Designation: A 490M – 04a

METRIC

Standard Specification for

High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for
Structural Steel Joints [Metric]1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 490M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification covers two types of quenched and 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
tempered alloy steel, metric heavy hex structural bolts having A 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
a tensile strength of 1040 to 1210 MPa. Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
1.2 These bolts are intended for use in structural connec- A 490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat
tions comparable to those covered under the requirements of Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
the Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A 325 and A 563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
A 490 bolts, approved by the Research Council on Structural [Metric]
Connections; endorsed by the American Institute of Steel A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
Construction and by the Industrial Fastener Institute.2 Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
1.3 The bolts are furnished in nominal bolt diameters M12 D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
to M36, inclusive. They are designated by type denoting E 384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Ma-
chemical composition as follows: terials
Type Description E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
Type 1 Medium carbon alloy steel
Type 2 Withdrawn in 2002
F 436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers [Metric]
Type 3 Weathering steel A 490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts,
Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints [Metric]
1.4 This specification is applicable to metric heavy hex
F 568M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally
structural bolts and alternate designs as established by the
Threaded Metric Fasteners [Metric]
Research Council in its publication, Specification for Structural
F 606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
Joints Using ASTM A 325 and A 490 bolts.
Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
1.5 For inch-pound bolts, see Specification A 490.
Washers, and Rivets [Metric]
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
F 788/F 788M Specification for Surface Discontinuities of
Test Methods portion, Section 13, of this specification: This
Bolts, Screws, and Studs, Inch and Metric Series
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standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,

F 959M Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Di-
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
rect Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
[Metric]
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
F 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-
tions prior to use.
cal Properties and Performance Inspection
F 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
G 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.
3
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webbiest, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A 490M – 04. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Available from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One E. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Wacker Dr., Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001. the ASTM webbiest.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 A 490M – 04a
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements for Type 1 Bolts 4.1.7 Certification, if required (see Section 16); and
4.1.8 Special requirements, if required.
Element Heat Analysis, % Product
Analysis, %
4.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, see
Carbon
ASME B18.24.1.
For sizes through M30 0.30–0.48 0.28–0.50 NOTE 1—A typical ordering description follows: 1000 pieces M24 3 3
For size M36 0.35–0.53 0.33–0.55
Phosphorus, max 0.040 0.045
3 100 mm long, heavy hex structural bolt, Type 1, ASTM A 490 M– 03;
Sulfur, max 0.040 0.045 each with two hardened washers, ASTM F 436M, Type 1; and one heavy
Alloying Elements → See 6.1 ← hex nut, ASTM A 563M, Grade DH.
4.2 Recommended Nuts
4.2.1 Nuts conforming to the requirements of Specification
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements for Type 3 Bolts
A 563M are the recommended nuts for use with Specification
Element Heat Analysis, % Product Analysis, % A 490M heavy hex structural bolts. The nuts shall be of the
Carbon
class and have a surface finish for each type of bolt as follows.
Sizes M20 and smaller 0.20–0.53 0.19–0.55 Bolt Type and Finish Nut Class and Finish
Sizes larger than M20. 0.30–0.53 0.28–0.55
Manganese, min 0.40 0.37 1, plain (uncoated) A 563M—10S, 10S3, plain (uncoated)
Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.040 3, weathering steel A 563M—10S3, weathering steel

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Sulfur, max 0.040 0.045
Copper 0.20–0.60 0.17–0.63 4.3 Recommended Washers
Chromium, min 0.45 0.42 4.3.1 Washers conforming to Specification F 436M are the
Nickel, min 0.20 0.17
or
recommended washers for use with Specification F 490M
Molybdenum, min 0.15 0.14 heavy hex structural bolts. The washers shall have a surface
finish for each type of bolt as follows.
Bolt Type and Finish Washer Finish

Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels 1, plain (uncoated) plain (uncoated)

2.2 ASME Standards:4 3, weathering steel weathering steel
B1.13M Metric Screw Threads 4.4 Other Accessories
B18.2.3.7M Metric Heavy Hex Structural Bolts 4.4.1 When compressible washer type tension indicators are
B18.24.1 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System specified to be used with these bolts, they shall conform to
2.3 ISO Standards:4 Specification F 959M, Type 10.9.
7412 Hexagon Bolts for High Strength Structural
Bolting With Large Width Across Flats (Short Thread 5. Materials and Manufacture
Length)–Product Grade C–Property Classes 8.8 and 10.9 5.1 Heat Treatment—Type 1 and Type 3 bolts shall be heat
2.4 SAE Standards5: treated by quenching in oil from the austenitic temperature and
J121 Decarburization in Hardened and Tempered Threaded then tempered by reheating to a temperature of not less than
Fasteners 425°C.
3. Terminology 5.2 Threading—The threads shall be cut or rolled.
5.3 Protective Coatings—The bolts shall not be coated6 by
3.1 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi- hot-dip zinc coating, mechanical deposition, or electroplating
nology F 1789, unless otherwise defined herein. with zinc or other metallic coatings.
4. Ordering Information 6. Chemical Composition
4.1 Orders for bolts under this specification shall include the 6.1 Type 1 bolts shall be alloy steel conforming to the
following (see Note 1): chemical composition requirements in Table 1. The steel shall
4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces of bolts and accessories); contain sufficient alloying elements to qualify it as an alloy
4.1.2 Size, including nominal bolt diameter, thread pitch, steel (see Note 2).
and bolt length;
4.1.3 Name of product: metric heavy hex structural bolts; NOTE 2—Steel is considered to be alloy, by the American Iron and Steel
4.1.4 Type of bolt (Type 1 or 3). When type is not specified, Institute, when the maximum of the range given for the content of alloying
elements exceeds one or more of the following limits: manganese, 1.65 %;
either Type 1 or Type 3 shall be furnished at the supplier’s silicon, 0.60 %; copper, 0.60 %; or in which a definite range or a definite
option; minimum quantity of any of the following elements is specified or
4.1.5 ASTM designation and year of issue; required within the limits of the recognized field of constructional alloy
4.1.6 Other components such as nuts, washers, and washer- steels: aluminum, chromium up to 3.99 %, cobalt, columbium, molybde-
type direct tension indicators, if required; num, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other
alloying elements added to obtain a desired alloying effect.

4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
6
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990. For more detail see the H. E. Townsend Report “Effects of Zinc Coatings on
5
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Low Alloy Steel,”
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. published in Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 6, April 1975.

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 A 490M – 04a
6.2 Type 3 bolts shall be weathering steel conforming to the 8. Carburization/Decarburization
chemical composition requirements in Table 2. See Guide 8.1 Definition—This test is intended to evaluate the pres-
G 101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion ence or absence of carburization and decarburization as deter-
resistance of low alloy steel. mined by the difference in microhardness near the surface and
6.3 Product analyses made on finished bolts representing core.
each lot shall conform to the product analysis requirements 8.2 Requirements:
specified in Table 1 or Table 2, as applicable. 8.2.1 Carburization—The bolts shall show no evidence of a
6.4 Applications of heats of steel to which bismuth, sele- carburized surface when evaluated in accordance with the
nium, tellurium, or lead has been intentionally added shall not hardness methods established in SAE J121.
be permitted for bolts. Compliance with this requirement shall 8.2.2 Decarburization—Hardness value differences shall
be based on a statement on the steel certificate indicating that not exceed the requirements set forth for decarburization in
SAE J121 for Class 2/3H materials.
these elements were not intentionally added.
8.3 Procedure—Testing for carburization/decarburization
6.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance shall be performed in accordance with the microhardness
with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751. (referee) methods established in SAE J121.
7. Mechanical Properties 9. Dimensions
7.1 Hardness—The bolts shall conform to the hardness 9.1 Head and Body:
specified in Table 3. 9.1.1 The bolts shall conform to the dimensions for heavy
hex structural bolts specified in ASME B18.2.3.7M for nomi-
7.2 Tensile Properties:
nal bolt diameter M16 to M36 inclusive and ISO 7412 for size
7.2.1 Except as permitted in 7.2.2 for long bolts and 7.2.3 M12.
for short bolts, nominal bolt diameters M24 and smaller having 9.2 Threads:
a length of 21⁄4 D and longer, and nominal bolt diameters larger 9.2.1 Threads shall Metric Coarse Thread Series as specified
than M24 having a length of 3D and longer shall be wedge in ASME B1.13M, and shall have Grade 6g tolerance.
tested full size and shall conform to the minimum wedge 9.2.2 The thread length shall not be changed from that
tensile load, and proof load or alternative proof load specified specified for heavy hex structural bolts in ASME B18.2.3.7M
in Table 4. The load achieved during proof load testing shall be and ISO 7412 in 9.1.1. Bolts requiring thread lengths other
equal to or greater than the specified proof load. than those required by this specification shall be ordered under
7.2.2 When the length of the bolt makes full-size testing Specification F 568M, Class 10.9 and 10.9.3.
impractical, machined specimens shall be tested and shall
10. Workmanship
conform to the requirements specified in Table 5. When bolts
are tested by both full-size and machined specimen methods, 10.1 The allowable limits, inspection, and evaluation of the
the full-size test shall take precedence. surface discontinuities, quench cracks, forging cracks, head
bursts, shear bursts, seams, folds, thread laps, voids, tool
7.2.3 Nominal bolt diameters M24 and smaller having a
marks, nicks, and gouges shall be in accordance with Specifi-
length shorter than 21⁄4 D down to 2D inclusive, which cannot
cation F 788/F 788M (see Note 3).
be wedge tensile tested shall be axially tension tested full size
and shall conform to the minimum tensile load and proof load NOTE 3—Specification F 788/F 788M and Guide F 1470 do not guar-
or alternate proof load specified in Table 4. Nominal bolt antee 100 % freedom from head bursts. Sampling is designed to provide
a 95 % confidence level of freedom from head bursts in any test lot. Head
diameters M24 and smaller having a length shorter than 2D bursts, within the limits of Specification F 788/F 788M, are unsightly but
which cannot be axially tensile tested shall be qualified on the do not affect mechanical properties or functional requirements of the bolt.
basis of hardness.
7.2.4 For bolts on which both hardness and tension tests are 11. Magnetic Particle Inspection for Longitudinal
performed, acceptance based on tensile requirements shall take Discontinuities and Transverse Cracks
precedence in the event of low hardness readings. 11.1 Requirements:
11.1.1 Each sample representative of the lot shall be mag-
netic particle inspected for longitudinal discontinuities and
TABLE 3 Hardness Requirements for Bolt Sizes transverse cracks.
M12 to M36 Inclusive 11.1.2 The lot, as represented by the sample, shall be free
Nominal Bolt Brinell Rockwell C from nonconforming bolts, as defined in 11.3, when inspected
LengthA in accordance with 11.2-11.2.4.
Diameter, mm min max min max
M12 to M24, Less than 2D 311 352 33 39
11.2 Inspection Procedure:
inclusive 2D and longer ... 352 ... 39 11.2.1 The inspection sample shall be selected at random
Over M24 to M36, Less than 3D 311 352 33 39 from each lot in accordance with Table 6 and examined for
inclusive 3D and longer ... 352 ... 39
longitudinal discontinuities and transverse cracks.
A
Heavy hex structural bolts M24 and smaller and shorter than 2D are subject 11.2.2 Magnetic particle inspection shall be conducted in
only to minimum and maximum hardness. Heavy hex structural bolts larger than
M24 to M36 inclusive and shorter than 3D are subject only to minimum and accordance with Guide E 709 or Practice E 1444. Guide E 709
maximum hardness. shall be used for referee purposes. If any nonconforming bolt

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TABLE 4 Tensile Load Requirements for Full-Size Bolts

Alternative Proof
Proof Load,B
Nominal Bolt Diameter Tensile Load,B kN Load,B
kN
and Thread Pitch, Stress Area,A mm2 kN
mm Length Measure- Yield Strength
min max
ment Method Method
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6
M12 3 1.75 84.3 87.7 103 70 79.2
M16 3 2 157 163 190 130 148
M20 3 2.5 245 255 296 203 230
M22 3 2.5 303 315 366 251 285

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M24 3 3 353 367 427 293 332
M27 3 3 459 477 555 381 431
M30 3 3.5 561 583 679 466 527
M36 3 4 817 850 989 678 768

A
The stress area is calculated as follows:
As = 0.7854 [D − (0.9382P)2

where:
As = stress area, mm2
D = nominal bolt size, mm, and
n = thread pitch, mm.
B
Loads tabulated and loads to be used for tests of full-size bolts larger than 36 mm in diameter are based on the following:

Nominal Bolt Diameter, mm Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6

M12 to M36 1040 MPa 1210 MPa 830 MPa 940 MPa
inclusive

TABLE 5 Tensile Strength Requirements for Specimens magnetic particle method. In case of controversy, the magnetic
Machined from Bolts particle test shall take precedence.
Tensile Yield 11.2.4 Magnetic particle indications of themselves shall not
Nominal Bolt Strength, Strength Elongation Reduction be cause for rejection. If in the opinion of the quality assurance
MPa (0.2 % in 50 mm, of Area,
Diameter, mm
offset), min, % min, %
representative the indications may be cause for rejection, a
min max min, MPa sample taken in accordance with Table 6 shall be examined by
M12 to M36, 1040 1210 940 14 40 microscopic examination or removal by surface grinding to
inclusive determine if the indicated discontinuities are within the speci-
fied limits.
TABLE 6 Sample Sizes with Acceptance and Rejection Numbers
11.3 Definitions:
for Inspection of Rejectable Longitudinal Discontinuities and 11.3.1 Nonconforming Bolts—Any bolt with a longitudinal
Transverse Cracks discontinuity (located parallel to the axis of the bolt in the
threads, body, fillet, or underside of head), with a depth normal
Acceptance Rejection
Lot Size Sample Size,A
NumberA Number
to the surface greater than 0.03D, where D is the nominal
2 to 50 all 0 1
diameter in millimetres, shall be considered nonconforming. In
51 to 500 50 0 1 addition, any bolt with a transverse crack (located perpendicu-
501 to 1200 80 0 1 lar to the axis of the bolt in the threads, body, fillet, or
1201 to 3200 125 0 1
3201 to 10 000 200 0 1 underside of head) detectable by magnetic particle inspection
A
Inspect all bolts in the lot if lot size is less than sample size.
when examined as specified in 11.2.4, shall be considered
nonconforming.

is found during the manufacturer’s examination of the lot 12. Number of Tests and Retests
selected in 11.2.1, the lot shall be 100 % magnetic particle
12.1 Testing Responsibility:
inspected, and all nonconforming bolts shall be removed and
scrapped or destroyed. 12.1.1 Each lot shall be tested by the manufacturer prior to
11.2.3 Eddy current or liquid penetrant inspection shall be shipment in accordance with the lot identification control
an acceptable substitute for the 100 % magnetic particle quality assurance plan in 12.2-12.5.
inspection when nonconforming bolts are found and 100 % 12.1.2 When bolts are furnished by a source other than the
inspection is required. On completion of the eddy current or manufacturer, the Responsible Party as defined in 18.1 shall be
liquid penetrant inspection, a random sample selected from responsible for assuring all tests have been performed and the
each lot in accordance with Table 6 shall be reexamined by the bolts comply with the requirements of this specification.

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12.2 Purpose of Lot Inspection—The purpose of a lot 14. Inspection
inspection program shall be to ensure that each lot as repre- 14.1 If the inspection described in 14.2 is required by the
sented by the samples tested conforms to the requirements of purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract or
this specification. For such a plan to be fully effective, it is order.
essential that secondary processors, distributors, and purchas- 14.2 The purchaser’s representative shall have free entry to
ers maintain the identification and integrity of each lot until the all parts of manufacturer’s works or supplier’s place of
product is installed. business that concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
12.3 Lot Method—All bolts shall be processed in accor- The manufacturer or supplier shall afford the purchaser’s
dance with a lot identification-control quality assurance plan. representative all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the
The manufacturer, secondary processors, and distributors shall material is being furnished in accordance with this specifica-
identify and maintain the integrity of each lot of bolts from tion. All tests and inspections required by the specification that
raw-material selection through all processing operations and are requested by the purchaser’s representative shall be made
treatments to final packing and shipment. Each lot shall be before shipment, and shall be conducted as not to interfere
assigned its own lot-identification number, each lot shall be unnecessarily with the operation of the manufacturer’s works
tested, and the inspection test reports for each lot shall be or supplier’s place of business.
retained.
12.4 Lot Definition: 15. Rejection and Rehearing
12.4.1 Standard Lot—A lot shall be a quantity of uniquely 15.1 Disposition of nonconforming bolts shall be in accor-
identified heavy hex structural bolts of the same nominal bolt dance with the section titled “Disposition of Nonconforming
diameter and length produced consecutively at the initial Lots” in Guide F 1470
operation from a single mill heat of material and processed at
one time, by the same process, in the same manner, so that 16. Certification
statistical sampling is valid. The identity of the lot and lot 16.1 When specified on the purchase order, the manufac-
integrity shall be maintained throughout all subsequent opera- turer or supplier, whichever is the responsible party as defined
tions and packaging. in Section 17, shall furnish the purchaser a test report that
12.5 Number of Tests: includes the following:
12.5.1 The minimum number of tests from each lot for the 16.1.1 Heat analysis, heat number, and a statement certify-
tests specified below shall be as follows: ing that heats having bismuth, selenium, tellurium, or lead
intentionally added were not used to produce the bolts;
Tests Number of Tests in Accordance with
16.1.2 Results of hardness, tensile, and proof load tests;
Hardness, tensile strength, proof load Guide F 1470 16.1.3 Results of magnetic particle inspection for longitu-
Surface discontinuities Specification F 788/F 788M dinal discontinuities and transverse cracks;
Magnetic particle inspection Table 6
Dimensions and thread fit ASME B18.2.3.7M and ASME B1.13M 16.1.4 Results of tests and inspections for surface disconti-
nuities including visual inspection for head bursts;
12.5.2 For carburization and decarburization tests, not less 16.1.5 Results of carburization and decarburization tests;
than one sample unit per manufactured lot shall be tested for 16.1.6 Statement of compliance with dimensional and
microhardness. thread fit requirements;
16.1.7 Lot number and purchase order number;
13. Test Methods 16.1.8 Complete mailing address of responsible party; and
13.1 Tensile, Proof Load, and Hardness: 16.1.9 Title and signature of the individual assigned certi-
13.1.1 Tensile, proof load, and hardness tests shall be fication responsibility by the company officers.

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conducted in accordance with Test Methods F 606M. 16.2 Failure to include all the required information on the
test report shall be cause for rejection.
13.1.2 Tensile strength shall be determined using the Wedge
or Axial Tension Testing Method of Full Size Product Method 17. Responsibility
or the Machined Test Specimens Method, depending on size
17.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the
and length as specified in 7.2.1-7.2.4. Fracture on full-size tests
organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.
shall be in the body or threads of the bolt without a fracture at
the junction of the head and body.
18. Product Marking
13.1.3 Proof load shall be determined using Method 1,
18.1 Manufacturer’s Identification—All Type 1 and Type 3
Length Measurement, or Method 2, Yield Strength, at the
bolts shall be marked by the manufacturer with a unique
option of the manufacturer.
identifier to identify the manufacturer or private label distribu-
13.2 Carburization/Decarburization—Tests shall be con- tor, as appropriate.
ducted in accordance with SAE J121 Hardness Method. 18.2 Grade Identification:
13.3 Microhardness—Tests shall be conducted in accor- 18.2.1 Type 1 bolts shall be marked “A 490M.”
dance with Test Method E 384. 18.2.2 Type 3 bolts shall be marked “A 490M” underlined.
13.4 Magnetic Particle—Inspection shall be conducted in The use of additional distinguishing marks to indicate the bolts
accordance with Section 11. are weathering steel shall be at the manufacturer’s option.

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18.3 Marking Location and Methods—All marking shall be 19.2 Package Marking:
located on the top of the bolt head and shall be either raised or 19.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked
depressed at the manufacturer’s option. with the following information:
18.4 Acceptance Criteria—Bolts that are not marked in 19.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
accordance with these provisions shall be considered noncon-
19.2.1.2 Size, including nominal bolt diameter, thread pitch,
forming and subject to rejection.
and bolt length,
18.5 Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s
identification shall be separate and distinct. The two identifi- 19.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer,
cations shall preferably be in different locations and, when on 19.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
the same level, shall be separated by at least two spaces. 19.2.1.5 Lot number,
19. Packaging and Package Marking 19.2.1.6 Purchase order number, and
19.2.1.7 Country of origin.
19.1 Packaging:
19.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be in
accordance with Practice D 3951. 20. Keywords
19.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required, 20.1 alloy steel; bolts; metric; SI; steel; structural; weath-
they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order. ering steel

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A 490M–04,
that impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2004.)

(1) Revised Section 17, Responsibility.

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A 490M–03, that impact the
use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2004.)

(1) Revised Section 9.1 to include a note recognizing that

Specification F 788/F 788M nor Specification F 1470 guaran-
tee 100 % freedom from head burst.

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A 490M–00, that may
impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 10, 2003.)

(1) Overall revision to make the specification self standing with Specification A 490 (except metric).
without reliance on Specification F 568M, and in general align

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