Assessing Digital Literacy and Its Influence on Health Technology Adoption Among Senior

High School STEM Students Pursuing Healthcare in Davao City

A Research Study Presented to the Senior High School Department of

Davao Doctors College, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research 2

Grade 12 Level - STEM

Researchers:
Avance, Rathea Marie
Degracia, Dave M.
Dumangas, Adrie C.
Guarte, Vince Lorenz G.
Lazarte, Shindig Zoe Rayne G.
Ligotan, Chyrstelle Jane A.
Naif, Najma P.
Nanton, Arzen Dawn S.
Yumang, Peter John M.

September 2024
 Approval Sheet

This research paper entitled “Assessing Digital Literacy and Its Influence on Health
Technology Adoption Among Senior High School STEM Students Pursuing
Healthcare in Davao City” prepared and submitted by Avance, R.M, Degracia, D.,
Dumangas, A., Guarte, V.L., G. Lazarte, S.Z.R., Ligotan, C.J., Naif, N., Nanton, A.D.,
Yumang, P.J. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Practical Research 2
subject has been examined and is recommended for oral examination, approval and
acceptance.
Karen Kaye Magallanes, LPT
_________________________________________
Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Panel of Examiner with a grade of .

_________________________________________
Chairperson

_________________________ _________________________
Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Practical Research 2

subject.

________________________________________
Practical Research 2 Instructor
Oral Examination:
Date of Presentation: 10/04/2024
 ASSESSING DIGITAL LITERACY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STEM STUDENTS
PURSUING HEALTHCARE IN DAVAO CITY

Avance, Rathea Marie, Degracia, Dave M., Dumangas, Adrie C., Guarte, Vince Lorenz G.,
Lazarte, Shindig Zoe Rayne G., Ligotan, Chyrstelle Jane A., Naif, Najma P., Nanton, Arzen
Dawn S., Yumang, Peter John M.

Davao Doctors College, Inc. – Senior High School Department

szrlazarte@davaocdoctors.edu.ph

Abstract

In an era where technology is increasingly becoming vital to healthcare innovation, the necessity
for digital competency among future healthcare professionals has become increasingly apparent.
This study examines the influence of digital literacy on health technology adoption among
Senior High School STEM students pursuing healthcare in Davao City. It highlights the critical
role that digital literacy plays in preparing future healthcare professionals for a
technology-driven environment, discussing various studies that underscore the challenges
students face in mastering digital tools and the implications for their future careers. The research
employs a descriptive correlational design to assess the digital literacy levels and health
technology adoption practices among 50 Grade 11 and 12 students, a total of 100 students, at a
specific medical school in Davao City. Structured surveys serve as the primary data collection
method, focusing on technological literacy, information search and processing, critical thinking,
and creativity and innovation. The study ensures a rigorous approach to participant selection and
data collection to maintain data quality and validity. Findings from this research aim to provide
valuable insights into how digital literacy can enhance students' readiness for modern healthcare
challenges.
 Table of Contents

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents iv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Review of Related Literature 4

Theoretical Framework 12

Conceptual Framework 14

Statement of the Problem 15

Hypothesis 16

Definition of Terms 16

Significance of the Study 17

CHAPTER 2: METHODS 20

Design 20

Setting 21

Respondents 21
 Measures 22

Procedures 27

Ethical Consideration 28

Data Analysis 31

Limitations of the Study 31

Appendices 33

REFERENCES 38
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the Background of the Study, Review of Related Literature,

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Definition of

Terms, and the Significance of the Study.

Background of the Study

In an era where technology is increasingly becoming vital to healthcare innovation, the

necessity for digital competency among future healthcare professionals has become increasingly

apparent. This realization motivated the researchers to assess the influence of digital literacy on

health technology adoption among senior high school STEM students pursuing healthcare,

drawing upon several pieces of research such as those by Yuen et al. (2024), which highlight that

students with strong digital skills engage more effectively with health technologies. Also,

according to an article by Alexander (2023), this skill is crucial for providing quality patient

care, working efficiently, and keeping pace with advancements in healthcare technology.

However, the researchers also acknowledge that many students, particularly in STEM fields, face

challenges in mastering digital tools that enhance their educational and professional trajectories.

Given the rapid advancement of health technology, future healthcare professionals must

understand these tools and confidently integrate them into their practices. With the growing

reliance on digital platforms in health education, assessing the influence of digital literacy on the

acceptance and utilization of these technologies is essential

 2

A study by Tegegne et al. (2023) in Ethiopia indicates that a significant proportion of

health professionals have poor digital literacy, raising concerns about the readiness of future

healthcare professionals. In this study, 51.8% demonstrated adequate digital literacy however, the

findings revealed that nearly half (48.2%) of participants had poor digital literacy. Factors

associated with higher digital literacy included holding a master’s degree, access to digital

technology, training in digital technology, and a positive attitude toward digital health

technology. Another study conducted on European medical students by Machleid et al., (2022)

found that while 40.6% felt prepared to work in a digitized healthcare system, over half (53.2%)

rated their eHealth skills as poor or very poor. Another notable finding from research by

Navarro-Martínez et al., (2023) in Spain is that there are significant disparities in digital skill

levels among healthcare students, particularly among different disciplines where only 20% of

nursing students felt adequately trained in healthcare technology use.

In the Philippines, a study by Khare et al., (2022) found that approximately 60% of

healthcare professionals (HCPs) in the Philippines displayed high digital literacy levels,

exhibiting confidence in their use of technology. However, around 20% still expressed

apprehension about using digital solutions for direct patient care, indicating a gap that could

adversely affect the quality of care provided. The findings also highlighted a significant

difference between HCPs with high digital literacy and the perceived quality of care received by

patients. This suggests that those who are more digitally literate tend to provide better patient

outcomes. Furthermore, the National Health Literacy Survey (NHLS) conducted in the

Philippines in 2024 reveals that many Filipinos, including students pursuing healthcare

disciplines, possess limited health literacy. The survey indicated that the nationwide prevalence
 3

of limited health literacy is approximately 51.5%, with particular challenges noted in accessing

and appraising health information. Such limitations likely translate to deficiencies in digital

literacy when it comes to utilizing healthcare technologies.

The researchers are currently based in Davao City where the integration of digital tools in

medical education is also becoming prevalent. Institutions such as the Davao Medical School

Foundation (DMSF) are leading in the adoption of technology within its medical education

curriculum, marking it as one of the first medical colleges in the Philippines to adopt modern

teaching methods aimed at preparing students for the digital future (Davao Medical School

Foundation, 2024). According to the article, DMSF has introduced various digital tools such as

virtual learning platforms, simulation-based training, and telemedicine to enhance students'

digital literacy. However, the survey also indicated that only about 15% of healthcare and

pharmaceutical companies had fully embraced digital transformation, compared to other sectors.

This disparity poses questions about how well-equipped students are. Another survey by Htay et

al., (2022) conducted in the University of Mindanao Philippines, among 5302 university students

including those in healthcare-related fields, resulted in an overall mean score for digital health

literacy of 2.89 (SD: 0.42). This score indicates potential challenges in accessing reliable health

information and utilizing digital tools necessary for effective healthcare delivery.

For STEM students, the rigorous nature of their courses and the fast-paced advancements

in healthcare technology may be contributing to the need for greater digital competency. With

limited time to engage in traditional learning methods, students may prioritize the use of digital

tools as a quick and effective way to enhance their understanding and skills in healthcare. These
 4

preliminary observations highlight a potential link between digital literacy and the adoption of

health technologies among students, pointing to the need for further research to understand how

these factors interact and affect students’ readiness for healthcare careers.

Although extensive research has explored the relationship between digital literacy and

technology adoption globally and nationally, limited information exists on how the digital

literacy of senior high school students pursuing healthcare impacts their ability to integrate

health technologies into their education and future clinical practices. This gap is particularly

evident in localized studies focused on Filipino students. To address this, the study will examine

how digital literacy influences the adoption of healthcare technologies among Grade 11 and 12

STEM students at a specific medical school with a Senior High School Department in Davao

City.

Review of Related Literature

Digital Literacy

Digital literacy presents a significant challenge in integrating technology into academic

courses (Shamir-Inbal & Avdiel, 2020). It is defined in contemporary literature as the skills and

competencies necessary for navigating a complex and fragmented information landscape (Eshet,

2004). Eshet-Alkalai (2012) developed a 'Digital Literacy Framework' consisting of six

categories: (a) photo-visual thinking (interpreting and utilizing visual information); (b) real-time

thinking (processing multiple stimuli simultaneously); (c) information thinking (assessing and

synthesizing information from various digital sources); (d) branching thinking (navigating

non-linear hypermedia environments); (e) reproduction thinking (producing outcomes with

 5

technology by designing new content or remixing existing digital materials); and (f)

social-emotional thinking (comprehending and applying online conduct rules).

Technological Literacy. According to Bejaković & Mrnjavac (2024), technological

literacy empowers healthcare students to understand and utilize various digital health tools

effectively. This understanding is crucial as healthcare increasingly relies on technology,

including electronic health records, telemedicine applications, and patient monitoring devices.

Another study by Alexander (2023) stated that students equipped with technological skills can

quickly adapt to new tools, ensuring they provide efficient care and maintain accurate patient

records. Moreover, according to Aydınlar (2024), students skilled in these technologies can

maintain open lines of communication with colleagues, ensuring that patient care is coordinated

and streamlined. Furthermore, equipping future healthcare professionals with technological

skills, educational programs help prepare them to serve diverse populations, including those who

may lack access to technology. This ensures that all patients, regardless of their background, can

benefit from technological advancements in healthcare (Heath, 2022).

Information Search and Processing. According to PSNet. (2023) Digital literacy

encompasses the skills required to effectively use information and communication technologies,

which are crucial for modern healthcare delivery. For students in healthcare fields, these skills

are vital as they enable efficient navigation of electronic health records (EHRs), telehealth

services, and patient engagement tools. It was also stated in this study that the ability to search

for and evaluate relevant health information is a fundamental component of digital literacy1.

Students with proficient information search skills are better equipped to access trusted health

resources, which is critical in a landscape marked by misinformation. This is supported by

Campanozzi et al. (2023) where processing health information efficiently is equally important for
 6

students in healthcare. According to this study, digital literacy involves the capability to interpret

data from various digital sources and apply it to practical scenarios, such as patient management

and diagnosis. Moreover, Alexander (2023) also conducted a research that have shown that

enhanced information processing abilities correlate with better engagement in digital health

tools, contributing to the effective use of telemedicine and wearable health devices. Furthermore,

according to Heath (2022) healthcare providers who understand how to find and assess reliable

information can apply this knowledge effectively, leading to improved patient care and

satisfaction.

Critical Thinking. According to Bejaković, P., & Mrnjavac, Ž. (2024) The integration of

critical thinking into digital literacy training enhances these capabilities by encouraging students

to question and validate the information they encounter. For example, students who can critically

analyze digital content are more capable of identifying reliable health resources and using them

effectively in practice settings (Syra Health, 2024). Also, as stated by Fitzpatrick (2023) students

armed with strong critical thinking abilities are more inclined to engage positively with digital

health technologies, such as telemedicine and health apps. This is further emphasized by Finley

(2023), in his article, students pursuing healthcare must develop the ability to critically evaluate

health information and claims they encounter, particularly in digital formats. With the prevalence

of misinformation in online health resources, the capacity to identify biases and inconsistencies

is important for students who want to pursue healthcare careers. This is supported by

Carson-Newman (2024), according to him, honing students critical thinking skills can help them

make informed choices regarding patient care and health practices, ultimately improving health

outcomes. Furthermore, critical thinking fosters better decision-making skills among healthcare

students (Staff Writers, 2023). By learning to assess the efficacy of treatment plans and respond
 7

to patient crises, students develop the capacity to navigate challenging situations effectively

(University of Tulsa, 2024). Lastly, according to Aydınlar et. al (2024) incorporating critical

thinking into healthcare education helps students navigate the ethical implications of technology

use in healthcare settings.

Creativity and Innovation. According to a study by Gibelli (2023) creativity in digital

literacy helps students develop problem-solving skills essential for navigating complex

healthcare scenarios. Innovative thinking encourages students to explore various solutions to

challenges they may face, particularly when utilizing new technologies like telehealth platforms

and electronic health records. By fostering a creative mindset, students become more adept at

finding novel approaches to patient care, thereby enhancing their problem-solving capabilities.

Students who embrace creativity are often more open to experimenting with unfamiliar

technologies and integrating them into their practice. This adaptability is crucial as

healthcare systems increasingly rely on advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence,

telemedicine, and cloud computing (Adjar, 2024). This is supported by Abdelbaset (2024), in his

study, ccreative approaches enhance students' engagement with digital health tools, making them

more likely to utilize these technologies effectively. Furthermore, Rishi (2024) emphasized that a

creative mindset allows students to critically analyze their resources, discern credible

information, and apply it appropriately in clinical settings, ultimately benefiting patient safety

and care effectiveness.

Health Technology Adoption

Digitalization refers to the application of digital technologies and infrastructures across

business, the economy, and society (Autio, 2017). While digitalization facilitates adaptation, it
 8

also presents complexities such as challenges in adapting to new environments and the people

within them. Organizations must not only embrace strategies for digitalization but also develop

coherent plans that include reskilling their workforce. In today’s complex information landscape,

literacy extends beyond the ability to read and write, as it now involves a broader range of skills

(Berger & Frey, 2016; Kane et al., 2019). Flexibility and adaptability are significant in

educational settings. According to Ancari and Dimauro (2018), the workforce in the digital age

requires technological proficiency and the ability to adapt to evolving job requirements.

Individuals are expected to possess the skills and knowledge necessary to bridge the gap between

existing and emerging digital demands.

Perceived Usefulness of Health Technologies. Studies have shown that the perceived

usefulness of health technologies significantly influences their acceptance among healthcare

professionals. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a study found that 77.1% of

university medical staff agreed on the usefulness of e-learning as a teaching tool, highlighting its

role in maintaining educational continuity during crises (Almarzooq et al., 2020). This shift to

digital platforms not only ensured that learning continued uninterrupted but also introduced new

ways of engaging with educational content, making it more accessible and flexible for both

students and educators. Furthermore, research by Weik et al., (2024) indicates that perceived

usefulness is a strong predictor of technology adoption. For instance, medical students who

recognize that mobile health applications could streamline patient care or improve health

management are more inclined to integrate these technologies into their clinical routines. This

relationship suggests that if medical curricula explicitly demonstrate the effectiveness of such

technologies, students' motivations to adopt these tools will likely rise.

 9

In the context of palliative care, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) revealed that

health providers and administrators value technologies that enable remote connection and

information-sharing, which are crucial for patient care coordination and support (Nguyen et al.,

2020). These technologies facilitated better communication among care teams, allowed for

timely updates on patient conditions, and supported the delivery of compassionate care even

from a distance. The ability to share information seamlessly and securely was particularly

important in ensuring that all members of the care team were informed and could make

well-coordinated decisions.

Additionally, research focusing on nurses in technology-intensive environments

emphasized that perceived usefulness and ease of use are critical factors for the acceptance of

new technologies, as these elements directly impact workflow efficiency and patient outcomes

(Nguyen et al., 2020). Nurses, who often work in high-pressure settings, benefit greatly from

technologies that streamline their tasks and reduce the cognitive load associated with managing

patient care. Technologies that are intuitive and easy to use can significantly enhance their ability

to provide high-quality care, reduce errors, and improve overall job satisfaction.

These findings underscore the importance of designing health technologies that are not

only functional but also perceived as beneficial by their users. The integration of user feedback

in the development process can lead to more effective and widely accepted health technologies.

By addressing the specific needs and preferences of healthcare professionals, developers can
 10

create tools that enhance the quality of care, improve patient outcomes, and support the

well-being of healthcare providers.

Perceived Ease of Using Health Technologies. According to Ni et al. (2022), perceived

ease of use directly affects user acceptance of technology. This study indicated that senior high

school STEM students who perceive health technologies as accessible and user-friendly are more

likely to accept and adopt these tools in their studies. Ni et al. also emphasized these students are

more inclined to appreciate their benefits. This correlation shows that when students easily

understand and operate these technologies, they are more likely to perceive them as valuable,

promoting their adoption. As a result, these students gain confidence in their technological skills,

prepare them for modern healthcare settings, and foster a proactive attitude toward adopting

emerging technologies in their careers, especially in healthcare. This is supported by a study by

Antee in 2020, that perceived ease of use helps minimize barriers to technology adoption, such

as apprehension and fear of complexity. When students encounter health technologies that are

straightforward and intuitive, their reluctance diminishes.

Viewed Relative Advantage. Viewed relative advantage refers to the perception that a

new technology is superior to existing alternatives in terms of benefits and outcomes. In a study

by Raman et al., perception is a critical factor in the technology acceptance model, as

innovations that are perceived as offering significant advantages are more likely to be adopted.

This study emphasized that for senior high school STEM students, understanding how new

health technologies can enhance patient care, streamline processes, or improve educational

experiences makes them more willing to engage with these technologies. Also, according to Safi
 11

et al. (2018), when students see that a technology not only replaces an old system but does so

more efficiently, they are less likely to resist its integration into their learning processes, as a

result, this can encourage a culture open to innovation and technology adoption within the

healthcare education landscape.

Synthesis

Digital literacy is shaped by critical thinking, adaptability, and the ability to navigate

digital platforms in healthcare settings. While it equips students with the skills to effectively use

modern technologies, its development is influenced by critical analysis, creative

problem-solving, and the engagement with new digital tools. This synthesis draws on various

studies to highlight the factors that contribute to digital literacy and its role in the adoption of

health technologies.

Critical thinking is a crucial factor, as students must assess the reliability of health

information and apply it in practical settings. Consistent use of digital tools further enhances

familiarity, building confidence in managing technology in healthcare environments. The

perceived ease of use is also essential, with students more likely to adopt technologies that are

intuitive and accessible. Perceived usefulness encourages students to engage with technologies

they see as beneficial to patient care and academic success. Lastly, viewed relative advantage

emphasizes the adoption of new health technologies when they offer clear improvements over

traditional methods.
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Theoretical Framework

This research will be anchored to the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of

Technology (UTAUT), developed by Viswanath Venkatesh, James Y. L. Thong, and Xin Xu in

2012, synthesizes several models to understand how users come to accept and use technology. It

identifies four key constructs that influence technology acceptance:

Performance Expectancy is the degree to which using the technology is perceived to

enhance job performance. If users believe the technology will help them achieve their goals more

efficiently, they are more likely to adopt it.

Effort Expectancy which is the ease of use associated with the technology. A

user-friendly interface and straightforward functionality encourage acceptance, as users are less

likely to resist a tool that they find easy to navigate.

Social Influence is the extent to which individuals perceive that important others (peers,

supervisors, etc.) believe they should use the new technology. Positive social pressure can

significantly impact an individual's decision to adopt technology.

Facilitating Conditions, resources, and support available to use the technology, including

infrastructure, training, and technical support. When users feel they have the necessary support,

they are more likely to embrace new technologies. UTAUT also considers moderating factors

like age, gender, experience, and voluntariness, which can affect the relationship between the

constructs and technology usage. Overall, the theory provides a comprehensive framework for

understanding the multifaceted nature of technology acceptance.

 13

The researchers will also use The Technology Acceptance Model which is a supporting

theory (TAM), introduced by Fred Davis in 1986 and later expanded by researchers like

Marangunić and Granić, which is a framework that explains how users come to accept and use

technology. The model primarily focuses on two key constructs:

Perceived Usefulness, is the degree to which a person believes that using a particular

technology will enhance their job performance. If users see a clear benefit, they are more likely

to adopt the technology. Perceived Ease of Use, The extent to which a person believes that using

the technology will be free of effort. If a technology is easy to use, users are more inclined to

accept it.

These constructs influence users' attitudes toward technology, which in turn affect their

behavioral intentions to use it. TAM has been widely used to assess user acceptance across

various technologies, making it a foundational model in understanding technology adoption. For

students pursuing healthcare professions, understanding the perceived ease of use and perceived

usefulness of digital technologies directly influences their acceptance and application in clinical

practice, which is foundational to TAM.

 14

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for Digital Literacy and Health Technology Adoption

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for Digital Literacy and Health Technology Adoption
 15

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the correlation between digital literacy and the adoption of

health technologies among Senior High School STEM students pursuing healthcare in Davao

City. By understanding this, the study seeks to identify gaps in digital literacy that could inform

the development of targeted educational strategies to better prepare students for a

technology-driven healthcare environment.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of Digital Literacy in terms of:

1.1 Technological Literacy

1.2 Information Search and Processing

1.3 Critical Thinking

1.4 Creativity and Innovation

2. What is the level of Health Technology Adoption in terms of:

2.1 Usage of Health Technologies

2.2 Views on Health Technologies Adoption

2.3 Incorporation into Healthcare Practice

3. Is there a significant relationship between the level of Digital Literacy and Health

Technology Adoption?
 16

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is tested at a 0.05 level of significance.

Ho: There is no significant correlation between Digital Literacy Levels and Health

Technology Adoption among senior high school students pursuing healthcare in Davao

City.

Definition of Terms

Digital Literacy. According to Loewus (2024), Digital Literacy is the ability to use

information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate

information, requiring both cognitive and technical skills. In this study, Digital Literacy is the

ability to effectively locate, evaluate, and utilize digital tools and platforms for communication,

information retrieval, and problem-solving, particularly in the context of healthcare-related tasks.

Digital Tools. According to Van Bommel et al., (2018), Digital Tools are defined as

technological devices or software applications that are used to enhance learning and

understanding in specific subject areas. In this study, Digital Tools are electronic devices,

software, and applications that facilitate the acquisition, processing, and sharing of information,

including those used for healthcare education and practice.

Proficiency. Proficiency is characterized by the quality or state of being proficient, which

means being well-advanced or competent in a subject or skill (Merriam-Webster, 2022). This

implies not only the possession of knowledge but also the ability to effectively apply that

knowledge in practical situations. In this study, Proficiency is the ability to competently and

accurately use healthcare technologies, particularly in the context of health technology adoption.
 17

Health Technology Adoption. According to research by Chakraborty et al. (2021), Health

Technology Adoption refers to the process of accepting, integrating, and utilizing emerging

technology in healthcare service delivery. In this study, Health Technology Adoption is the

process by which Senior High School STEM students pursuing healthcare integrate and utilize

digital health tools and technologies in their learning and future healthcare practice.

Health Technologies. A study by McCabe et al. (2017) defined Health Technologies as

the application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines,

procedures, and systems developed to solve health problems and improve quality of life. Health

technologies may be categorized into several types, including assistive technologies, diagnostic

devices, therapeutic equipment, and health information technologies (World Health Organization,

2024). In this study, Health Technologies are digital tools, systems, and devices used to improve

the delivery, efficiency, and quality of healthcare services, including applications for diagnostics,

treatment, and patient management.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to assess the influence between digital literacy and health technology

adoption among Senior High School STEM students pursuing healthcare in Davao City. By

exploring this relationship, the study seeks to illuminate whether higher levels of digital literacy

positively impact students' ability to adopt and effectively use health technologies in their future

careers. Moreover, this research will also investigate the implications of digital literacy on

educational practices, offering insights into its importance in shaping the preparedness of

students for a technology-driven healthcare environment.

 18

The researchers anticipate that this study will be beneficial to educational institutions,

healthcare educators, students, and future researchers, as it emphasizes the need for enhanced

digital literacy programs to better equip students for the challenges of modern healthcare.

Department of Education. This study has the potential to highlight the significance of

digital literacy in health technology adoption among senior high school students. If digital

literacy is found to positively influence students' ability to engage with health technologies, it

could lead to improved educational outcomes and better preparedness for healthcare-related

careers. Additionally, the findings may have implications for student well-being by fostering

self-esteem and confidence, ultimately contributing to a more positive and enriching educational

experience.

Schools. This study’s significance lies in its potential to inform teaching practices,

enhance educational outcomes, and contribute to the overall improvement and competitiveness

of the education program. It aligns with the mission to provide the best possible education to

students and to continuously adapt to meet the evolving needs of both students and the

community.

Teachers. Educators could use the information from this study to make data-driven

decisions on how best to integrate digital literacy and health technologies into their curricula,

thereby enhancing the learning experience. It would help teachers support students in developing

the necessary skills for effective health technology adoption, preparing them for their future

careers in healthcare.

Parents. This study will be helpful to the parents of senior high school students who

want to pursue healthcare. Their involvement is crucial for fostering an effective learning
 19

environment, as it helps create a positive and encouraging atmosphere that enhances students'

engagement and confidence in using health technologies.

Students. This study examines the influence of digital literacy on health technology

adoption among Senior High School STEM students. Its findings could provide important

insights into how digital literacy impacts students' ability to effectively use health technologies,

fostering a better understanding of their relevance in healthcare. Students could become more

aware of the benefits of mastering these skills and how they can enhance their confidence and

preparedness for healthcare roles.

Future Researchers. The outcomes of this study could serve as a foundation for further

research on the relationship between digital literacy and health technology adoption in

educational settings. Building on the findings, future researchers could investigate additional

factors influencing health technology usage, providing a more comprehensive exploration of this

critical topic in healthcare education.

 20

CHAPTER 2

METHODS

This chapter aims to present the methods and strategies that will be utilized by the

researcher in gathering and conducting the study. Shown in this chapter are the following:

Research Design, Research Environment, Research Respondents, Research Instrument, Data

Gathering Procedure, and Data Analysis.

Design

This study employed a quantitative research design that will employ a descriptive

correlational to evaluate the digital literacy levels and the adoption of health technologies among

senior high school students pursuing healthcare in Davao City. The primary objective is to

describe the current state of digital literacy and explore the relationship between these literacy

levels and students' adoption of health technologies.

According to McCombes (2019), correlational research designs measure the relationship

between two variables without the researcher controlling either of them. Moreover, correlational

research is characterized as non-causal, meaning neither variable is presumed to be the direct

cause of the other.

This approach is guided by the need to understand the existing relationship between

digital literacy and health technology adoption without manipulating or controlling these

variables. This design is ideal for identifying and describing the associations between these

factors at a single point in time, providing a comprehensive view of how digital literacy levels
 21

might influence the adoption of health technologies among students. By using a descriptive

correlational design, the study can offer valuable insights into the current state of digital literacy

and its potential impact on health technology adoption, informing future strategies to enhance the

readiness of senior high school students for a technology-driven healthcare environment.

Setting

The respondents of the study will be from one of the medical schools in Davao City,

located in the province of Davao del Sur, Region XI. The school, situated at General Malvar

Street, has been operating for 49 years since 1975. Among the various academic institutions in

Davao, this school is known for producing top-notchers in the medical field, demonstrating a

commitment to high-quality education. The school’s focus on healthcare makes it a suitable

setting for investigating the correlation between digital literacy and health technology adoption

among senior high school STEM students. Furthermore, data were collected from 100 senior

high school students, aligning with the researchers’ objective to analyze the relationship between

digital literacy and health technology adoption, making it an ideal research locale for descriptive

correlational studies.

Respondents

For this research, the researchers will employ a purposive sampling method to select

respondents, focusing specifically on Senior High School students enrolled in Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) programs at a medical school in Davao City.

The target population consisted of 1,170 STEM students, comprising 499 students from Grade 11

and 671 students from Grade 12. The researchers determined a sample size of 100 participants,
 22

with an equal distribution of 50 students from each grade level. This equal distribution is crucial

for achieving a balanced representation of experiences and perspectives between the two cohorts.

Purposive sampling will be used for this study because it allows for the intentional

selection of individuals based on specific characteristics that align with the research objectives.

As noted by Etikan et al. (2016), this method is particularly beneficial when researchers aim to

focus on a particular group possessing relevant experiences or insights. In this instance, the

researchers will select participants based on their familiarity and engagement with digital

technologies and platforms related to healthcare. This targeted approach is essential for gathering

substantial and meaningful data that directly addresses the research questions regarding the

influence of digital literacy on health technology adoption.

To ensure diverse representation, the researchers included students from various sections

within the STEM program across both grades. This diversity was vital for capturing a wide range

of experiences and viewpoints concerning the use of digital technology in healthcare contexts.

By including students with varied backgrounds, the researchers aimed to provide comprehensive

insights into how digital literacy influences students' educational experiences and future career

choices in the healthcare field.

Measures

The researchers will create two customized survey questionnaires to gather data for the

study. The first questionnaire is designed to assess digital literacy among Senior High School

STEM students, focusing on four key indicators: Technological Literacy, Information Search and

Processing, Critical Thinking and Creativity and Innovation. The second questionnaire will

concentrate on the influence of digital literacy on health technology adoption, incorporating three
 23

key indicators: Perceived Usefulness of Health Technologies, Perceived Ease of Using Health

Technologies, and Viewed Relative Advantage.

To ensure the relevance and validity of the questionnaires in addressing the objectives of

the research titled Assessing Digital Literacy and Its Influence on Health Technology Adoption

Among Senior High School Students Pursuing Healthcare in Davao City, the researchers will

adapt the ‘2017 Questionnaire for the Study of Digital Competence in Higher Education

Students’ by Gutiérrez et al. This survey questionnaire will be utilized in analyzing the data for

digital literacy. The respondents will use the following in answering the questionnaire: 5 for

Strongly Agree, 4 for Agree, 3 for Neither, 2 for Disagree, and 1 for Strongly Disagree.

Furthermore, the researchers will make use of the Likert scale below to analyze the results:

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This means that Digital Literacy has a

very strong Influence on Health

Technology Adoption Among Senior

4.50-5.00 Very High High School Students Pursuing

Healthcare in Davao City

This means that Digital Literacy has a

strong Influence on Health

3.50-4.49 High
 24

Technology Adoption Among Senior

High School Students Pursuing

Healthcare in Davao City

This means that Digital Literacy has

moderate Influence on Health

2.50-3.49 Moderate
Technology Adoption Among Senior

High School Students Pursuing

Healthcare in Davao City

This means that Digital Literacy has

little to no Influence on Health

1.50-2.49 Low
Technology Adoption Among Senior

High School Students Pursuing

Healthcare in Davao City.

This means that Digital Literacy has

no Influence on Health Technology

1.00-1.49 Very Low
Adoption Among Senior High School

Students Pursuing Healthcare in

Davao City.

Table 1. Likert scale for the analysis of data pertaining to digital literacy.
 25

To gather accurate data on the dependent variable, which is health technology adoption,

the researchers adapted the 2015 EMR Adoption Questionnaire by Gangwar et al. This

questionnaire is designed to measure various aspects of health technology adoption among

students, focusing on their proficiency with electronic medical records (EMR) and related

technologies. Respondents will use a Likert scale to answer the questionnaire, with the following

response options: 5 for Strongly Agree, 4 for Agree, 3 for Neither, 2 for Disagree, and 1 for

Strongly Disagree. Furthermore, the researchers will make use of the Likert scale below to

analyze the results:

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This means that Health Technology

Adoption is very strongly influenced,

4.50-5.00 Very High
indicating that students actively

recognize and utilize health technologies

as beneficial in their educational and

career pursuits.

This means that Health Technology

Adoption is strongly influenced,

3.50-4.49 High suggesting that students generally

perceive health technologies as useful

 26

and are likely to incorporate them into

their healthcare studies

This means that Health Technology

Adoption is moderately influenced,

2.50-3.49 Moderate indicating that students may have mixed

feelings about the usefulness of health

technologies in their learning processes.

This means that Health Technology

1.50-2.49 Low
Adoption has little to no influence,

suggesting that students do not see

significant benefits in using health

technologies in their studies.

This means that Health Technology

Adoption is not influenced, indicating

1.00-1.49 Very Low that students do not recognize health

technologies as valuable tools in their

healthcare education.

Table 2. Likert scale for the analysis of data pertaining to health technology adoption.
 27

Procedures

The following procedures will be implemented to ensure that the respondents provide

adequate information regarding their digital literacy and health technology adoption:

Before collecting data, the researchers will seek permission from the head of the

institution where the study will be conducted. After receiving approval, they will compile their

primary and secondary resources. The primary method of data collection for this study will be

through online surveys. To select participants, purposive sampling will be employed to ensure

relevant results. This study will involve the participation of 50 Grade 11 and 50 Grade 12 STEM

students aspiring to pursue healthcare in one of Davao's medical schools.

Prior to data collection, the researchers will carefully design relevant survey

questionnaires to disseminate. Initially, subject teachers will incorporate gamified elements into

their discussions to stimulate interest in the survey questionnaires. Respondents will be

approached individually, and informed consent will be secured before proceeding with data

collection. Data collection sessions will be conducted in the respondents' respective locations

using online surveys. Throughout the data collection process, regular checks will be

implemented to maintain data quality and validity.

The researchers will ensure to conduct a comprehensive search of electronic databases,

including PubMed, JSTOR, PsycINFO, SciHub, ERIC, and Google Scholar, for peer-reviewed

articles, book chapters, and dissertations related to this subject. A systematic approach will be

utilized to identify and select relevant literature, followed by a critical appraisal of the quality of

the studies.
 28

Ethical Considerations

In research it is crucial to consider ethics to safeguard the rights, dignity and well being

of the participants. This helps uphold trust and the credibility of the community. Ethical research

also helps prevent harm and bias ensuring that study results are trustworthy, consistent and

relevant, in settings. The following considerations will be observed by the researchers in

gathering the data:

Potential Benefits. This study will hold the potential to enhance digital literacy and

promote health technology adoption among senior high school STEM students. It seeks to

understand how effective digital tools can improve learning outcomes and engagement for

students pursuing healthcare. If successful, this research could lead to improved teaching

methods, allowing educators to incorporate technology in a way that fosters a more engaging

learning environment. Schools may benefit from enhanced educational programs, while parents

can expect a more enjoyable and effective learning experience for their children. Ultimately, this

study could pave the way for further research into innovative digital tools tailored to different

learning styles and the use of new technologies, transforming education into a more engaging

and effective experience for all involved.

Potential Risks. A significant concern in this study will be the susceptibility to technical

disruptions during data collection, given that it will be conducted through online surveys. Factors

such as unreliable internet connections, power outages, or equipment failures could disrupt the

survey process, potentially leading to incomplete or lost data. Another crucial risk revolves

around ensuring respondents’ confidentiality and privacy. Safeguarding sensitive information

will be paramount, as any breaches could pose ethical and legal challenges. To mitigate these
 29

risks, the research team will implement robust data protection measures and backup procedures,

emphasizing the importance of participant data security throughout the study.

Voluntary Respondents. It will be essential to highlight that respondents will have full

control throughout the study; they can decide to stop participating or choose not to answer the

survey at any time without facing any negative consequences. The researchers will adhere to the

principles of informed consent, ensuring that respondents receive clear information about the

study's goals, procedures, and their rights. Transparency and security of these guidelines will be

emphasized before, during, and after the survey. Participants will need to carefully read and

agree to the terms and conditions, as well as a formal consent letter, to ensure they are fully

informed and comfortable with their involvement. This strong adherence to ethical standards will

ensure the protection of respondents’ rights and foster a reliable research environment.

Study Procedures. For this study, the researchers will utilize statistical tools such as the

Mean and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, to analyze the data. The researchers will

meticulously create appropriate survey questionnaires for distribution, and frequent checks will

be performed during data collection to uphold data quality and validity.

Privacy and Confidentiality. The researchers will adhere to the Data Privacy Act of 2012

to ensure that all collected data remains confidential and protected. All personal information and

responses will be stored on password-protected electronic devices, with access restricted to the

research team only. The data collected will not be used for any purpose other than the study.

Additionally, respondents will be informed that their participation is voluntary, and they have the

right to refuse to answer any questions they feel uncomfortable with. The students will be

assured that their decision to participate or not will not adversely affect their academic standing
 30

or any other aspect of their lives. The obtained information will be retained until the research

project concludes, after which it will be properly disposed of. Data will be permanently deleted

from electronic devices, and any hard copies will be shredded before disposal, in compliance

with the Data Privacy Act, ensuring the confidentiality and privacy of the data even after the

study's completion.

Conflict of Interest. In this study, the researchers will commit to transparency and

impartiality, openly disclosing any potential conflicts of interest and taking proactive steps to

address them. Maintaining a high standard of objectivity and fairness will be a top priority,

particularly when interacting with individuals involved in the study. This approach is crucial for

obtaining an unbiased assessment of the research. Furthermore, the researchers will dedicate

themselves to responsible and honest communication of information, carefully verifying the

accuracy of data and findings, and presenting their results in a transparent manner to foster trust

and integrity in the research process.

Researchers’ Contact Information. If respondents have questions or require more

in-depth information about this research to aid in making an informed decision about

participating, they may contact the study's representative, Shindig Zoe Rayne G. Lazarte, either

by phone at (09054463516) or via email at szrlazarte@davaodoctors.edu.ph. All study team

members' contact information will be provided on the initial page of the consent letter. If, at any

point during the study, respondents believe their rights as research participants have been

compromised, they will have the option to submit a formal complaint.

 31

Data Analysis

In analyzing the result of the study, the researcher used the following statistical tool:

Mean. The mean will be used to identify common responses regarding health technology

adoption among senior high school students pursuing healthcare. As defined by Deb et al.

(2018), the mean is used for data analysis and making deductions to ascertain whether the

conclusions fit the hypothesis. Its utility in summarizing data enables researchers to understand

trends, make comparisons, and derive meaningful insights from their findings. The mean will be

utilized to analyze the level of health technology adoption based on the indicators established in

the study.

Pearson Product Moment Correlation of Coefficient. The researchers will also employ

the Pearson's correlation coefficient, it is often denoted as Pearson's r, which is a statistical

measure used to quantify the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two

continuous variables (Fonseca, 2024). Its numerical value ranges from -1 to 1, allowing

researchers to understand how closely related the two variables are. It is used to determine

whether or not two variables are related. This will be utilized to analyze the relationship between

digital literacy and health technology adoption.

Limitations of the Study

The study will employ a descriptive correlation design to investigate the relationship

between digital literacy and health technology adoption among senior high school STEM

students pursuing healthcare in Davao City. The indicators of digital literacy include
 32

Technological Literacy, Information Search and Processing, Critical Thinking, and Creativity and

Innovation. For health technology adoption, the indicators comprise Perceived Usefulness of

Health Technologies, Perceived Ease of Using Health Technologies, and Viewed Relative

Advantage.

The sample consists of 100 senior high school STEM students who expressed interest in

pursuing healthcare, selected through purposive sampling for the academic year 2024-2025. This

study focuses exclusively on senior high school students from a specific school in Davao City,

thereby excluding participants from other racks or institutions. The research examines the

influence of digital literacy on health technology adoption as a singular factor, without

considering additional variables that might also affect adoption.

The purposive sampling method ensures that participants have relevant experience with

digital tools and health technologies, but this may limit the generalizability of the findings to a

broader population of students pursuing healthcare. Additionally, the reliance on self-reported

data may introduce bias, as participants might overstate their proficiency or experiences with

digital tools. Consequently, while the study aims to provide insights into the relationship between

digital literacy and health technology adoption, these limitations should be acknowledged when

interpreting the results.

 33

Appendices

Appendix A

Map of the Research Locale

 34

Appendix B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

Variable 1: Digital Literacy

Instructions: Please put a check (/) in a box that corresponds to your answers using the following
scales:

5 - Strongly Agree 4 - Agree 3 - Neither 2 - Disagree 1 - Strongly Disagree

35
36
 37

Variable 2: Health Technology Adoption

Instructions: Please put a check (/) in a box that corresponds to your answers using the following
scales:

5 - Strongly Agree 4 - Agree 3 - Neither 2 - Disagree 1 - Strongly Disagree

38
 39

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