Similarly, potential difference across = 100 V
This is registered by V1 Fig. 14.7
Similarly, potential difference across SB = 100 V
Working and Theory
This is registered by V2.
1. Keeping the platinum wire S at 0°C the arms P and
200 V Q are made equal. The value of R is adjusted so that
on closing key K1 and K2 the galvanometer shown no
3000 Ω 2000 Ω deflection. If R0 is the resistance of platinum wire at
V1 V1 0°C, then
RQ
R0 = (1)
A B P
S R2
R1 2. Keeping the platinum wire into steam at 100oC and
2000 Ω 3000 Ω repeating the same procedure as in step 1, we get
14.14 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
R ′Q Potentiometer
R100 =
P We already know that when a voltmeter is used to meas-
[ R ′ = resistance of arm R] ure potential difference, its finite resistance causes it to
draw a current from the circuit. Hence the potential dif-
3. Keeping the platinum wire into the bath whose tem-
ference which was to be measured is changed due to the
perature t°C is to be determined and repeating the step
presence of the instrument. Potentiometer is an instrument
1, we get
which allows the measurement of potential difference with-
R ′′Q out drawing current from the circuit. Hence, it acts as an
Rt =
P infinite-resistance voltmeter.
[ R ′′ = resistance of arm R]
E
If a is the temperature coefficient of resistance of plat-
inum wire at t°C, then
l
R100 = R0 (1 + α × 100 ) l–x C
B
A
R − R0 x
α = 100 (14.2) G
R0 × 100 + –

Also Rt = R0 (1 + α t ) p.d to be
measured
R − R0
α= t (14.3)
R0 × t The resistance between A and B is a uniform wire of length
From (14.2) and (14.3), l, with a sliding contact C at a distance x from B. The slid-
Rt − R0 R100 − R0 ing contact is adjusted until the galvanometer G reads zero.
= The no deflection condition of galvanometer ensures that
R0 × t R0 × 100
there is no current through the branch containing G and
Rt − R0 R ′′ − R the potential difference to be measured. The length x for no
t= × 100 = × 100
R100 − R0 R′ − R deflection is called as the balancing length.
VCB = V potential difference to be measured.
METER BRIDGE If l is the resistance per unit length of AB.
x ⎛V ⎞
The wheatstone network is used to determine unknown V = VCB = VAB = ⎜ AB ⎟ x
resistances. The meter bridge is an instrument based on the l ⎝ l ⎠
balancing condition of wheatstone network.
The resistances R1 and R2 are two parts of a long wire
PQ (usually 1 m long). The portion PA of the wire offers Ammeter
resistance R1 and the portion QA offers resistance R2. The An ammeter is a modified form of suspended coil gal-
sliding contact at A is adjusted so that galvanometer reads vanometer. While galvanometers can permit only very
zero. small currents to pass through them, ammeters can allow,
R X depending upon their construction, much heavy currents to
For no deflection 1 =
R2 R flow through them.
A suitable shunt resistance S (of very small value
⎡R ⎤ l
⇒ X = R⎢ 1 ⎥ = R 1 compared to Rg) in parallel with that of galvanometer of
⎣ R2 ⎦ l2 resistance Rg achieves this objective.
If R is a known resistance, then X can be measured by
measuring the length l1 and l2
I Ig
A Rg
P Q
G Is S
X R
B Ammeter
Left gap Right gap
 Current Electricity 14.15
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
If the ammeter is designed to measure a maximum current I \ the voltage drop across AC of the potential
(full-scale deflection current), then the shunt S required for divider = 60 V
the purpose is given by 60
Current flowing through R = A
I g ⋅ Rg = ( I − I g )S R
Now, the voltage drops across BC = 200 V – 60 V =
where Ig is the maximum permissible current through the 140 V
galvanometer. 140
The resistance of ammeter is small (smaller than that The current through BC = A
(500 − R)
of the shunt S) and for current measuring purposes, it is
included in series in a circuit. An ideal ammeter has zero 140 60
Now, = + 2
resistance. (500 − R) R
Solving R = 434.7 W
Voltmeter Hence, the tapping point C lies in such a position that
Voltmeter is also a modified form of galvanometer. It is 434.7
used to measure potential differences. the length AC is = 0.8694 of the length AB.
500
A suitable high resistance R is included in series with
the galvanometer of resistance Rg to enable the instrument 20. In the circuit shown a voltmeter reads 30 V when it is
to measure voltages. If the maximum range of the voltme- connected across the 400 W resistance. Calculate what
ter is V0 and the maximum permissible current through the the same voltmeter would read when it is connected
galvanometer is Ig, then the value of R is given by across the 300 W resistance.

Ig R 300 Ω 400 Ω
Rg

60 V
V0
Ig =
R + Rg Solution:
To measure the potential difference across two points in a The voltmeter is in parallel with 400 W resistance.
circuit, the voltmeter is connected parallel with it. An ideal Let its resistance be R W.
voltmeter has infinite resistance. It is clear that the resistances R and 400 W combin-
ing in parallel produce equivalent resistance of value
of 300 W so that the potential drop across this equiva-
SOLVED EXAMPLES lent resistance is half of 60 V.
R × 400
19. A potential divider of resistance 500 W is used to \ = 300
obtain variable voltages from a supply main of 200 V. R + 400
Determine the position of the tapping point C to get a 400 R = 300 R + 120000
current of 2 A through a resistance of 30 W connected
across A and C as shown. 100 R = 120000

2A R = 1200 W
A

30 Ω V
R
C
200 V 300 Ω 400 Ω

B
60 V

Solution:
Let the resistance of the potential divider between A Next, the same voltmeter is connected across the
and C be R W. 300 W resistance. Now the equivalent resistance of
The potential difference across the 30 W resistor 300 W and 1200 W of voltmeter in parallel connection
= 2 A × 30 W = 60 V will be
14.16 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
R = 200 W
300 × 1200
= 240 Ω Resistance of the voltmeter = 200 W
300 + 1200
(C) The effective resistance between B and C
The total circuit resistance = 240 + 400 = 640
100 × 200 200
240 = = Ω
Potential drop across 240 W = × 60 V = 22.5 V. 100 + 200 3
640
The potential drop across this resistance = circuit
21. A battery of emf 1.4 V and internal resistance 2 W is 200 200 4
current × = 0.02 × = V = 1.33 V
connected to a resistor of 100 W resistance through an 3 3 3
4
ammeter. The resistance of the ammeter is W. A The reading of the voltmeter = 1.1 V
3 The error in the reading of the voltmeter
voltmeter has also been connected to find the potential
= 1.1 – 1.33 = – 0.23 V.
difference across the resistor.
(A) Draw the circuit diagram. 22. A galvanometer together with an unknown resistance
(B) The ammeter reads 0.02 A. What is the resistance in series is connected across two identical batteries
of the voltmeter? each of 1.5 V. When the batteries are connected in
(C) The voltmeter reads 1.1 V. What is the error in the series, the galvanometer records a current of 1 ampere,
reading? and when the batteries are in parallel, the current is 0.6
ampere. What is the internal resistance of the battery?
Solution:
(A) The circuit diagram is shown. Solution:
(B) Let the resistance of the voltmeter be R W. The r ε ε r ε r
r r
equivalent resistance of voltmeter (R W) and 100 W
100 × R 100 R ε r r
in parallel is =
100 + R 100 + R
R R
4 G G
The resistance of the ammeter = Ω
3 Emf of each cell is e = 1.5 V
2Ω Let the internal resistance of each cell be r.
1.4 V Let the resistance of the galvanometer be G.
B 100 Ω C Let the unknown resistance in series with the galva-
A
nometer be R.
V (A) Let the cells be in series.
The emf of the circuit = 2e = 3 V
The resistance of the circuit = (R + G + 2r) W
The total resistance of the circuit
3
100 R 4 The current in the circuit =1A
= + + 2Ω R + G + 2r
100 + R 3 (given) (1)
The current in the circuit as read by the ammeter (B) When the cells are in parallel, the emf of the cir-
= 0.02 A cuit = e = 1.5 V
1.4 r⋅r
Now, 0.02 = The resistance of the circuit = R + G +
100 R 4 r+r
+ +2
100 + R 3
⎛ r⎞
100 R 4 1.4 = ⎜R + G + ⎟ Ω
or, + + 2 = = 70 ⎝ 2⎠
100 + R 3 0.02
1.5
100 R 10 200 The current in the circuit = 0.6 A (2)
= 70 − = r
100 + R 3 3 R+G +
2
300 R = 200 R + 20000 From equations (1) and (2), we get
100 R = 20000 R + G + 2r = 3
 Current Electricity 14.17
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
This is less than the maximum power of 1 W,
r 1.5
and R + G + = = 2.5 which the resistor can dissipate. Hence, the resis-
2 0.6 tance can be safely used.
Subtracting these two equations, we get (C) Emf of the battery and its internal resistance: The
3 1 combined resistance of the galvanometer and the
r = 0.5 ⇒ r = Ω 1
2 3 × 100
100 1
1 shunt is given by Ω≈ Ω
Internal resistance of each cell = Ω. 1 100
3 + 100
100
This combined resistance and the internal resis-
23. (A) A galvanometer having a coil of resistance of
tance of the battery in series give a total resistance
100 W gives a full-scale deflection when a current
⎛ 1 ⎞
of one milliampere is passed through it. What is of ⎜ + r ⎟ ohm to the circuit.
the value of the resistance, which can convert this ⎝ 100 ⎠
galvanometer into ammeter giving a full-scale If e be the emf of the battery, then
deflection for a current of 10 amperes? ε
(B) A resistance of the required value is available, = 4A (1)
r + 0.01
but it will get burnt if the energy dissipated in it
Now with an additional resistance of 1.5 W in
is greater than 1 W. Can it be used for the above
series
described conversion of the galvanometer?
ε
(C) When this modified galvanometer is connected = 1A (2)
across the terminals of a battery, it shows a cur- r + 0.01 + 1.5
rent of 4 A. The current drops to 1 ampere when r + 1.51
a resistance of 1.5 W is connected in series with From Equations (1) and (2), we get = 4
r + 0.01
the modified galvanometer. Find the emf and the 3 r = 1.47
internal resistance of the battery.
Internal resistance r = 0.49 W
Solution: Substituting this value of r in Equation (1),
(A) The value of shunt resistance.
e = 4 × 0.5 = 2 V.
10 A A Ig = 10–3 A B 10 A
G
HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT
S Joule’s Law of Electrical Heating
(10.0 – 0.001) A When an electric current flows through a conductor, electri-
cal energy is used in overcoming the resistance of the wire.
Let the shunt resistance required be S W. The gal-
If the potential difference across a conductor of resistance
vanometer permits the full-scale deflection cur-
R is V volt, and if a current of I ampere flows, the energy
rent of Ig = 1 × 10–3. A through it when the circuit
expended in time t seconds is given by
is 10 A.
W = VIt J
Then, (10 – 0.001) S = 0.001 × 100
0.1 100 1 = I 2 Rt J
S= = ≈ Ω
9999 9999 100
V2
1000 = t J
R
(B) Power dissipated by the shunt = i2R The electrical energy so expended is converted into
100
−3 2 heat energy and this conversion is called the heating effect
= (9999 × 10 ) ×
9999 of electric current.
The heat generated in joules when a current of I
= 9999 × 10 −6 × 100 ampere flows through a resistance of R ohm for t seconds
= 0.9999 W is given by
14.18 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
H = I2Rt J
V 2 200 × 200
P= = = 64 W.
This relation is known as Joule’s law of electrical heating. R 625

Electrical Power 25. Forty electric bulbs are connected in series across a
220 V supply. After one bulb is fused, the remaining
The energy liberated per second in a device is called its
39 are connected again in series across the same sup-
power. The electrical power P delivered by an electrical
ply. In which case will there be more illumination and
device is given by
why?
⎫
P = VI W ⎪ Solution:
⎪⎪ Let r be the resistance of each bulb and 40 bulbs in
= I 2R W⎬
series will have a resistance of 40 r W. When con-
⎪
V2 nected across a supply voltage V, the power of the sys-
= W⎪
R ⎪⎭ tem with 40 bulbs will be
V2
The power P is in watts when I is in amperes, R is in ohms P40 =
and V is in volts. 40 r
The practical unit of power is 1 kW = 1000 W. When one of the bulbs is fused, the resistance of the
V 2 remaining 39 bulbs in series = 39 r and the power of
The formula for power P = I 2 R = VI = is the system when connected to the same supply
R
true only when all the electrical power is dissipated as V2
heat and not converted into mechanical work, and so on, P39 =
39 r
simultaneously.
V2 V2
Unit of Electrical Energy consumption It is clear that 39 r > 40 r

1 unit of electrical energy = 1 kilo watt-hour = 1 kWh \ power of 39 bulbs in series is greater.
= 36 × 105 J
26. A fuse made of lead wire having an area of cross-
watt × hour
Number of units consumed = = kWh section 0.2 mm2. On short circuiting, the current in
1000 the fuse wire reaches 30 A. How long after the short
circuiting will the fuse begin to melt?
SOLVED EXAMPLES Specific heat capacity of lead = 134.4 J kg–1 K–1
Melting point of lead = 327°C
24. What is the resistance of the filament of a bulb rated at Density of lead = 11340 kg/m3
(100 W – 250 V)? What is the current through it when Resistivity of lead = 22 × 10–8 W-m
connected to 250 V line? What will be the power if it Initial temperature of the wire = 20°C
is connected to a 200 V line? Neglect heat loss.
Solution: Solution:
V 2 If L be the length of the wire, its resistance
Power P = VI =
R ρL ( 22 × 10 −8 ) L
2 R= =
V 250 × 250 A (0.2 × 10 −6 ) m 2
Resistance R = = = 625 W
P 100
P 100 W Heat produced in the wire in 1 s = I2R = (30)2 R J
The current through the lamp = = Heat required to raise the temperature of the wire
V 250 V
= 0.4 A to 327°C

The power of the lamp when it is connected to a 200 V Q = msDT

line is = (LAd) (134.4) (307) J
 Current Electricity 14.19
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Time required to melt the wire
4
Q LAd × 134.4 × 307 R2 = R1 (3)
= 2 = × A 3
I R I 2 × ρL
(A) When the two coils are in series to the supply
A2 d
= ⋅ × 134.4 × 307 V2 V2 V2
I2 ρ Q= × T1 = T1 = T1 (4)
R1 + R2 4 7
R1 + R1 R1
−6 2

=
(0.2 × 10 ) ×
11340
× 134.4 × 307
3 3
where T1 is the time taken.
900 22 ×10 − 8
= 0.0945 s. From (1) and (4), we get
V2 V2 3
27. An electric kettle has two heating coils. When one of × 6 × 60 = × T1
R1 R1 7
the coils is switched on, the kettle begins to boil in
6 min and when the other is switched on, the boiling 3
6 × 60 = T
begins in 8 min. In what time will the boiling begin if 7 1
both coils are switched on simultaneously (A) in series 6 × 60 × 7
and (B) in parallel? T1 = s
3
Solution: = 14 min
Let the resistance of the two coils be R1 and R2, respec- (B) When the two coils are in parallel connection, the
tively. Let the supply voltage be V. Let Q be the heat equivalent resistance
required to boil the kettle. 4 2
R1 R2 R1
4
Using the first coil, let t1 be the time taken. Now = = 3 = R1
R1 + R2 7 7
V2 R
Q= × t1; t1 = 6 min (1) 3 1
R1
\ heat developed in T2 is
Using the second coil, let t2 be the time taken V2
Q= ⋅ T2 (5)
V2 4
Q= × t2 ; t 2 = 8 min (2) R1
R2 7
From (1) and (5),
V2 V2
Now × t1 = × t2 7 V2 V2
R1 R2 ⋅ T2 = × t1
4 R1 R1
R1 t 6 3
or = 1 = = 4 24 3
R2 t2 8 4 T2 = t1 × = min = 3 min .
7 7 7
14.20 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
BRAIN MAP

1. Electric current
ΔQ dQ
I = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt
2. Ohm’s law
V = IR
Where R is called the
resistance

3. (a) Resistance 5. (a) When a cell of emf (ε )

is in a circuit
R =ρ l E
A (i) I =
(b) Effect of temperature R+r
Where r is internal
R = R0 (1 + αθ )
resistance of the cell
(c) Grouping of resistors
(ii) VAB = E – Ir
(i) When reistors are in
series (b) Grouping of cells
R = R1 + R2 + R3 ….. (i) When cells are in
series
(ii) When resistors are in
nE
parallel I=
R + nr
1 1 1 1 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
= + + (ii) When cells are in
R R1 R2 R3
parallel
4. Kirchhoff’s law mε
I=
(a) 1st law: mR + r
at any junction of circuit (iii) Cells are in multiple
elements arc
∑I = 0 mnε
(b) 2nd law: I=
mR + r
around any close loop (iv) For maximum
∑V = 0 current mR = nr

6. Voltmeter is used in 9. Wheatstone bridge

parallel in a circuit and is an arrangement of four
should have very high resistances used for
resistance. measuring one of them in
7. Ammeter is used in temrs of others.
series in a circuit and
should have very small For a balance wheat
resistance. P R
Stone bridge =
8. Potentiometer is a Q S
method of measurement
involves a condition of no 10. Heating effect of current
current flows and e.m.f.s (i) Joules law
are compared H = I2Rt
independent of the (ii) Electrical power
interval resistance of the
p = VI = I2R = V 2/R
source.
 Current Electricity 14.21
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

1. If resistance of each wire in the network shown is r, the 4. The resistance of hexagon circuit between A and B
equivalent resistance between A and C is equal to represented in Fig. 14.9 is
r (A) r (B) 0.5 r (C) 2 r (D) 3 r
(A) r (B)
2 r r
2r 3r r r
(C) (D)
3 2 A r r B
r r
E D
r r
C
Fig. 14.9

A B 5. In the given circuit, each resistor has resistance R. The

equivalent resistance between A and B is
2. In the circuit shown, each capacitor has capacitance C. R
(A) (B) 4R
The EMF of the battery is e and the Sw is closed. The 4
total heat generated in the wire once the switch Sw is 3R 4R
(C) (D)
opened is 4 3
Cε 2
(A) Ce2 (B)
6
Cε 2
(C) (D) No heat will be dissipated A B
12
C C

C
6. A heater coil is cut into two equal parts and only one
Sw part is now used in the heater. The heat generated will
now be (Assuming potential difference is same in both
cases).
ε (A) One-fourth (B) Halved
(C) Doubled (D) Four times
3. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.8, equivalent resistance 7. In the circuit shown, the potential difference between
between A and B is points C and B will be
(A) 8 W (B) 15 W (A) (8/9) V (B) (4/3) V
3 (C) (2/3) V (D) 4 V
(C) W (D) 2 W
2
C 5Ω 5Ω B
1Ω
5Ω 5Ω
2Ω 2Ω 5Ω 5Ω
4Ω A D
A + –

4Ω 2V
B
8. The current through 2 W resistor is
2Ω (A) Zero (B) 1 A
Fig. 14.8 (C) 2 A (D) 4 A
14.22 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
13. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.12
5Ω 10 Ω
(A) current in wire AF is 1 A
10 V 20 V
(B) current in wire CD is 1 A
(C) current in wire BE is 2 A
2Ω
(D) None of the above
A B C
9. The equivalent resistance between points A and B in
the circuit shown is 4Ω 1Ω 4Ω
(A) 4 W (B) 6 W
2V
(C) 10 W (D) 8 W
F E D
A 2V 2V
4Ω Fig. 14.12
6Ω 8Ω
8Ω 14. A battery of internal resistance 4 W is connected to the
B network of resistance as shown. In order to give the
8Ω 4Ω
maximum power to the network, the value of R should
4Ω
be
4 8
(A) Ω (B) Ω
10. There are n similar resistors each of resistance R. The 9 9
equivalent resistance comes out to be x when con- (C) 2 W (D) 18 W
nected in parallel. If they are connected in series, the R R
resistance comes out to be E
(A) x /n2 (B) n2x (C) x/n (D) nx
4Ω R 6R R
R 4R
11. In the balanced wheatstone bridge circuit, as shown in
the Fig. 14.10, when the key is pressed, what will be
the change in the reading of the galvanometer?
(A) No change (B) Increased 15. A cell of emf E is connected across a resistance R. The
(C) Decreased (D) Zero potential difference between the terminals of the cell is
found to be V. The internal resistance of the cell must
R R be
2( E − V )V 2( E − V ) R
(A) (B)
R E
G
R (E −V ) R
R (C) (D) (E – V) R
V
16. The resistance across AB is
5 7
Fig. 14.10 (A) R (B) R
8 8
12. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.11, the reading of volt- (C) 1 R (D) 2 R
meter will be
(A) 0.8 V (B) 1.33 V R
C D
(C) 1.6 V (D) 2.00 V
2 V, r = 0 R
R R

V
80 Ω A B
R

20 Ω 80 Ω 17. The equivalent resistance of the network shown in

Fig. 14.11 Fig. 14.13 between the base terminals is
 Current Electricity 14.23
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
500 Ω 1000 Ω
1
(A) 3 W (B) 3 W
2
2 V
(C) 2 W (D) 2 W
3 1000 Ω
1.5 V

1Ω 1Ω

21. A set of n identical resistors, each of resistance R W,

1Ω
1Ω 1Ω when connected in series, has an effective resistance
of x ohm. When the resistors are connected in parallel,
Fig. 14.13 the effective resistance is y ohm. What is the relation
between R, x, and y?
18. n identical cells, each of emf e and internal resistance
xy
r, are joined in series to form a closed circuit as shown. (A) R = (B) R = (y – x)
The potential difference across any one cell is ( x + y)
(A) Zero (B) e (C) R = xy (D) R = (x + y)
ε n −1
(C) (D) ε 22. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.14, the current through
n n
(A) the 3 W resistor is 0.50 A.
(B) the 3 W resistor is 0.25 A.
ε r ε r ε r
(C) the 4 W resistor is 0.50 A.
(D) the 4 W resistor is 0.25 A.

3Ω A 2Ω C 2Ω

19. In the given circuit, it is observed that the current I is

independent of the value of the resistance R6. Then the
9V 8Ω 8Ω 4Ω
resistance value must satisfy
(A) R1R2R5 = R3R4R6
1 1 1 1 2Ω 2Ω D 2Ω
(B) + = +
R5 R6 ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) Fig. 14.14
(C) R1R4 = R2R3
23. In the arrangement of resistances shown in Fig. 14.15,
(D) R1R3 = R2R4 = R5R6
the potential difference between the points B and D
R5 will be zero when the unknown resistance X is
(A) 4 W.
ℓ (B) 2 W.
R1 R3
R6 (C) 3 W.
(D) EMF of the cell is needed to find out X.

R4 B
4Ω
XΩ

20. The resistances 500 W and 1000 W are connected in A 12 Ω C

1Ω
series with a battery of 1.5 V. The voltage across the 1Ω
1000 W resistance is measured by a voltmeter having
3Ω 1Ω
a resistance of 1000 W. The reading in the voltmeter D
would be
(A) 1.5 V (B) 1.0 V
(C) 0.75 V (D) 0.5 V Fig. 14.15
14.24 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
24. The current drawn from the 5 V source will be C F
(A) 0.33 A (B) 0.5 A
2a
(C) 0.67 A (D) 0.17 A
A 4a a B
10 Ω

5Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω D
E

I Fig. 14.17
10 Ω
31. A wire l = 8 m long of uniform cross-sectional area
A = 8 mm2 has a conductance of G = 2.45 W–1. The
5V resistivity of material of the wire will be
(A) 2.1 × 10–7 Wm
25. Five cells, each of EMF E and internal resistance r are
(B) 3.1 × 10–7 Wm
connected in series. If due to oversight, one cell is con-
(C) 4.1 × 10–7 Wm
nected wrongly, then the equivalent EMF and internal
(D) 5.1 × 10–7 Wm
resistance of the combination, is
(A) 5E and 5r (B) 3E and 3r 32. A galvanometer of resistance 400 W can measure a
(C) 3E and 5r (D) 5E and 3r current of 1mA. To convert it into a voltmeter of range
8 V, the required resistance is
26. Five equal resistors, each equal to R are connected as
(A) 4600 W (B) 5600 W
shown in Fig. 14.16, then the equivalent resistance
(C) 6600 W (D) 7600 W
between points A and B is
33. An ammeter reads up to 1 A. Its internal resistance is
0.81 W. To increase the range to 10 A, the value of the
A B
required shunt is
(A) 0.03 W (B) 0.3 W
(C) 0.9 W (D) 0.09 W
Fig. 14.16
34. The resistance of the series combination of two resis-
(A) R (B) 5R (C) R/5 (D) 2R/3 tances is S. When they are joined in parallel, the total
resistance is P. If S = nP, then the minimum possible
27. A wire with resistance 12 W is bent in the form of a value of n is
circle. The effective resistance between the two points
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
on any diameter of the circle is
(A) 12 W (B) 24 W (C) 6 W (D) 3 W 35. A wire of resistance 4 W is stretched to twice its origi-
nal length. What is the resistance of the wire now?
28. When cells are connected in series
(A) 1 W (B) 14 W (C) 8 W (D) 16 W
(A) the EMF increases.
(B) the potential difference decreases. 36. The net resistance between points P and Q in the cir-
(C) the current capacity increases. cuit shown in Fig. 14.18 is
(D) the current capacity decreases. (A) R/2 (B) 2R/5
(C) 3R/5 (D) R/3
29. Which of the following has the maximum resistance?
(A) Voltmeter R
(B) Millivoltmeter R R
P Q
(C) Ammeter
(D) Milliammeter
30. A conductor with rectangular cross-section has dimen-
sions (a × 2a × 4a) as shown in Fig. 14.17. Resistance Fig. 14.18
across AB is x, across CD is y, and across EF is z. Then 37. The equivalent resistance between points M and N is
(A) x = y = z (B) x > y > z (A) 2 W (B) 3 W
(C) y > z > x (D) x > z > y (C) 2/3 W (D) None of the above
 Current Electricity 14.25
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
1Ω 2 V/0.5 Ω

1Ω 1Ω 4Ω

1 μF
1Ω

1Ω 1Ω Fig. 14.21
42. Each of the resistance in the network shown in
M N Fig. 14.22 below is equal to R. The resistance between
1Ω
the terminals A and B is
(A) R (B) 5R
38. The potentiometer wire AB is 600 cm long. At what 5
distance from A should the jockey J touch the wire to (C) 3R (D) R
3
get zero deflection in the galvanometer? M
(A) 320 cm (B) 120 cm
(C) 20 cm (D) 450 cm
R R R
E r
R A
B
R
R = 15 r N O
A B
J
Fig. 14.22
G
E/2 r 43. Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the law of conser-
vation of
39. The EMF of the battery shown in Fig. 14.19 is (A) Momentum (B) Charge
(A) 6 V (B) 12 V (C) Energy (D) Sum of mass and energy
(C) 18 V (D) 8 V 44. The current i in Fig. 14.23 is
1 1
2Ω 2Ω 1Ω (A) A (B) A
5 10
I = 1.5 A 1 1
(C) A (D) A
6Ω 2Ω 1Ω 15 45
i

Fig. 14.19 + 30 Ω
2V 30 Ω
–
40. In Fig. 14.20, the steady state current in 2 W resistance
is
(A) 1.5 A (B) 0.9 A 30 Ω
(C) 0.6 A (D) Zero
Fig. 14.23
2Ω
45. The time constant of an RC circuit shown in Fig. 14.24 is
A 3Ω B
(A) 3 RC (B) 2/3 RC
4Ω
(C) 6 RC/5 (D) 2 RC
C = 0.2 μF C
2.8 Ω

6V R
Fig. 14.20 3R

R
41. The charge on the capacitor in Fig. 14.21 is
(A) 2 mC (B) 2/3 mC
(C) 4/3 mC (D) Zero Fig. 14.24
14.26 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
46. What is the current through the resistor R in the circuit 4Ω 6Ω
shown below? The EMF of each cell is Em and internal
resistance is r
Em Em
(A) (B)
2R + r 2r + R
2 Em 2 Em 5Ω
(C) (D)
R + 2r 2R + r Fig. 14.27

(A) 1 cal s–1 (B) 2 cal s–1

+ – r (C) 3 cal s–1 (D) 4 cal s–1
+ –
R
r 51. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.28, the current through
(A) the 3 W resistor is 0.50 A
(B) the 3 W resistor is 0.25 A
47. Current I3 in the given circuit shown in Fig. 14.25 is (C) the 4 W resistor is 0.50 A
5 7 (D) the 4 W resistor is 0.25 A
(A) A (B) A
11 11 3Ω A 2Ω C 2Ω
2
(C) A (D) None of these
11 8Ω 8Ω 4Ω
9V
I1 I2 I3
1V 2V B D
3Ω 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω

1Ω 2Ω Fig. 14.28
3V
52. Figure 14.29 shows currents in a part of an electrical
circuit. The current i is
Fig. 14.25
(A) 1 A (B) 1.3 A
48. Six resistors each of resistance R are connected as (C) 1.7 A (D) 3.7 A
shown in Fig. 14.26. What is the effective resistance 1A
2A
between points A and B?
1.3 A
P Q
R 2A
R
i
R R
A R R B
Fig. 14.29

R 53. The meter bridge circuit shown in Fig. 14.30 is bal-

Fig. 14.26
anced when jockey J divides wire AB in two parts AJ
and BJ in the ratio of 1: 2. The unknown resistance Q
R has value
(A) (B) R (C) 3R (D) 6R
3 (A) 1 W (B) 3 W
49. The current at which a fuse wire melts does not depend (C) 4 W (D) 7 W
on its
(A) Cross-sectional area
(B) Length P Q
(C) Resistivity 1.5 Ω
(D) Density
G
50. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.27, the heat produced in
A B
the 5 W resistor due to a current flowing in it is 10 calo- J
ries per second. The heat produced in the 4 W resistor is Fig. 14.30
 Current Electricity 14.27
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
54. n identical cells, each of emf e and internal resistance 4Ω
r, are joined in series to form a closed circuit. The
potential difference across any one cell is 6Ω
24 V
ε n −1 4Ω
(A) Zero (B) e (C) (D) ε
n n
6Ω
55. In the circuit shown, P ≠ R, the reading of the galva-
Fig. 14.31
nometer is same with switch S open or closed. Then
(A) I R = I G (B) I P = I G 59. What is the equivalent resistance between A and B?
(Each resistor has resistance R)
(C) I Q = I G (D) I Q = I R
4R 5R
(A) (B)
P Q 3 3
4R 3R
S (C) (D)
5 4
R
G

V A B

56. The current I drawn from the 5 V source will be

(A) 0.33 A (B) 0.5 A
(C) 0.67 A (D) 0.17 A 60. The ammeter will read the value of current
10 Ω 10
(A) 3 A (B) A
5Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω
3
100
(C) 30 A (D) A
I 3
10 Ω
5 B
5
5V 5
5 5
5
57. In the steady state in the circuit shown
(A) potential difference across C1 is 4 V. A 5
(B) potential difference across 10 W is 2V. A
(C) potential difference across C2 is 4 V. 10 V
(D) charge on C1 or C2 is 0 mC.
61. Each cell has EMF e and internal resistance r as in
10 μF 10 Ω 4 μF
Fig. 14.32. Find the current through resistance R
4ε 3ε
C1 C2 (A) (B)
r r
ε
(C) (D) Zero
r
14 V
B

58. Find the current supplied by the battery as shown in

Fig. 14.31.
(A) 1.5 A (B) 5 A A
(C) 1.2 A (D) 2.4 A Fig. 14.32
14.28 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(C) T1 = T2
62. If EMF in a thermocouple is ε = α T + β T 2 , then the
(D) T1 is greater or less than T2 depending on whether
neutral temperature of the thermocouple is
the resistance R of the wire is greater or less than
(A) −β / ( 2α ) (B) −2β / α the ratio V/I.
(C) −α / ( 2β ) (D) −2α / β
V
63. The charge flowing through a resistance R varies with T1
time t as Q = at − bt 2 . The total heat produced in R T2
from t = 0 to the time when value of Q becomes again
zero is
I
a3 R a3 R
(A) (B) Fig. 14.33
6b 3b
67. The potential difference between points A and B in the
a3 R a3 R
(C) (D) following circuit diagram will be
2b b
(A) 8 V (B) 6 V
64. In the steady state in the circuit shown, (C) 4 V (D) 2 V
(A) Potential difference across C1 is 4 V.
(B) Potential difference across 10 W is 2V. 5Ω 5Ω
B
(C) Potential difference across C2 is 4 V.
2V
(D) Charge on C1 or C2 is 0 mC. 5Ω 5Ω

10 μF 10 Ω 4 μF A 5Ω 5Ω

C1 C2
68. The current in the arm CD in the circuit shown in
Fig. 14.34 will be
(A) i1 + i2 (B) i2 + i3
(C) i1 + i3 (D) i1 − i2 + i3
14 V
B
65. The charge flowing through a resistance R varies with
time t as Q = at − bt 2. The total heat produced in R i1
i2
from t = 0 to the time when value of Q becomes again i3
A
zero is
60 Ω
C
i
15 Ω 5Ω
1A 1A D
Fig. 14.34

10 Ω
69. In the given circuit, resistance of voltmeter is 400 Ω
and its reading is 20 V. Find the value of EMF of battery
a3 R a3 R
(A) (B) 130
6b 3b (A) V (B) 65 V
3
a3 R a3 R (C) 40 V (D) 33.6 V
(C) (D)
2b b
V
66. The current–voltage (I-V) graphs for a given metallic
wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2 as shown
200 Ω 300 Ω
in Fig. 14.33. It follows from the graphs that
E
(A) T1 > T2
(B) T1 < T2
 Current Electricity 14.29
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
70. In the given circuit, find the equivalent resistance A B
3Ω 2Ω
between points A and B.
(A) 18 W (B) 12 W (C) 20 W (D) 27 W 6Ω
5Ω 10 Ω
3Ω 6Ω 9Ω 10 Ω
10 Ω

A 4Ω 5Ω B 74. The current in branch CD of given circuit is,

(A) Zero (B) 1 A
(C) 2 A (D) 3 A
6Ω 12 Ω 18 Ω
12 V
2Ω
A B

71. In the given circuit diagram, current through the bat- 4V 4Ω

3V C D
tery is , if and only if
2R
(A) R1 = R2 = R (B) R1 > R2 E F
3Ω
8V
(C) R1 < R2 (D) Always
R R 75. Two sources of EMF 6V and internal resistance 3 W
and 2 W are connected to an external resistance R as
R1 shown. If potential difference across source A is zero,
then value of R is
R R
R2
A B
R R
V 6 V, 3 Ω 6 V, 2 Ω

R
72. In the given circuit diagram, Find the value of current
in resistance R. (A) 1 W (B) 2 W (C) 3 W (D) 4 W
3 76. The equivalent resistance between points A and B is
(A) 2 A (B) A
2 3
(C) 1 A (D) 4 A (A) 2R (B) R
4
R=9Ω 4 3
(C) R (D) R
3 5
6V 12 V
R R
A B
R
6Ω
R

1Ω 2Ω 77. In the circuit shown, current through 3 W resistance is

(A) 1 A (B) 2 A
73. In the given circuit, the equivalent resistance between (C) 3 A (D) 4 A
point A and B is
10 5 6Ω 6V
(A) W (B) W
3 3
24 57 3Ω
(C) W (D) W
57 24
14.30 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
78. The circuit as shown in Fig. 14.35. The ratio of current (A) 6 W, 5 A (B) 4 W, 0.1 A
i1 / i2 is (C) 4 W, 1.0 A (D) 12 W, 0.5 A
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 0.5 (D) 4 83. Find the equivalent resistance across AB
2Ω 4Ω 3Ω (A) 1 W (B) 2 W (C) 3 W (D) 4 W
A
2Ω 8Ω 1Ω
16 V 2Ω 2Ω
i2 8 Ω i1 2Ω
8Ω
2Ω 2Ω

8V B

Fig. 14.35 84. The reading of the ammeter in Fig. 14.37 shown is
79. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.36, reading of voltmeter 1 3
is V1 when only S1 is closed, reading of voltmeter is V2 (A) A (B) A
8 4
when only S2 is closed and reading of voltmeter is V3
1
when both S1 and S2 are closed. Then (C) A (D) 2 A
2
(A) V3 > V2 > V1 (B) V2 > V1 > V3 2Ω
(C) V3 > V1 > V2 (D) V1 > V2 > V3
2Ω 2V
A
3 R S1
R
2Ω
6 R S2
2Ω
V
E Fig. 14.37

85. The total current supplied to the circuit by the battery

Fig. 14.36 is
80. The resistance of a wire is 10 W. Its length is increased (A) 1 A (B) 2 A (C) 4 A (D) 6 A
by 10% by stretching. The new resistance will now be
nearly
6V 2Ω
(A) 12 W (B) 1.2 W 6Ω 3Ω
(C) 13 W (D) 11 W
81. The same mass of copper is drawn into two wires 1.5 Ω
1 mm and 2 mm thick. Two wires are connected in
series and current is passed through them. Heat pro-
duced in the wire is in the ratio
86. The magnitude of i in ampere unit is
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 16
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.4
(C) 4 : 1 (D) 16 : 1
87. AB is a wire of uniform resistance. The galvanometer
82. In the circuit shown, a meter bridge is in its balanced
G shows zero current when the length AC = 20 cm and
state. The meter bridge wire has a resistance 0.1 W/cm.
CB = 80 cm. The resistance R is equal to
The value of unknown resistance X and the current
drawn from the battery of negligible resistance is (A) 2 W (B) 8 W (C) 20 W (D) 40 W
R 80 Ω
X 6Ω

G G
40 cm 60 cm A B
A C B C

5V
 Current Electricity 14.31
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
88. In the shown arrangement of the experiment of the applied between X and Y, the voltmeter readings are
meter bridge, if AC corresponding to null deflection of VA, VB , and VC , respectively.
galvanometer is x, what would be its value if the radius
of the wire AB is doubled? B
X A Y
C
R1 R2
(A) VA = VB = VC (B) VA ≠ VB = VC
(C) VA = VB ≠ VC (D) VB ≠ VA = VC
G

A C B
93. A galvanometer of resistance 19.5 W gives full-scale
x deflection when a current of 0.5 A is passed through it.
(A) x (B) x/4 (C) 4x (D) 2x It is desired to convert it into an ammeter of full-scale
current 20 A. Value of shunt is
89. Two cells with the same EMF E and different inter-
(A) 0.5 W (B) 1 W (C) 1.5 W (D) 2 W
nal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in series to an
external resistance R. The value of R for the potential 94. In the arrangement shown, the magnitude of each
difference across the first cell to be zero is resistance is 2 Ω. The equivalent resistance between
O and A is given by
(A) r1r2 (B) r1 + r2
14 7
r +r (A) Ω (B) Ω
(C) r1 − r2 (D) 1 2 15 15
2
4 5
90. A battery of internal resistance 4 W is connected to the (C) Ω (D) Ω
network of resistances as shown in Fig. 14.38. In order 3 6
for the maximum power to be delivered to the network, C
the value of R in W should be
4 8
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 18 O
9 3 B D
R R

R 6R R A

R 4R 95. In the circuit shown, if point O is earthed, the potential

of point X is equal to
(A) 10 V (B) 15 V
Fig. 14.38
(C) 25 V (D) 12.5 V
91. In the adjoining circuit, when the key K is pressed at
time t = 0, which of the following statements about 2Ω
current I in the resistor AB is true? 15 V
X
(A) I = 2 mA at all t 2Ω
(B) I oscillates between 1 mA and 2 mA
10 V
(C) I = 1 mA at all t 5Ω 10 V
(D) At t = 0, I = 2 mA and with time it goes to 1 mA 5V

2V O
K A 1000 Ω B 5V 5Ω

1 μF 1000 Ω
96. Figure 14.39 shows a network of a capacitor and resis-
tors. The charge on capacitor in steady state is
(A) 4 mC (B) 6 mC
92. A, B, and C are voltmeters of resistances R, 1.5R, and
(C) 10 mC (D) 16 mC
3R, respectively. When some potential difference is
14.32 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
4V 98. The electric potential variation around a single closed
loop containing an ideal battery and one or more resis-
4Ω tors as shown in Fig. 14.41. If current of 1A flows in
1 μF 10 V
2Ω 8Ω the circuit, the circuit cannot have
6V
(A) two resistors and two batteries.
4Ω (B) one resistor and three batteries.
(C) maximum net EMF of 6 V.
8V
(D) three resistors and one battery.

Fig. 14.39 V

97. A parallel plate capacitor is connected with a resis-

10
tance R and a cell of EMF e as shown in Fig. 14.40. The
capacitor is fully charged. Keeping the right plate fixed, 8
the left plate is moved slowly towards further left with a 6
variable velocity v such that the current flowing through 4
the circuit is constant. Then the variation of v with sep-
aration x between the plates is represented by a curve.
Fig. 14.41
v
99. An ammeter is obtained by shunting a 30 W galva-
nometer with a 30 W resistance. What additional shunt
R
should be connected across it to double the range?
(A) 15 W (B) 10 W
(C) 5 W (D) None of these

ε 100. An ideal ammeter and an ideal voltmeter are con-

nected as shown. The ammeter and voltmeter reading
Fig. 14.40
for R1 = 5 W, R2 = 15 W, R3 = 1.25 W, and E = 20 V
are given as
(A) (B)
(A) 6.25 A, 3.75 V
(B) 3.00 A, 5 V
v v (C) 3.75 A, 3.75 V
(D) 3.75 A, 6.25 V
x x 5Ω
A V
(C) (D) R1
R2
R3
15 Ω 1.25 Ω
v v

20 V
x x

More than One Option Correct Type

101. In the network shown, points A, B, and C are at poten- (D) The network draws a total power of 200 W
tials of 70 V, zero, and 10 V, respectively.
B (0 V)
(A) Point D is at a potential of 40 V.
(B) The currents in the sections AD, DB, DC are in (70 V) 10 Ω 20 Ω
the ratio 3 : 2 : 1 A
D 30 Ω
(C) The currents in the sections AD, DB, DC are in
the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 C (10 V)
 Current Electricity 14.33
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
102. In the given circuit diagram, resistance of voltmeter is 106. A dielectric slab of thickness d is inserted in a parallel
600 W and resistance of ammeter is 4 W, then plate capacitor whose negative plate is at x = 0 and
(A) reading of voltmeter 66.66 V. positive plate is at x = 3d. The slab is equidistant from
(B) reading of voltmeter 50 V. the plates. The capacitor is given some charge. As x
goes from 0 to 3d,
1
(C) reading of ammeter A. (A) the magnitude of the electric field remains the
2
same.
1
(D) reading of ammeter A. (B) the direction of the electric field remains the
4 same.
600 Ω (C) the electric potential increases continuously.
V (D) the electric potential increases at first, then
196 Ω decreases and again increases.
300 Ω
A 4Ω
107. Two heaters designed for the same voltage V have
V different power ratings. When connected individually
100 V
across a source of voltage V, they produce H amount
of heat each in time t1 and t2, respectively. When
103. The internal resistance of the cell shown in Fig. 14.42 used together across the same source, they produce H
is negligible. On closing the key K, the ammeter read- amount of heat in time t,
ing changes from 0.25 A to 5/12 A, then
(A) if they are in series, t = t1 + t 2 .
(A) R1 = 10 W.
(B) R1 = 15 W. (B) if they are in series, t = 2 ( t1 + t 2 ) .
(C) the power drawn from the cell increases. (C) if they are in parallel, t = 2 ( t1 − t 2 ) .
(D) the current through R decreases by 40%.
t1t 2
K R1 (D) if they are in parallel, t = .
2 ( t1 + t 2 )
R = 10 Ω

108. In the given Fig. 14.44, A cell of EMF 3.4 V and

A internal resistance 3 W is connected to an ammeter
having resistance 2 W and external resistance 100 W.
Fig. 14.42
When a voltmeter connected across 100 W resistance,
104. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.43. the reading of ammeter is 0.04 A. Then,
(A) The current through NP is 0.5 A (A) the reading of voltmeter is 3.2 V.
(B) The value of R1 = 40 W (B) the reading of voltmeter is 2 V.
(C) The value of R = 14 W (C) the value of resistance of voltmeter is 400 W.
(D) The potential difference across R = 49 V (D) the value of resistance of voltmeter is 300 W.
R M N
L V
0.5 A
R1 20 Ω
E 10 Ω 1 A
Q 100 Ω
P A
69 V
Fig. 14.43 3.4 V, 3 Ω

105. A voltmeter and an ammeter are connected in series Fig. 14.44

to an ideal cell of EMF E. The voltmeter reading is V,
and the ammeter reading is I. 109. A positively charged conducting ball B is placed
(A) V < E inside a cavity of a positively charged conductor A. A
(B) The voltmeter resistance is V/I and B are isolated from each other. If the charges on
(C) The potential difference across the ammeter is A and B be Q and q (Q >q), respectively, then
(E – V) (A) the charge on the outer surface of conductor A is
(D) Voltmeter resistance plus ammeter resistance Q + q.
= E/I. (B) potential of B is greater than potential of A.
14.34 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(C) when B touches the surface of A, then potential (C) VC – VD = 20 V.
of A and B become same. (D) power dissipated in 6 W resistance is 36 W.
(D) no charge is left on B when it touches the surface
5A D 2Ω E4Ω 2A
of A. C B
1Ω
110. A part of the circuit is shown in Fig. 14.45 12 V 3Ω 3V 6Ω
6A
(A) power dissipated in 3 W resistance is 27 W.
(B) VC – VB = 20 V. Fig. 14.45

Passage Based Questions

Passage 1 115. What potential difference is needed between the
In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.46, E, F, G, H are cells of hands for a lethal shock current?
EMF 2, 1, 3, and 1 V, respectively, and their internal resist- (A) 100 V (B) 10 V
ances are 2, 1, 3, and 1 W, respectively. (C) 120 V (D) 150 V
E 116. The power dissipated in the body is
A B
(A) 1 W (B) 0.1 W
(C) 100 W (D) 10 W
2Ω
F H
Passage 3
G C A potentiometer is a device used for measuring EMF and
D
internal resistance of a cell. It consists of two circuits, one
Fig. 14.46 is main circuit in which there is a cell of given emf e ′ and
given resistance R which is connected across a wire of length
111. The potential difference between D and B is
100 cm and having resistance r and another circuit having
10 12 13 14 unknown EMF e and galvanometer. For a given potentiom-
(A) V (B) V (C) V (D) V eter, if e ′ = 30V, r = 1 W, and resistance R varies with time t
13 13 13 13
given by R = 2t. The jockey can move on wire with constant
112. The potential difference across the terminals of cell E velocity 10 cm/s and switch S is closed at t = 0
is
17 20 23 24 30 V
(A) V (B) V (C) V (D) V S
13 13 13 13
113. The potential difference across the terminals of cell H
r=1Ω
is A B
17 20 23 24 Jockey
(A) V (B) V (C) V (D) V G
13 13 13 13
ε

Passage 2 117. If jockey starts moving from A at t = 0 and balancing

The average bulk resistivity of the human body (apart point found at t = 1 s then the value of e is
from the surface resistance of the skin) is about 5 W m. (A) 1 V (B) 2 V (C) 3 C (D) 4 V
The conducting path between the hands can be represented
approximately as a cylinder 1.6 m long and 0.1 m diame- 118. If jockey starts moving from A at t = 1 sec, then the
ter. The skin resistance may be made negligible by soaking balancing point will be obtained at
the hands in salt water. A lethal shock current needed is (A) t = 3 s (B) t = 5 s
100 mA. Note that a small amount of potential difference (C) t = 4 s (D) t = 9 s
could be fatal if the skin is damp. 119. If balancing length is found to be 70 cm, then the time
114. What is the resistance between the hands? after which jockey starts moving from A is
(A) 102 W (B) 103 W (A) 1 s (B) 2 s
4 (C) 3 s (D) 4 s
(C) 10 W (D) None of these
 Current Electricity 14.35
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Passage 4 Passage 5
Figure 14.47 shows the circuit of a potentiometer. The A capacitor of capacitance C = 0.1 F is charged by a bat-
length of the potentiometer wire AB is 50 cm. The EMF
E1 of the battery is 4 V, having negligible internal resist- tery of EMF E1 = 100 V and internal resistance r1 = 1 W
ance. Value of R1 and R2 are 15 W and 5 W, respectively. by putting switch S in position 1 as shown in Fig. 14.48.
When both the keys are open, the null point is obtained
100 V
at a distance of 31.25 cm from A, but when both the keys 1Ω
are closed, the balance length reduces to 5 cm only. Given R2
E1
RAB = 10 W 0.1F 99 Ω 1
K1
R3 2
E1 50 V
1Ω
R1
E2 R1
A B
Fig. 14.48
E2
G 124. Find out heat generated in R3 = 99 W till steady state
(A) 500 J (B) 495 J
R2 K2
(C) 1000 J (D) 485 J
Fig. 14.47
125. Now switch is thrown to position 2. Find the work
120. The EMF of the cell E2 is done on the battery till steady state
(A) 1 V (B) 2 V (C) 3 V (D) 4 V (A) 250 J (B) 300 J
(C) 275 J (D) 325 J
121. The internal resistance of the cell E2 is
(A) 4.5 W (B) 5.5 W 126. Find the energy stored in the capacitor when switch is
(C) 6.5 W (D) 7.5 W shifted to position 2 at steady state
(A) 125 J (B) 150 J
122. The balance length when key K2 is open and K1 is
(C) 175 J (D) 200 J
closed is given by
(A) 10.5 cm (B) 11.5 cm 127. Find the heat generated across R1 = 1 W in steady
(C) 12.5 cm (D) 13.5 cm state in position 2
(A) 1.25 J (B) 125 J
123. The balance length when key K1 is open and K2 is
(C) 2.5 J (D) 7.5 J
closed is given by
(A) 10.5 cm (B) 11.5 cm
(C) 12.5 cm (D) 25 cm

Match the Column Type

128. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.49, Column-I Column-II

(A) Potential difference across 1. A
A B
battery A
(B) Potential difference across 2. B
15 V, 1 Ω 10 V, 1 Ω battery B
(C) Power is supplied by battery 3. 14 V
3Ω
(D) Power is consumed by battery 4. 11 V
Fig. 14.49
5. 1 V
14.36 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
129. Five batteries whose EMF and internal resistance are r
as shown in Fig. 14.50. (C) For series combina- 3. Eeq = E , req =
2
tion of cells
B A (D) For parallel combina- 4. Eeq = 2 E , req = 2r
4Ω
5Ω 4V 6Ω tion of cells
5V 6V 131. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.51, R1 = R2 = R3 =
D
C
3Ω 2Ω
3 W and EMF of each cell is E = 4V and negligible
3V 2V internal resistance. All ammeters are ideal.
Fig. 14.50
A3 E

Column-I Column-II
(A) Potential of point A 1. – 5V b R1
(B) Potential of point B 2. 1V E a E
A2 A 1
(C) Potential of point C 3. – 3V R3

(D) Potential of point D 4. 2.5V R2

5. 1.5 V Fig. 14.51

130. Consider two identical cells each of EMF E and inter- Column-I Column-II
nal resistance r connected to a load resistance R
(A) Reading of ammeter A1 in 4
Column-I Column-II ampere is 1.
3
(A) For maximum power E2 (B) Reading of ammeter A2 in
1.
transferred to load if 4r ampere is 2. 8
3
cells are connected in
series (C) Reading of ammeter A3 in 3. 4
ampere is
E2
(B) For maximum power 2. (D) Potential difference between 4. Zero
transferred to load if 2r
points a and point b in volt is
cells are connected in
5. 2
parallel

Assertion–Reason Type

132. Assertion: If a current flows through a wire of 134. Assertion: In L–C–R series circuit, a sinusoidal
non-uniform cross section, potential difference per voltage is applied. Maximum value of potential drop
unit length of wire in direction of current is same across capacitor may be greater than, maximum value
throughout the length of wire. of applied voltage.
Reason: In above assertion, current through wire is Reason: The average power dissipated in pure induc-
same at all cross-section. 1
tor is LI 2 , where L is inductance and I is maxi-
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 2
mum value of current through inductor.
133. Assertion: In a meter bridge, if its wire is replaced
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
by another wire having same length, same material
but twice the cross-sectional area the accuracy 135. Assertion: Combination of two resistors in parallel
decreases. produces less power than when they are connected in
Reason: Accuracy of meter bridge depends on the series on connecting the combination to an external
length of wire. mains supply.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Reason: P = i 2 R
 Current Electricity 14.37
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D I
T1 T1 > T2
136. Assertion: In a simple battery circuit, the point at the T2
lowest potential is positive terminal of the battery.
V
Reason: The current flows towards the point of the
lower potential in the circuit, but it does not flow in a (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
cell from positive to the negative terminal.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 140. Assertion: Three identical very large metallic plates
having charges Q, – Q, and 3Q, respectively are
137. Assertion: The value of shunt which passes 10% of placed parallel. If middle is earthed through a switch,
the main current through the galvanometer of resis- then charge flow through the switch is –Q.
tance 99 W is 11 W. Reason: In above assertion, final charge on middle
Reason: If an ammeter is connected in series with a plate is –4Q.
resistance, the value of reading of ammeter is greater (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
than the actual current in resistance.
141. Assertion: Insertion of dielectric slab between the
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
plates of a charged capacitor (connected with the bat-
138. Assertion: With increase in temperature, resistance tery) increases the energy density.
of a wire increases. Reason: The dipole moments in the dielectric inter-
Reason: With increase in temperature, length and act with each other so as to give it additional energy.
area of cross-section of wire changes but resistivity (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
remains constant. 142. Assertion: Current is passed through a steel wire
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D which gets dull red. A half of the wire is immersed
139. Assertion: Current versus potential difference I – V in cold water. The portion of wire outside water
graph for a conductor at two different temperatures T1 becomes brighter.
and T2 are shown is correct. Reason: The resistance of whole wire increases when
Reason: Resistance of a conductor increases with immersed in cold water.
rise in temperature. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

Integer type

143. A galvanometer of coil resistance 1 W is converted 4Ω

10 V, 1 Ω
into voltmeter by using a resistance of 5 W in series
and same galvanometer is converted into ammeter by 5 Ω, 5 m
using a shunt of 1 W. Now ammeter and voltmeter E G
connected in circuit as shown, find the reading of E
voltmeter and ammeter.

V 145. The measurement of voltmeter (ideal) in the follow-

ing circuit is
15 Ω 15 Ω 6Ω 6V
4.5 Ω 12 Ω 600 Ω
30 V V
A
400 Ω

144. A resistance of 4 W and a wire of length 5 m and

resistance 5 W are joined in series and connected to 146. In the part of a circuit shown in Fig. 14.52, the poten-
a cell of EMF 10 V and internal resistance 1 W. A tial difference between points G and H (VG – VH) will
parallel combination of two identical cells is balanced be
across 300 cm of the wire. The EMF of each cell is
14.38 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
G 6Ω B 12 Ω
2A 1A
A C
4Ω 12 Ω D 6Ω
5V
2Ω
6V

3V
1Ω

H
151. Figure 14.54 shows a RC circuit with a parallel plate
3A
capacitor. Before switching on the circuit, plate A of
Fig. 14.52 the capacitor has a charge –Q0, while plate B has no
147. In the circuit shown, current through 30 V cell is net charge. Now, at t = 0, the circuit is switched on.
How much time (in second) will elapse before the net
charge on plate A becomes zero. (Given C = 1mF, Q0
10 V 5V 20 V 30 V 25 V 2 × 106
= 1mC, e = 1000 V and R = Ω)
ln 3
5Ω 10 Ω 5Ω 11 Ω
–Q0

148. Figure 14.53 shows a network of eight resistors num- A B

bered 1 to 8, each equal to 2 W, connected to a 3 V R
battery of negligible internal resistance. The current S
in the circuit is ε
3V Fig. 14.54
1 B 4 C 6 D 152. Find the effective value or RMS value of an alternat-
A
ing current that changes according to the law. (All
3 5 quantities are in SI unit and symbols have their usual
2 8 7
meaning.)
E F T T T
I = 10 , when 0 < t < ; I = 0 , when < t <
Fig. 14.53 8 8 2
T 5
149. Find the equivalent resistance in W between point A I = −10 , when < t < T ; I = 0 ,
2 8
and B in the given circuit. If value of R = 4 W. 5 9
when T < t < T ; I = 10 , when T < t < T .
R R 8 8
153. An infinite ladder network consisting of 1 W and 2 W
R R R resistors is shown in Fig. 14.55.
R R
Find the effective resistance of the network across AB
R
(Neglect the internal resistance of the battery).
R R
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
R R A
A B
6V 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω

150. What is the potential difference between points B and B

D? Fig. 14.55
 Current Electricity 14.39
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Previous Years’ Questions

154. Figure 14.56 shows three resistor configurations, 10 Ω

R1 , R2 , and R3 , connected to 3 V battery. If the 5Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω
power dissipated by the configurations R1 , R2 , and
R3 is P1 , P2 , and P3 , respectively, then [2008] 10 Ω
I

+ –
1Ω 1Ω 5V

(A) 0.33 A (B) 0.5 A

1Ω 1Ω (C) 0.67 A (D) 0.17 A
1Ω 3V
1Ω
1Ω 158. The resistance of a bulb filament is 100 Ω at a tem-
3V
1Ω perature 100°C. If its temperature coefficient of
1Ω 1Ω resistance be 0.005/ °C, its resistance will become
R1 R2 200 Ω at a temperature of [2006]
(A) 300°C (B) 400°C
1Ω
(C) 500°C (D) 200°C
1Ω
159. An electric bulb is rated 220 V – 100 W. The power
consumed by it when operated on 110 V will be
1Ω 1Ω 3V [2006]
1Ω
(A) 75 W (B) 40 W
(C) 25 W (D) 50 W
R2 160. In the circuit, the galvanometer G shows zero deflec-
Fig. 14.56 tion. If the batteries A and B have negligible internal
resistance, the value of the resistor R will be [2005]
(A) P1 > P2 > P3 (B) P1 > P3 > P2
500 Ω
G
(C) P2 > P1 > P3 (D) P3 > P2 > P1 2V

155. Two conductors have the same resistance at 0°C but A

R
their temperature coefficients of resistance are α1 12 V B
and α 2 . The respective temperature coefficients of
their series and parallel combinations are nearly
[2010]
(A) 200 Ω (B) 100 Ω
α1 + α 2 α1 + α 2
(A) , α1 + α 2 (B) α1 + α 2 , (C) 500 Ω (D) 1000 Ω
2 2
αα α1 + α 2 α1 + α 2 161. Two sources of equal EMF are connected to an exter-
(C) α1 + α 2 , 1 2 (D) ,
α1 + α 2 2 2 nal resistance R. The internal resistances of the two
sources are R1 and R2 ( R2 > R1 ) . If the potential dif-
156. The resistance of a wire is 5 Ω at 50°C and 6 Ω at ference across the source having internal resistance
100°C . The resistance of the wire at 0°C will be R2 is zero, then [2005]
[2007]
R2 × ( R1 + R2 )
(A) 2 Ω (B) 1 Ω (A) R = (B) R = R2 − R1
(C) 4 Ω (D) 3 Ω ( R2 − R1 )
157. The current drawn from the 5 V source will be R1 R2 R1 R2
(C) R = (D) R =
[2006] ( R1 + R2 ) ( R2 − R1 )
14.40 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
162. An energy source will supply a constant current into 169. If in the circuit, power dissipation is 150 W, then R is
the load, if its internal resistance is [2005] [2002]
(A) Equal to the resistance of the load.
R
(B) Very large as compared to the load resistance.
(C) Zero.
2Ω
(D) Non-zero but less than the resistance of the load.
163. In a potentiometer experiment, the balancing with a
15 V
cell is at length 240 cm. On shunting the cell with a
resistance of 2 Ω, the balancing length becomes 120 (A) 2 Ω (B) 6 Ω (C) 5 Ω (D) 4 Ω
cm. The internal resistance of the cell is [2005]
170. In an LCR circuit, as shown below, both switches
(A) 1Ω (B) 0.5 Ω (C) 4 Ω (D) 2 Ω are open initially. Now switch S1 is closed, S2 is kept
164. The resistance of the series combination of two resis- open. (q is charge on the capacitor and τ = RC is
tances is S. When they are joined in parallel, the total capacitive time constant). Which of the following
resistance is P. If S = nP , then the minimum possi- statement is correct? [2013]
ble value of n is [2004] (A) At t = τ , q = CV /2
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
(B) At t = 2 τ , q = CV (1 − e −2 )
165. An electric current is passed through a circuit con-
τ
taining two wires of the same material, connected in (C) At t = , q = CV (1 − e −1 )
parallel. If the lengths and radii of the wires are in 2
the ratio of 4/3 and 2/3, then the ratio of the currents (D) Work done by the battery is half of the energy
passing through the wire will be [2004] dissipated in the resistor
(A) 3 (B) 1/3 (C) 8/9 (D) 2 V

166. In a metre bridge experiment, null point is obtained at R S1

20 cm from one end of the wire when resistance X is
balanced against another resistance Y. If X < Y, then C S2
where will the new position of the null point be from L
the same end, if one decides to balance a resistance of
4 X against Y? [2004] 171. The supply voltage to a room is 120 V. The resis-
(A) 50 cm (B) 80 cm tance of the lead wires is 6 Ω. A 60 W bulb is already
(C) 40 cm (D) 70 cm switched on. What is the decrease of voltage across
167. A 3 V battery with negligible internal resistance is the bulb, when a 240 W heater is switched on in par-
connected in a circuit as shown in Fig. 14.57. The allel to the bulb? [2013]
current I in the circuit will be [2003] (A) 2.9 V (B) 13.3 V
(C) 10.04 V (D) Zero V
I
3V
172. This question has statement I and statement II. Of the
3Ω 3Ω four choices given after the statements, choose the
one that best describes the two statements.
[2013]
3Ω
Statement-I: Higher the range, greater is the resis-
Fig. 14.57 tance of ammeter.
1 Statement-II: To increase the range of ammeter,
(A) 1 A (B) 1.5 A (C) 2 A (D)
A additional shunt needs to be used across it.
3
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true,
168. A wire when connected to 220 V mains supply has Statement-II is not the correct explanation of
power dissipation P1 . Now the wire is cut into two Statement-I.
equal pieces which are connected in parallel to the (B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
same supply. Power dissipation in this case is P2 . (C) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
Then P2 : P1 is [2002] (D) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, State-
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3 ment-II is correct explanation of Statement-I.
 Current Electricity 14.41
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
173. In Fig. 14.58 shows an experimental plot for discharg- 177. In the circuit shown, the current in the resistor is
ing of a capacitor in an R-C circuit. The time constant [2015]
of this circuit lies between [2012] (A) 0 A
(B) 0.13 A, from Q to P
(C) 0.13 A, from P to Q
Potential difference

25
(D) 1.3 A, from P to Q
V in volts

20
6V 6Ω
15
10 1Ω
9V
5
0 3Ω Q3Ω
50 100 150 200 250 300
Time t in seconds
178. When 5 V potential difference is applied across a wire
Fig. 14.58 of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of electrons is 2.5 ×
10–4 ms–1. If the electron density in the wire is 8 ×
(A) 150 s and 200 s (B) 0 and 50 s 1028 m–3, the resistivity of the material is close to
(C) 50 s and 100 s (D) 100 s and 150 s [2015]
(A) 1.6 × 10–7 Ω m (B) 1.6 × 10–6 Ω m
174. Two electric bulbs marked 25W-220 V and 100W-220
V are connected in series to a 440 V supply. Which of (C) 1.6 × 10–5 Ω m (D) 1.6 × 10–8 Ω m
the bulbs will fuse? [2012] 179. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 100 Ω
(A) Both (B) 100 W gives a full scale deflection, when a current of 1 mA is
(C) 25 W (D) Neither passed through it. The value of the resistance, which
can convert this galvanometer into ammeter giving a
175. Resistance of a given wire is obtained by measuring full scale deflection for a current of 10 A, is
the current flowing in it and the voltage difference [2016]
applied across it. If the percentage errors in the mea- (A) 2Ω (B) 0.1Ω
surement of the current and the voltage difference are
(C) 3Ω (D) 0.01Ω
3% each, then error in the value of resistance of the
wire is [2012] 180. The temperature dependence of resistances of Cu and
(A) 6% (B) Zero (C) 1% (D) 3% Si (not doped) in the temperature range 300-400 K, is
best described by [2016]
176. In a large building, there are fifteen bulbs of 40 W, (A) linear increase for Cu, exponential increase
five bulbs of 100 W, five fans of 80 W and one heater for Si.
of 1 kW. The voltage of the electric mains is 220 V. (B) linear increase for Cu, exponential decrease
The minimum capacity of the main fuse of the build- for Si.
ing will be [2014] (C) linear decrease for Cu, linear decrease for Si.
(A) 8 A (B) 10 A (C) 12 A (D) 14 A (D) linear increase for Cu, linear increase of Si.

ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (B)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (C) 16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (C)
21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (B) 25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (D) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (D)
31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (D) 34. (A) 35. (D) 36. (B) 37. (C) 38. (A) 39. (A) 40. (B)
41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (C) 44. (B) 45. (C) 46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (B)
14.42 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
51. (A) 52. (C) 53. (B) 54. (A) 55. (A) 56. (B) 57. (A) 58. (C) 59. (C) 60. (A)
61. (D) 62. (C) 63. (A) 64. (A) 65. (B) 66. (A) 67. (C) 68. (B) 69. (A) 70. (B)
71. (D) 72. (A) 73. (A) 74. (A) 75. (A) 76. (D) 77. (B) 78. (B) 79. (B) 80. (A)
81. (D) 82. (C) 83. (A) 84. (B) 85. (C) 86. (A) 87. (C) 88. (A) 89. (C) 90. (B)
91. (D) 92. (A) 93. (A) 94. (A) 95. (B) 96. (D) 97. (B) 98. (D) 99. (A)
100. (B) and (A)

More than One Option Correct Type

101. (A), (B) and (D) 102. (B) and (D) 103. (B) and (C) 104. (B), (C) and (D)
105. (A), (B), (C) and (D) 106. (B) and (C) 107. (A) 108. (A) and (C)
109. (A), (B), (C) and (D) 110. (A) and (B)

Passage Based Questions

Passage 1 Passage 4
111. (A) 112. (D) 113. (A) 120. (A) 121. (D) 122. (C) 123. (C)

Passage 2 Passage 5
114. (B) 115. (B) 116. (B) 124. (D) 125. (A) 126. (A) 127. (A)

Passage 3
117. (A) 118. (C) 119. (C)

Match the Column Type

128. (A) → 3; (B) → 4; (C) → 1; (D) → 2 129. (A) → 3, (B) → 1, (C) → 4, (D) → 2
130. (A) → (2) ; (B) → (2) ; (C) → (4) ; (D) → (3) 131. (A) → 1; (B) → 2; (C) → 4; (D) → 3

Assertion-Reason Type
132. (D) 133. (D) 134. (C) 135. (D) 136. (D) 137. (C) 138. (C) 139. (D) 140. (D) 141. (A)
142. (C)

Integer Type
143. 3 V 144. 3 V 145. 6 V 146. 7 V 147. 5 A 148. 1 A 149. 5 W 150. 2 V 151. 2 s 152. 5 A
153. 2 W

Previous years’ Questions

154. (C) 155. (D) 156. (C) 157. (B) 158. (B) 159. (C) 160. (B) 161. (B) 162. (C) 163. (D)
164. (A) 165. (B) 166. (A) 167. (B) 168. (B) 169. (B) 170. (B) 171. (C) 172. (C) 173. (D)
174. (C) 175. (A) 176. (C) 177. (B) 178. (C) 179. (D) 180. (B)
 Current Electricity 14.43
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single Option Correct Type

1. For point A and C, loop BCD shorted r a r
g b f
Hence, RAC = r × 2r = 2 r
3r 3 A r b r B
The correct option is (C) r r
d c e
2. As the charge distribution remains same on opening the r r
switch, no charge will flow in the circuit. So heat dissipated (b)
is zero.
Fig. 14.59
The correct option is (D)
3. Equivalent circuit diagram of the circuit is The correct option is (B)
2Ω 4Ω 5. The correct option is (A)
1
6. H ∝
1Ω 2Ω R
R becomes half, so heat generate will be doubled.
B 4Ω The correct option is (C)
V 2
A 7. I = = A (I is current in each branch)
2Ω Re 15

6Ω 4
VC − VB = V
4Ω 3
3Ω The correct option is (B)
8. The correct option is (A)
B A
2Ω 9. The correct option is (C)
1 n
10. In parallel = and series Reff = nR = n2x
3 x R
So Req = Ω
2 The correct option is (B)
The correct option is (C)
11. Under balanced condition P = R
4. From Fig. 14.59 (a) it is evident that the potential difference Q S
between points a, b, and c is zero. The equivalent circuit is as Here resistances are in same proportion
shown in Fig. 14.59 (b). Hence, there will not be any deflection in galvanometer on
2r × 2r pressing the key. It remains same.
rgf = rde = =r
2r + 2r The correct option is (A)
12. The correct option is (B)
\ 2r × 2r r
rAB = = 13. By KVL in loop 1 2 − 4i − 8i − 2 = 0
2r + 2r 2
⇒ i=0
a
r r
i i
g r r f
b r
A r B 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω
1
d r r e
2i 2V
r r E
c 2V 2V
(a)
The correct option is (D)
14.44 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
14. Given circuit is balance wheat stone bridge hence no current 10 5
24. = . So it is a balance wheatstone bridge.
will flow through 6 W resistance. So equivalent resistance 20 10
will be 2R W.
30 × 15 5 1
For maximum power 2R = 4 ⇒ R = 2 W Re = = 10 Ω , I = = A
45 10 2
The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (B)
E ( E − V )R 25. EMF = ( 4 − 1) E = 3E . Internal resistance = 5r
15. As V = E – I.r and I = ⇒r=
R+r V The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (C) 26. It is a case of wheatstone bridge.
16. The circuit can be rearranged. The correct option is (A)
Now 2R and R are parallel 27. Rtotal = 12 W
1 1 1 5 RAB upper = 6 W = RAB lower
= + 3 1
RAB R + 2 R R = 5 R + R \ RAB = 8 R 1 1 1
3 Combination = +
Reff R1 R2
C
2R 1 1 1
= + \ Reff = 3 Ω
Reff 6 6
R R

A R B A B

The correct option is (A)

1× 2 2 8
17. Req = 1 + +1= 1 +1= The correct option is (D)
1+ 2 3 3
28. The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (C)
29. The correct option is (A)
nε ε
18. I = = , V = e -Ir = 0 ρ1 4 ( a) 2ρ
nr r 30. R = , x=ρ = ,
The correct option is (A)
A ( a)( 2a) a
19. This is condition for balance wheatstone bridge ρ ( a) ρ
y= = then x > z > y
R1 R3 ( 4a)( 2a) 8a
= ⇒ R1R4 = R2 R3
R2 R4
ρ ( 2a) ρ
The correct option is (C) = =
( 4 a)( a) 2a
20. The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (D)
21. For series connection, x = nR
RA A 8 × 10 −6 –7
R 31. ρ = = = = 4.1 × 10 W m
For parallel connection, y = l Gl 2.45 × 8
n
R 2 The correct option is (C)
Therefore, xy = nR × =R .
n
32. ig (G + R ) = V , 10 −3 ( 400 + R ) = 8 , R = 7600 W
The correct option is (C)
22. The equivalent resistance between points A and B to the right The correct option is (D)
of AB is 4 W. Therefore, total resistance = 3 + 4 + 2 = 9 W. I gG 1 × 0.81
Current I = 9 V/9 W = 1 A. This current is equally divided 33. S = = ⇒ 0.09 W
in the 8 W resistor between A and B and the remainder 8 W
I − Ig (10 − 1)
resistor. Hence, current in AC = 0.5 A. This current is equally The correct option is (D)
divided between the 8 W resistor in CD and the circuit to the 34. For two resistances R1 and R2
right of CD. Therefore, current in the 4 W resistor = 0.25 A. 1 1
S = R1 + R2 (in series), P = + (in parallel)
The correct option is (D) R1 R2

23. 16 = 4 , X = 2 ⎛ RR ⎞
X 1/ 2 According to S = nP, R1 + R2 = n ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
The correct option is (B)
 Current Electricity 14.45
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
If n is minimum, R1 = R2 = R then n = 4 42. Resistance between M and N can be removed (Balanced
whetstone bridge)
The correct option is (A)
Reff = R
35. Volume of wire remains constant A1l1 = A2l2 , A1l1 = A2 ( 2l1 )
The correct option is (A)
l1 l R l A 43. A charge if taken around a closed loop work done is zero
So, A1 = 2 A2 , R1 = ρ , R2 = ρ 2 , 1 = 1 2 ,
A1 A2 R2 l2 A1 The correct option is (C)
R2 = 16 W
E 1
The correct option is (D) 44. Reff = 20 W, i = = A
Reff 10
36. The correct option is (B)
37. When a battery is connected between points M and N. NO The correct option is (B)
current is found is PQO. Hence, this section may be removed 2 R × 3R 6 6 RC
from the circuit. 45. Reff = = R , τ = C .Reff =
2 R + 3R 5 5
2 ×1 2 The correct option is (C)
Reff = = Ω
( 2 + 1) 3
Eeff 2 Em
r 2R + r
46. Reff = R + = , Eeff = Em , I = =
Q P 2 2 Reff 2 R + r
The correct option is (D)
5
47. Applying Kirchhoff’s law, I 3 = A
O O 11
The correct option is (A)

⇒ 48. The correct option is (A)

49. The correct option is (B)
50. Let I be current through 5 W
M N M N
I 2 × 5 = 10 (1)
I
I
Current through 4 W will be
The correct option is (C) 2
I2
38. In case of zero deflection in galvanometer, Heat produced in 4 W resistance = ×4 = 2
4
E E ⎛ E ⎞ ⎛ 15r ⎞ E
VAJ = , iRAJ = , ⎜ AJ = The correct option is (B)
2 2 ⎝ 15r + r ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 600 ⎟⎠ 2
51. The correct option is (A)
AJ = 320 cm
52. The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (A)
1.5 RQ RJB 2
39. According to KVL, E − ir = 0 (r is effective resistance in 53. = , RQ = = × 1.5, RQ = 3 Ω
circuit) RAJ RJB RAJ 1
E − 4 × 1.5 = 0 The correct option is (B)
E=6V
nε ε
The correct option is (A) 54. Current in circuit i = =
6 nr r
40. In steady state, current through battery I = = 1.5 A
2.8 + 1.2 The equivalent circuit of one cell is shown in Fig. 14.60
3
I2 = ×1.5 = 0.9 A potential difference across the cell = VA – VB = – e + ir
2+3 ε
The correct option is (B) = – e + .r = 0
r
2 2 4 The correct option is (A)
41. Inet = = = A.
r + 1 (3 / 2) 3
– +
4 4 A ε r B
VT = 2 − × 0.5 = V .
2 3 Fig. 14.60
4 4
Q = CV = 1μ F× V = μ C .
3 3 55. As P ≠ R and reading of galvanometer is same, wheatbridge
The correct option is (C) must be balanced and in that case, IR = IG
The correct option is (A)
14.46 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
10 5 q q
56. = . 64. + = 14 ⇒ q = 40 mC
20 10 10 4
Thus, it is a balance wheatstone bridge. 40
Potential difference across C1 = =4V
30 × 15 5 1 10
Re = = 10 Ω , I = = A
45 10 2 The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (B)
a/b a/b 3
a R
∫ ( a − 2bt ) R dt = 3b
2
57.
q q
+ = 14 ⇒ q = 40 mC. 65. H = ∫ I 2 R dt =
10 4 0 0

40 The correct option is (B)

Potential difference across C1 = =4V
10 66. The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (A) 67. The correct option is (C)
58. Circuit becomes simple, then 68. The correct option is (B)
20 i = 24 ⇒ i = 1.2 A
20 1
69. Current in voltmeter, I = = A.
400 20
4.8 Ω 1
24 V
Current in 300Ω = A.
15

The correct option is (C) 1 1 35 7

Current in 200Ω = + = =
20 15 300 60
4R
59. In Fig. 14.61, Reff =
5 7 130
E = 200 × + 20 = V
60 3
2 R/3 2 R/3
A B The correct option is (A)
R R 70. Equivalent circuit is

Req = 12Ω
Fig. 14.61
The correct option is (C) 3Ω 6Ω 9Ω

10
60. RAB = (use wheatstone bridge)
3
A B
10
I= =3A
10
3 6Ω 12 Ω 18 Ω
The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (B)
61. Potential difference between A and B is zero; the current
through R is zero. 71. Current through the battery is independent on R1 and R2.
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (D)
72. Potential difference across R = 18 V
dε
62. For neutral temperature, = 0 ⇒ α + 2β T = 0
dT 18
So I = =2A
α 9
Then, T = −
2β The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (C) 73. Equivalent circuit is balanced wheatstone bridge as shown
a / 2b 10
63. H = dH = ∫ ( a + 2bt ) dt RAB =
3
W
0
The correct option is (A)
 Current Electricity 14.47
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
2Ω 2Ω 78. The simplified circuit can be drawn as

2A 2A
A 10/3 Ω B
8Ω 4Ω
I1 = 4 A
16 V
I2 = 1 A
4A 2
10 Ω 10 Ω

The correct option is (A)

12 8 8V
−
74. The equivalent EMF of 12 V and 8 V battery = 2 3 The correct option is (B)
1 1
+
2 3 79. In series, potential difference ∝ R
36 − 16 3
= =4V When only S1 is closed, V1 = E = 0.75 E
3+ 2 4
2×3 6
req = = Ω 6
2+3 5 When only S2 is closed, V2 = E = 0.86 E
7
The equivalent circuit is
And when S1 and S2 are closed, combined resistance of 6R
\ I=0
and 3R is 2R.
4V 2
6/5 Ω
\ V3 = E = 0.67 E
3

4V
\ V2 > V1 > V3
4Ω
The correct option is (B)
C D
80. Since R ∝ I2
The correct option is (A) ⇒ If length is increased by 10%, resistance increases by
almost 20%
12 ⎛ 12 ⎞
75. I = and 6 − 3 ⎜ ⎟=0 Hence, new resistance R′ = 10 + 20% of 10 = 10 +
5+ R ⎝5+ R⎠
20
36 × 10 = 12 W
6= ⇒R=1W 100
5+ R
The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (A)
⎛ ρl ⎞ i 2 ρVt
76. Circuit can be rearranged as follows 81. H = i 2 RT = i 2 ⎜ ⎟ t = (V = volume)
⎝ A⎠ A2
⎛ 3R ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ R 3R
Req = ⎝ ⎠ = ⇒
1
3R 5 H∝
+R r4
2
4 4
R R H1 ⎛ r2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 16
A B ⇒ =⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =
H 2 ⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎝1⎠ 1

R The correct option is (D)

R 82. Resistance of the part AC
The correct option is (D) RAC = 0.1 × 40 = 4 W and RCB = 0.1 × 60 = 6 W

6 X 4
77. Current through battery i = =3A In balanced condition, = ⇒X=4W
( 6 × 3) 6 6
( 6 + 3) Equivalent resistance Req = 5 W so current drawn from
6 5
Current through 3 W is i = ( 3) =2A battery i = =1A
3+6 5
The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (B)
14.48 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
83. C
A A

2Ω 2Ω
2Ω ⇒ 2Ω 2Ω B, D O
2Ω 2Ω
B B

2× 2
RAB = =1W A
2+2
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (A)
84. The correct option is (B) 95. V0 + 10 –5 + 10 = Vx ⇒ Vx = 15 V
3 The correct option is (B)
85. Net resistance = W 96. Let the potential of the junction be V. Then
2
3 6 −V 4 −V 8 −V
Then by Kirchhoff’s law 6 = i, i = 4 A + + =0
2 2 4 4
The correct option is (C)
86. The correct option is (A) 12 − 2V + 4 − V + 8 − V = 0
R 80 24 = 4 V
87. By balanced wheatstone bridge = ⇒ R = 20 W
20 80
V =6 V
The correct option is (C)
88. The correct option is (A) 4V
2E
89. Current in the circuit is I = , V1 = E − Ir1 = 0
R + r1 + r2 4Ω
1 μF 10 V
2 Ω i2 i1 8 Ω
2 Er1 6V
⇒ E− = 0 ⇒ R = r1 − r2
R + r1 + r2
4Ω
The correct option is (C)
i3
90. The correct option is (B)
8V
91. The correct option is (D)
92. VA = iR Potential drop across capacitor
⎛ 2i ⎞ = 6 − ( −10 )
VB = ⎜ ⎟1.5 R = iR
⎝3⎠
= 16 V
⎛i⎞
VC = ⎜ ⎟ ( 3R ) = iR Charge on capacitor = 16 mC
⎝3⎠
The correct option is (D)
2 i/3 1.5 R
ε0 A
B 97. q = C (ε − IR ) = (ε − IR ) (1)
i x
A
C ε 0 A (ε − IR )
x= (2)
i/3 3R q
The correct option is (A) On differentiation of Equation (2) from (1),
93. 19.5 × 0.5 = S (20 – 0.5) Ix 2
v=
S = 0.5 W ε 0 A (ε − IR )
The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (B)
94. From symmetry. B and D are points having same potential;
so, redrawing the network as
14
ROA = Ω
15
 Current Electricity 14.49
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
x
R1 × R2
100. (A) Req of the circuit = + R3
R1 + R2

5 × 15 125 75 5
R = + = + =5W
5 + 15 100 20 4
ε I
E 20
I= = =4A
Req 5
98. The possible circuit of close loop corresponding to graph are
R1 R2 5Ω
A V
R1
(A) 2V 4V R2
R3
15 Ω 1.25 Ω
2V R 2V 4V

(B)
20 V
2V 4V R1 R2
IR2
Current in R1 = =3A
(C) R1 + R2

2V 4V 4V P.D. across R3 = IR3 = 5 V

R
The correct option is (B)
(D)
6 6
(B) I = = = 2A
The correct option is (D) RAB + 1 2 + 1
Ig 6×3
99. For ammeter, S = ×G RAB = =2Ω
I − Ig 6+3
( I × 6) 4
Current through 3 W resistors I ′ = = A
G ⎛ I ⎞ 9 3
⇒ = ⎜ − 1⎟ ⇒ I = 2 I g (mC) DT = I 2 Rt
S ⎜⎝ I g ⎟
⎠
2
New range is doubled, i.e., 4Ig ⎛4⎞
2000 × ΔT = ⎜ ⎟ × 3 × 15 × 60
⎝3⎠
Ig
Now shunt required, S = × G = 10 W ΔT = 2.4°C
4I g − I g
The correct option is (A)
This can be obtained by shunting the earlier shunt of 30 W
with an additional shunt of 15 W.
The correct option is (A)

More than One Option Correct Type

101. Let VD be the potential of D, then
100 1
102. Req = 400 W, I = = A
VA − VD VB − VD VC − VD 400 4
+ + = 0 ⇒ VD = 40 V
10 20 30 1
Potential difference across voltmeter = × 200 Ω = 50 V
Also, ratio of current in AD, DB, and DC are 4
The correct option is (B) and (D)
70 − 40 40 40 − 10 103. The correct option is (B) and (C)
: :
10 20 30
104. Current across NP, I NP × 10 = 20 × 1 or I NP = 2 A
That is, 3 : 2 : 1
Also total power network draws, P = ∑ I 2 R = 200 W Across MP, 0.5 R1 = 20 or R1 = 40 Ω
The correct option is (A), (B) and (D) Total current = 2 + 0.5 + 1.0 = 3.5 Ω
14.50 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
69
3.5 = 100 R 3.4
40 108. Req = 5 + , I= = 0.04 , R = 400 W
R+ yields R = 4 W 100 + R Req
4
The correct option is (B) (C) and (D)
⎛ 0.04 ⎞
105 For non-ideal ammeter and voltmeter, there will be poten- Reading of voltmeter = ⎜ 400 × (100 ) = 3.2 V
tial difference across both. ⎝ 500 ⎟⎠
The correct option is (A), (B), (C) and (D)
The correct option is (A) and (C)
106. Electric potential increased continuously but electric field
109. (A) Due to induction, charge on outer surface is Q + q
strength decreases in dielectric but direction is same from
x = 0 to x = 3d. (B) Potential at B is sum of potential of B and A
The correct option is (B) and (C) (C) Charge flows till potential of A and B will be same
(D) All charge will be on the outer surface of A
V2 V2
107. H= t1 = t2 (1) The correct option is (A) (B) (C) and (D)
R1 R2
110. Current in 3 W resistance is 3 A
⎛ V2 ⎞ Power dissipated in 3 W = i2 R = 27 W
H =⎜ ⎟ t for series (2)
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ VC – 5 × 1 + 12 – 8 × 2 –3 – 4 × 2 = VB
⎡V 2 V 2 ⎤ VC – VB = 20 V
H =⎢ + ⎥ t for parallel (3) VC – VD = 7 V
⎢⎣ R1 R2 ⎦⎥
Power dissipated in 6 W = 216 W
t1t 2 The correct option is (A) and (B)
\ t1 + t 2 = t from (1) and (2), t = from (1) and (3)
t1 + t 2
The correct option is (A)

Passage Based Questions

Passage 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 17
Applying KVL in loop ADBA,
113. (VT )H = ε + I 2 r = 1 + ⎜ ⎟1 = V
⎝ 13 ⎠ 13
5 I1 + 2 I 2 = 1 (1) The correct option is (A)

Appling KVL in loop BDCB, Passage 2

3I 2 + I1 = 1 (2) l 5 × 1.6
114. R=ρ = = 103 W
1 4 a π ( 0.05 )2
From equation (1) and (2), I1 = A , I2 = A
13 13 The correct option is (B)

115. V = IR = 100 × 10 −3 × 103 = 100 V

2V E 2Ω The correct option is (B)
A B
l1 116. P = VI = 10 W
1V 2Ω 1V The correct option is (B)
F l2 H
1Ω 1Ω Passage 3
G C
D
30 10t 3t
3V
117. ε = (1) = = 1V (at t = 1 s)
( 2t + 1) 100 2t +1
The correct option is (A)
2
⎛ 1 4 ⎞ 10
111. VDB = ( I1 + I 2 ) R = ⎜ + ⎟ = V 3 ( t − 1)
⎝ 13 13 ⎠ 13 118. ε = =1 ⇒ t = 4 s
2t + 1
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (C)
2
(VT )E = ε − I1r = 2 − ⎜⎛
1⎞ 24 30 × 0.7
112. ⎟ = 13 V 119. ε =
2 (t + 7) + 1
=1 ⇒ t = 3 s
⎝ 13 ⎠
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (C)
 Current Electricity 14.51
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Passage 4 q0 2
Energy stored on the capacitor U1 = = 500 J
⎛ E1 ⎞ RAB 2C
120. As E2 = ⎜ ⎟ × l = 1V
⎝ R1 + RAB ⎠ LAB H1 = W1 – U1 = 500 J
The correct option is (A) 99
H 99Ω = × 500 = 495 J
E2 E 100
121. E2 − . r = 1 × 5 ⇒ r = 7.5 W
R2 + r 50 The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (D) 125. Position (2), in steady state
4 q = 5C
122. As × l = 1 ⇒ l = 12.5 cm
50 W2 = E2 ( q0 − q) = 250 J
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (A)
1.6 2 q2
123. As × l = ⇒ l = 12.5 cm 126. U 2 = = 125 J
50 5 2C
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (A)
127. H 2 = U1 − (U 2 + W2 ) = 125 J
Passage 5
124. When switch in position 1 and steady state is reached 125
Heat generated across 1 W = × 1 = 1.25 J
q0 = CE1 = 10 C 100
W1 = Energy supplied by battery = q0E1 = 1000 J The correct option is (A)

Match the Column Type

128. (A) → 3; (B) → 4; (C) → 1; (D) → 2 E
i3 =
2+3−5+ 4 +6 1 R
129. I= = A 2E
2+3+5+ 4 +6 2 ⇒ i1 − i2 = and i1 − i3 = 0
R
1 4
VD = 2 − × 2 = 1 V So reading of ammeter A1 is E/R =
2 3
8
1 A2 is 2E/R = , A3 is zero, and DVab = 4 V.
VC = VD + 3 − × 3 = 2.5 V 3
2
i1–i3 E
1
VB = VC − 5 − × 5 = −5 V
2 i3
b R1
1
VA = VB + 4 − × 4 = –3 V i1
2 E i1–i2 Ei1
a R3
(A) → 3, (B) → 1, (C) → 4, (D) → 2 i2
130. (A) → (2); (B) → (2); (C) → (4); (D) → (3) R2
E E
131. On solving by KVL we get, i1 = , i2 = − (A) → 1; (B) → 2; (C) → 4; (D) → 3
R R

Integer Type
143. Rvoltmeter = 6 W, Rammeter = 0.5 W V l iR E R
144. E = πl = = ×l ⇒ E = × ×l
Req = 10 W L L R + Rh + r L
30
I= = 3A 10 5
10 ⇒ E= × × 3 = 3V
5 + 4 +1 5
Reading of voltmeter = 1 × 3 = 3 V.
14.52 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
145. If the voltmeter is ideal then given circuit is an open circuit, 6Ω 12 Ω
so reading of voltmeter is equal to the EMF of cell, i.e., 6 V B
146. VG − 2 × 4 + 3 − 2 × 2 + 2 × 1 = VH 1/3 A 6 Ω 12 Ω A C
D
B
VG − VH = 7 V A C 12 Ω 6Ω
D
147. Applying KVL in loop ABCDA, ABFEA, ABHGA, and 1/3 A 12 Ω 6Ω
ABJIA we get,
30 – i1 × 11 = – 25 (1) 1/3 A 2 Ω B 4Ω B
20 + i2 × 5 = 25 (2) 4V
5 – i3 × 10 = – 25 (3) 4Ω 2Ω 2V
10 + i4 × 5 = 25 (4) 1/3 A D D
i1 = 5A,
\ VB − VD = ( 4 − 2) V = 2 V
I G E C A
151. Let at any time t charge flown through the plate B to plate A
10 V 5V 20 V 30 V i 1 25 V is q and instantaneous current is I.
i4 i3 i2
–Q0 + q –q
5Ω 10 Ω 5Ω 11 Ω
A B
J H F D B
i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 I

148. No current will flow through 3 and 5. R ε

6×6 V 3
So, Req = = 3 W, i = = = 1A ⎛ 2q − Q0 ⎞
6+6 Req 3 From loop theorem ⎜ ⎟ + IR − ε = 0
⎝ 2C ⎠
149. The equivalent circuit is
R R 4R dq −2q + 2ε C + Q0
⇒ R =
dt 2C
R R
R R 2R dq dt
⇒ =
2ε C + Q0 − 2q 2 RC
R R R R Now for charge on plate A to be zero, q = Q0.
2R
Q0 t
dq dt
A
R R
B A B Integrating ∫ 2ε C + Q0 − 2q ∫0 2 RC
=
0
10 R
× 2R ⎡ 2ε C + Q0 ⎤
5
⇒ Req = 3 = R =5W = t = RC ln ⎢ ⎥
10
R + 2R 4 ⎣ 2ε C − Q0 ⎦
3
Putting the value of C, Q0, e, and R
150. 1 1 1 2 1 We get t = 2 s.
= + = =
R 18 18 18 9 152. We solve this problem using the fact that the effective value
R=9Ω of as alternating current is the value of a direct current that
produces the same quantity of heat in a conductor the alter-
6 2
I = A= A nating current during the same time.
9 3
The heat produced by the AC current during time period
Thus, this current gets equally divided between the two from 0 to T is
arms.
T T
6V H = 10 2 R + 0 + 10 2 R + 0
8 8
6Ω 12 Ω T
H = 10 2 R (1)
B 4
A C
D In the same time interval, 0 to T heat produced by constant
12 Ω 6Ω direct current I, would have been
 Current Electricity 14.53
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
H ′ = I 2 RT (2) 10
⇒ I=
2
T
H = H ′ ⇒ I 2 RT = 10 2 R effective value or RMS value of required current is 5 A
4
153. 2 W

Previous Years’ Questions

154. The correct option is (C) AD and DC are in series
155. Let R0 be the resistance of both conductors at 0°C . ∴ RADC = 10 + 20 = 30 Ω
Let R1 and R2 be their resistance at t°C , then ABC and ADC are in parallel
R1 = R0 (1 + α1t ) 15 × 30
or Req = = 10 Ω
R2 = R0 (1 + α 2t ) 15 + 30
Let Rs be the resistance of the series combination of two 5
conductors at t°C , then ∴ current I = = 0.5 A
10
Rs = R1 + R2 The correct option is (B)
Rs 0 (1 + α st ) = R0 (1 + α1t ) + R0 (1 + α 2t ) 158. ∴ R100 = R0 [1 + 0.005 (100)]
where Rs0 = R0 + R0 = 2 R0
or 100 = R0 [1 + 0.005 × 100] (1)
∴ 2 R0 (1 + α st ) = 2 R0 + R0t (α1 + α 2 )
200 = R0 [1 + 0.005t ] (2)
2 R0 + 2 R0α st = 2 R0 + R0t (α1 + α 2 ) from (1) and (2),
α1 + α 2 t = 400° C
∴ αs =
2 The correct option is (B)
Let R p be the resistance of the parallel combination of two 159. Resistance of the bulb
conductors at t°C . Then
V 2 ( 220) 2
The correct option is (D) ( R) = = = 484 Ω
P 100
156. Given R50 = 5 Ω, R100 = 6 Ω
(110) 2
Rt = R0 (1 + α t ) Power across 110 V =
484
Where Rt = resistance of wire at t°C, R0 = resistance of 110 × 110
wire at 0°C,α = temperature coefficient of resistance. ∴ Power = = 25 W
484
∴ R50 = R0 [1 + α 50] The correct option is (C)
and R100 − R0 [1 + α 100] 160. For zero deflection in galvanometer,
I1 = I 2
or R50 − R0 = R0α (50) (1)
12 2
or =
R100 − R0 = R0α (100) (2) 500 + R R

Divide (1) by (2), we get ⇒ 12 R = 100 + 2 R ⇒ R = 100 Ω

5 − R0 1 The correct option is (B)

= or 10 − 2 R0 = 6 − R0
6 − R0 2 2E
161. I=
or R0 = 4 Ω R1 + R2 + R
The correct option is (C)
∵ E − IR2 = 0
157. The equivalent circuit is a balanced wheatstone bridge.
Hence, no current flows through arm BD. ∴ E = IR2
AB and BC are in series 2 ER2
or E=
∴ RABC = 5 + 10 = 15 Ω R1 + R2 + R
14.54 Chapter 14
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
or (3 + 3) × 3 18
R1 + R2 + R = 2 R2 167. Equivalent resistance = = =2 Ω
(3 + 3) + 3 19
or R = R2 − R1
V 3
The correct option is (B) ∴ current I = = = 1.5 A
R 2
162. If internal resistance is zero, the energy sources will supply
a constant current. The correct option is (B)
The correct option is (C) V2
163. The internal resistance of a cell is given by 168. P1 =
R
⎛l −l ⎞ When connected in parallel,
= R⎜ 1 2 ⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠ ⎛ R⎞ ⎛ R⎞
⎜ 2⎟×⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ R
⎡ 240 − 120 ⎤ Req = =
∴ r = 2⎢ ⎥=2Ω R R 4
⎣ 120 ⎦ +
2 2
The correct option is (D)
V2 V2
164. In series combination, S = ( R1 + R2 ) ∴ P2 = =4 = 4 P1
R R
4
R1R2
In parallel combination, P = P2
( R1 + R2 ) ∴ =4
P1
∵ S = nP
The correct option is (B)
R1R2 V2
∴ ( R1 + R2 ) = n ∴ ( R1 + R2 ) 2 = nR1R2 169. Power =
( R1 + R2 ) R
For minimum value, R1 = R2 = R
(15) 2 (15) 2 225 225
∴ 150 = + = + 6Ω
∴ ( R × R) 2 = n( R × R) ⇒ 4 R 2 = nR 2 R 2 R 2
The correct option is (B)
or n = 4
170. Charge on the capacitor at time t
The correct option is (A)
165. Potential difference is same when the wires are put in Q = Q0 (1 − e −t /τ ) , where Q0 = CV
parallel
So At t = 2τ Q = CV (1 − e −2 )
ρ l1 The correct option is (B)
V = I1R1 = I1 ×
π r22
171. Resistance of bulb RB = 240 Ω
ρl Resistance of heater RH = 60 Ω
Again V = I 2 R2 = I 2 × 22
π r2
6Ω
I1 × ρ l1 I 2 × ρ l2 I1 1
∴ = ⇒ = RB = 240 Ω
π r12 π r22 I2 3 120 V ∼
The correct option is (B)
V1 = 117.07 V
166. For meter bridge experiment,
R1 l1 l1 6Ω
= =
R2 l2 (100 − l1 )
X 20 1 120 V ∼ 240 Ω 60 Ω
In the first case, = =
Y 100 − 20 4
V2 = 106.67 V
In the second case,
4X l ΔV = V1 − V2 = 10.4 V
=
Y (100 − l ) The correct option is (C)
l = 50 cm ig (G + S ) ⎛ G⎞
The correct option is (A) 172. i = = ig ⎜ 1 + ⎟
S ⎝ S⎠
 Current Electricity 14.55
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
From KVL in loop PCDQP
GS
The resistance of ammeter is . 3( I − I1 ) − I1 = 6
G+S
The correct option is (C) 3I − 4 I1 = 6 (2)
− t /τ
173. V = V0e at t = τ Solving (1) and (2)
3
25 25 I1 = − A = −0.13 A
= = = 9.2 and it lies between 100 and 150 s. 23
e 2.71
∴ Current in branch PQ is 0.13 A from Q to P
The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (B)
2
( 220) 2 R = ( 220) 178. I = neAvd
174. R1 = 2
100
25
V
R=
440 2 100 2 neAvd
i= = ⋅ = A
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 220 5 11
( 220) 2 ⎜ + ⎟ V
⎝ 25 100 ⎠ ρ=
nevd ⋅ 
⎛ 2 ⎞ ( 220 )
2 2
∴ P1 = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ = 64 W > 25 W 5
⎝ 11 ⎠ 25 ρ=
8 × 10 28 × 1.6 × 10 −19 × 2.5 × 10 −4 × (0.1)
⎛ 2 ⎞ ( 220 )
2 2
P2 = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ = 16 W ρ = 1.6 × 10 −5 Ω m
⎝ 11 ⎠ 100
The correct option is (C)
∴ bulb of 25 W – 220 V will fuse.
The correct option is (C) (
179. GΙ g = Ι − Ι g s )
175. R = (V /l ) ⇒ ( dR /R) = ( dV /V + dI /I ) ⎛ Ιg ⎞
S =⎜ ⎟G
= (3 + 3)% = 6% ⎝ Ι − Ιg ⎠
The correct option is (A)
⎛ 10 −3 ⎞
176. Total power (P) = 15 × 40 + 5 × 100 + 5 × 80 + 1000
S =⎜ ⎟ × 100
= 2500 W ⎜⎜ 10 − 1 ⎟⎟
Main supply voltage = 220 V ⎝ 103 ⎠
S = 0.01 Ω (approx.)
2500 The correct option is (D)
⇒ current = = 11.3 A
220 180. T = 300 K to 400 K
⇒ minimum capacity = 12 A For Cu, R = R0 (1 + α t ) therefore linear
The correct option is (C) For Si, exponential decrease.
177. From KVL in loop ABPQA The correct option is (B)
2 I + I1 + 3I = 9

5 I + I1 = 9 (1)

C 6V P 2Ω B
I – I1
I1 I

1Ω
9V
3Ω 3Ω
D A