Designation: D 1415 – 05

Standard Test Method for

Rubber Property—International Hardness1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1415; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 2.2 International Standard:3

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the ISO 48 Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic—
hardness of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber. The hardness Determination of Hardness (Hardness between 10 and 100
is obtained by the difference in penetration depth of a specified IRHD)
dimension ball under two conditions of contact with the rubber: 3. Summary of Test Methods
(1) with a small initial force and (2) with a much larger final
force. The differential penetration is taken at a specified time 3.1 Four procedures are given to accommodate specimens
and converted to a hardness scale value. of different dimensions hardness of vulcanized or thermoplas-
1.2 This test method is technically similar with ISO 48. tic rubbers on flat surfaces:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Type S1 and S2, Standard hardness tests;
Type M, Micro-hardness tests;
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Type L, Low hardness test;
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Type H, High hardness test.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.1 Types S1 and S2 (refer to Table 1)—The standard test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. for hardness is the appropriate method for specimens having a
2. Referenced Documents thickness described in Section 6, and is appropriate for those
having a hardness of 35 IRHD to 85 IRHD. It may be used for
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 those in the range of 30 IRHD to 95 IRHD.
D 1349 Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for
Testing NOTE 1—The hardness values obtained by Types S and S1, within the
D 1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International ranges of 85 IRHD to 95 IRHD and 30 IRHD to 35 IRHD may not agree
with those obtained using Types H or L. The differences are not generally
Hardness
considered significant.
D 2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
Hardness 3.1.2 Type M (refer to Table 1)—The micro-hardness test is
D 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method a scaled-down version of Type S1 and S2, which permit testing
Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing of thinner and smaller specimens. It is applicable for specimens
Industries having a thickness described in Section 6, and a hardness of 35
IRHD to 85 IRHD. It may be used for those in the range of 30
IRHD to 95 IRHD.
1
NOTE 2—The hardness values obtained by Type M may not agree with
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubber
those obtained using Types S1 or S2 due to the effects of surface variations
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical Testing.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2005. Published August 2005. Originally
or specimen configuration.
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 1415–88 (2004).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 1415 – 05
TABLE 1 Apparatus Requirements
NOTE—In Type M micro-hardness testing using instruments in which the test piece table is pressed upwards by a spring, the value of the force on foot
is that acting during the period of application of the total indenting force. Before the indenting force increment of 0.145 N is applied, the force on the
foot is greater by this amount, and hence is 0.38 6 0.03 N.
Type S1 Type S2 Type M Type L Type H
Diameter of ball, 2.38 6 0.01 2.50 6 0.01 0.395 6 0.005 5.0 6 0.01 1.0 6 0.01
mm
Minor force on ball, 0.30 6 0.02 0.29 6 0.02 0.00836 0.0005 0.3 6 0.02 0.3 6 0.02
NA
Major force on ball, 5.23 6 0.01 5.4 6 0.01 0.1455 6 0.0005 5.4 6 0.01 5.4 6 0.01
NA
Total force on ball, 5.53 6 0.03 5.7 6 0.03 0.153 6 0.001 5.7 6 0.03 5.7 6 0.03
NA
Outside diameter of 20 6 1 20 6 1 3.356 0.15 22 6 1.0 20 6 1.0
foot, mm
Inside diameter of 661 661 1.006 0.15 10 6 1.0 6 6 1.0
foot, mm
Force on foot, NB 8.3 6 1.5 8.3 6 1.5 0.2356 0.03C 8.3 6 1.5 8.3 6 1.5
A
Includes frictional forces in apparatus.
B
The force should be adjusted within these limits to the actual area of the foot so that the pressure in the specimen is 30 6 0.5 kPa.
C
Force on foot during application of total force on ball; force on foot during application of minor force on ball, 0.2 N minimum, 0.4 N maximum.

3.1.3 Type L—The appropriate method for specimens hav- 4.1.3 The relation between the difference of penetration and
ing a thickness described in Section 6, and a hardness of 10 the hardness expressed in IRHD is based on the following:
IRHD to 35 IRHD. 4.1.3.1 The relation4 between penetration and Young’s
3.1.4 Type H—The appropriate method for specimens hav- modulus for a perfectly elastic isotropic material:
ing a thickness described in Section 6, and a hardness of 85
F/M 5 1.9 R2~P/R! 1.35 (1)
IRHD to 100 IRHD.
3.2 In all procedures, the hardness in International Rubber where:
Hardness Degrees (IRHD) is derived from the difference in F = indenting force,
penetrations and a table or graph constructed from the table. In M = Young’s modulus, MPa,
the micro-tester procedure, the difference in penetration must R = radius of ball, mm, and
first be multiplied by scale factor 6. Alternatively, the penetra- P = penetration, mm.
tion measuring instrument may be calibrated directly in IRHD. 4.1.3.2 Use of a probit (integrated normal error) curve to
relate log10 M and hardness in IRHD, as shown in Fig. 1. This
4. Significance and Use curve is defined as follows:
4.1 The International Hardness test is based on measure- 4.1.3.3 The value of log10 M corresponding to the midpoint
ment of the penetration of a rigid ball into the rubber specimen of the curve is equal to 0.364, that is, M = 2.31 MPa or 335 psi.
under specified conditions. The measured penetration is con- 4.1.3.4 The maximum slope is equal to 57 IRHD per unit
verted into IRHD, the scale of degrees being so chosen that 0 increase in log10 M.
represents a material having an elastic modulus of zero, and
100 represents a material of infinite elastic modulus. 5. Apparatus
4.1.1 The scale also fulfills the following conditions over 5.1 The essential parts of the apparatus are as follows, the
most of the normal range of hardness: one IRHD range appropriate dimensions and loads being given in Table 1:
represents approximately the same proportionate difference in 5.1.1 Vertical Plunger, terminating in a rigid ball.
Young’s modulus, and for rubber vulcanizates in the usual 5.1.2 Force Applicator, for applying a minor force and a
range of resilience, readings in IRHD are comparable with major force to the ball, the mass of the plunger, and of any
those given by a Type A durometer (Test Method D 2240) fittings attached to it, and the force of any spring acting on it
when testing standard specimens. shall be included in determining the minor and major forces.
4.1.1.1 The term “usual range of resilience” is used to This is in order that the forces actually applied to the ball shall
exclude those compounds that have unusually high rates of be as specified.
stress relaxation or deformational hysteresis. For such com- 5.1.3 Measuring Device—A mechanical, optical, or electri-
pounds, differences in the dwell time in the two hardness tests cal device graduated either in standard units of length or in
(Test Methods D 2240 and D 1415) result in differences in IRHD for measuring the increase in depth of penetration of the
hardness values. Readings may not be comparable when plunger caused by the major load.
testing curved or irregularly shaped test specimens. 5.1.4 Foot—A flat annular-shaped foot that is rigidly fas-
4.1.2 For substantially elastic isotropic materials like well- tened to the penetration-measuring device and normal to the
vulcanized natural rubbers, the hardness in IRHD bears a
known relation to Young’s modulus, although for markedly
plastic or anisotropic rubbers the relationship will be less
precisely known. 4
This relation is approximate and is included as an indication.

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 D 1415 – 05

FIG. 1 Point Curve to Relate Log10 M and the Hardness in IRHD

TABLE 2 Minimum Distance from Edge of Specimen at Which

axis of the plunger, and which during the test is forced against Test is Made (All types except M)
the specimen in order to determine accurately the position of Total Thickness of Specimen Minimum Distance from Edge
the upper surface.
mm in. mm in.
5.1.5 Vibrating Device—For example, an electrically oper-
4 0.16 7.0 0.28
ated buzzer, for gently vibrating the apparatus to overcome any 6 0.25 8.0 0.31
slight friction; this should not exceed 5 % of the minor load. 8 0.3 9.0 0.35
This device may be omitted on apparatus without any friction. 10 0.4 10.0 0.40
15 0.6 11.5 0.45
25 1.0 13.0 0.50
6. Test Specimen
6.1 Tests intended to be comparable must be made on
specimens of the same thickness that have smooth, flat, and
parallel upper and lower surfaces. Up to three specimens may the micro-hardness tester if the specimens are mounted in such
be plied to obtain the required thickness. The dimensions of the a manner as to prevent movement during the test, but the
specimen depend on the test type being used to measure the values obtained may not be comparable to those obtained with
hardness. flat specimens.
6.2 Types S1 and S2—The Types S1 and S2 specimens shall 6.4 Type L—The Type L specimens shall be 10 to 15 mm in
be between 8 and 10 mm in thickness. Nonstandard specimens thickness. Standard specimens may be either thicker or thinner
may be either thicker or thinner but in no case less than 2 mm but in no case less than 2 mm. Nonstandard specimens may be
thick. The lateral dimensions of both standard and nonstandard either thicker or thinner but in no case less than 6 mm. The
specimens shall be such that no test is made at a distance from lateral dimensions of both standard and nonstandard specimens
the edge of the specimen less than the appropriate distance shall be such that no test is made at a distance from the edge
shown in Table 2. of the specimen less than the appropriate distance shown in
6.3 Type M—The Type M specimen micro-hardness tests Table 2.
shall be 2 6 0.5 mm in thickness. Nonstandard specimens may 6.5 Type H—Refer to 6.2 (Types S1 and S2).
be either thicker or thinner but in no case less than 1 mm thick.
The lateral dimensions of both standard and nonstandard 7. Test Temperature
specimens shall be such that no test is made at a distance from 7.1 The test shall be normally carried out at 23 6 2°C (73.4
the edge of less than 2 mm. When specimens thicker than 4 mm 6 3.6°F). The specimens shall be maintained at the test
are tested on the micro tester because lateral dimensions or area temperature for at least 3 h immediately prior to testing.
of flatness do not permit testing on a standard tester, the test Specimens that are sensitive to atmospheric moisture shall be
shall be made at a distance from the edge as great as possible. conditioned in an atmosphere controlled to 50 6 5 % relative
Curved specimens, for example, O-rings, may be tested with humidity (RH%) for at least 24 h. When tests are made at

3
 D 1415 – 05
higher or lower temperatures, the specimens shall be main- 8.3 If the measuring device is graduated in inch units, record
tained at the conditions of test for a period of time sufficient to the movement of the plunger caused by application of the
reach temperature equilibrium with the testing chamber, and major load for 30 s. If the Type M micro-hardness tester is
the temperatures shall be chosen from those specified in used, multiply this movement by the scale factor of 6. Convert
Practice D 1349, or as otherwise agreed upon between cus- the value obtained into IRHD by using Table 3 or a graph
tomer and supplier. constructed therefrom.
8. Procedure 8.4 If the measuring device is graduated in metric units, the
differential indentation, D, (in hundredths of a millimetre) of
8.1 Condition the specimen in accordance with 7.1. Slightly
dust the upper and lower surfaces of the test specimen with the plunger caused by the additional indenting force (the major
talc. Support the specimen on a horizontal rigid surface, and load) for 30 s, shall be noted. If the Type M micro-hardness
lower the foot to rest on the surface of the specimen. Press the tester is used, multiply this movement by the scale factor of 6,
plunger, with the minor force on the indenting ball, vertically as given in Table 3 (a) for Types S1 and S2, Table 3 (b) for
onto the specimen for 5 s. Type H, and Table 3 (c) for Type L. Convert the value obtained
8.2 If the gage is graduated directly in IRHD, turn the bezel into IRHD by using Table 3 (a-c) or a graph constructed
of the gage so that the pointer indicates 100 (exercise care to therefrom.
avoid exerting any vertical pressure on the gage). Add the 8.5 Make one measurement at each of three or five different
major force to the plunger and maintain the total force on the points distributed evenly over the specimen. Take the median
ball for 30 s (Note 3). Record the reading on the gage as the of these measurements rounded to the nearest displayed unit of
hardness in IRHD. IRHD (whole numbers for analog instruments and 0.1 units for
NOTE 3—During the loading periods, the apparatus shall be gently digital instruments, if so equipped), and record the result as the
vibrated to overcome any friction. hardness value.

TABLE 3 Relationship of IRHD and Penetrations Differences

Types S1, S2, and Type M

NOTE—Table 3 is applicable for instruments reading in inches. In Type M micro-hardness, the values are to be multiplied by a factor of 6.
Movement Movement of Movement Movement of
IRHD of Plunger IRHD Plunger IRHD of Plunger IRHD Plunger
mils mils mils mils
28 76.1 47 41.5 66 23.2 85 11.0
29 73.5 48 40.3 67 22.5 86 10.5
30 71.0 49 39.1 68 21.7 87 9.9
31 68.6 50 38.0 69 21.0 88 9.3
32 66.4 51 36.8 70 20.3 89 8.8
33 64.2 52 35.8 71 19.6 90 8.2
34 62.1 53 34.7 72 18.9 91 7.7
35 60.1 54 33.7 73 18.3 92 7.1
36 58.2 55 32.7 74 17.6 93 6.5
37 56.4 56 31.7 75 17.0 94 5.9
38 54.7 57 30.8 76 16.3 95 5.3
39 53.0 58 29.8 77 15.7 96 4.7
40 51.4 59 28.9 78 15.1 97 4.0
41 49.8 60 28.1 79 14.5 98 3.3
42 48.3 61 27.2 80 13.9 99 2.4
43 46.9 62 26.4 81 13.3 100 0.0
44 45.5 63 25.5 82 12.7
45 44.1 64 24.7 83 12.2
46 42.8 65 24.0 84 11.6

TABLE 3 (a) Conversion of values of D to IRHD

Types S1 and S2 (D = differential indentation with a 2.38 or 2.5-mm indentor, given in hundredths of a millimetre)

D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD

0 100 46 73.3 92 51.6 138 38.2

1 100 47 72.7 93 51.2 139 38.0
2 99.9 48 72.2 94 50.9 140 37.8
3 99.8 49 71.6 95 50.5 141 37.5
4 99.6 50 71.0 96 50.2 142 37.3
5 99.3 51 70.4 97 49.8 143 37.1
6 99.0 52 69.8 98 49.5 144 36.9
7 98.6 53 69.3 99 49.1 145 36.7
8 98.1 54 68.7 100 48.8 146 36.5
9 97.7 55 68.2 101 48.5 147 36.2
10 97.1 56 67.6 102 48.1 148 36.0

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 D 1415 – 05

TABLE 3 Continued
D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD

11 96.5 57 67.1 103 47.8 149 35.8

12 95.9 58 66.6 104 47.5 150 35.6
13 95.3 59 66.0 105 47.1 151 35.4
14 94.7 60 65.5 106 46.8 152 35.2
15 94.0 61 65.0 107 46.5 153 35.0
16 93.4 62 64.5 108 46.2 154 34.8
17 92.7 63 64.0 109 45.9 155 34.6
18 92.0 64 63.5 110 45.6 156 34.4
19 91.3 65 63.0 111 45.3 157 34.2
20 90.6 66 62.5 112 45.0 158 34.0
21 89.8 67 62.0 113 44.7 159 33.8
22 89.2 68 61.5 114 44.4 160 33.6
23 88.5 69 61.1 115 44.1 161 33.4
24 87.8 70 60.6 116 43.8 162 33.2
25 87.1 71 60.1 117 43.5 163 33.0
26 86.4 72 59.7 118 43.3 164 32.8
27 85.7 73 59.2 119 43.0 165 32.6
28 85.0 74 58.8 120 42.7 166 32.4
29 84.3 75 58.3 121 42.5 167 32.3
30 83.6 76 57.9 122 42.2 168 32.1
31 82.9 77 57.5 123 41.9 169 31.9
32 82.2 78 57.0 124 41.7 170 31.7
33 81.5 79 56.6 125 41.4 171 31.6
34 80.9 80 56.2 126 41.1 172 31.4
35 80.2 81 55.8 127 40.9 173 31.2
36 79.5 82 55.4 128 40.6 174 31.1
37 78.9 83 55.0 129 40.4 175 30.9
38 78.2 84 54.6 130 40.1 176 30.7
39 77.6 85 54.2 131 39.9 177 30.5
40 77.0 86 53.8 132 39.6 178 30.4
41 76.4 87 53.4 133 39.4 179 30.2
42 75.8 88 53.0 134 39.1 180 30.0
43 75.2 89 52.7 135 38.9
44 74.5 90 52.3 136 38.7
45 73.9 91 52.0 137 38.4

TABLE 3 (b) Conversion of Values of D to IRHD

Type H (D = differential indentation with a 1.0-mm indentor, given in hundredths of a millimetre)

D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD

0 100.00 15 97.3 30 91.1

1 100.00 16 97.0 31 90.7
2 100.00 17 96.6 32 90.2
3 99.9 18 96.2 33 89.7
4 99.9 19 95.8 34 89.3
5 99.8 20 95.4 35 88.8
6 99.6 21 95.0 36 88.4
7 99.5 22 94.6 37 87.9
8 99.3 23 94.2 38 87.5
9 99.1 24 93.8 39 87.0
10 98.8 25 93.4 40 86.6
11 98.6 26 92.9 41 86.1
12 98.3 27 92.5 42 85.7
13 98.0 28 92.0 43 85.3
14 97.6 29 91.6 44 84.8

TABLE 3 (c) Conversion of Values of D to IRHD

Type L = (D = differential indentation with a 5.0-mm indentor, given in hundredths of a millimetre)

D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD

110 34.9 180 21.3 250 14.1

112 34.4 182 21.1 252 14.0
114 33.9 184 20.8 254 13.8
116 33.4 186 20.6 256 13.7
118 32.9 188 20.3 258 13.5
120 32.4 190 20.1 260 13.4
122 31.9 192 19.8 262 13.3
124 31.4 194 19.6 264 13.1

5
 D 1415 – 05

TABLE 3 Continued
D IRHD D IRHD D IRHD

126 30.9 196 19.4 266 13.0

128 30.4 198 19.2 268 12.8
130 30.0 200 18.9 270 12.7
132 29.6 202 18.7 272 12.6
134 29.2 204 18.5 274 12.5
136 28.8 206 18.3 276 12.3
138 28.4 208 18.0 278 12.2
140 28.0 210 17.8 280 12.1
142 27.6 212 17.6 282 12.0
144 27.2 214 17.4 284 11.8
146 26.8 216 17.2 286 11.7
148 26.4 218 17.0 288 11.6
150 26.1 220 16.8 290 11.5
152 25.7 222 16.6 292 11.4
154 25.4 224 16.4 294 11.3
156 25.0 226 16.2 296 11.2
158 24.7 228 16.0 298 11.1
160 24.4 230 15.8 300 11.0
162 24.1 232 15.6 302 10.9
164 23.8 234 15.4 304 10.8
166 23.5 236 15.3 306 10.6
168 23.1 238 15.1 308 10.5
170 22.8 240 14.9 310 10.4
172 22.5 242 14.8 312 10.3
174 22.2 244 14.6 314 10.2
176 21.9 246 14.4 316 10.1
178 21.6 248 14.3 318 10.0

9. Report 10.3 Four different materials were used in the interlabora-

9.1 Report the following information: tory program. These were tested in six laboratories on two
9.1.1 Hardness expressed in IRHD. Values from curved or different days. The results of the precision calculations for
irregularly shaped specimens shall be quoted as apparent repeatability and reproducibility are given in Table 4, in
hardness, ascending order of material average or level, for each of the
9.1.2 Dimensions of the specimen, if a singular entity; the materials evaluated.
number of pieces, that is, one, two, or three; and their 10.4 The precision of this test method may be expressed in
individual dimensions when plied. In the case of curved or the format of the following statements, which use an appropri-
irregularly shaped specimens: specimen description, method of ate value of r or R, that is, that value to be used in decisions
mounting, and method of applying test, about test results (obtained with the test method). The appro-
9.1.3 Type of surface tested, that is, molded, buffed, or priate value is that value of r or R associated with a mean level
otherwise, in Table 4 closest to the mean level under consideration at any
9.1.4 Type of tester used, that is, Type S1, S2, Type M, Type given time for any given material in routine testing operations.
H, or Type L,
10.5 Repeatability—The repeatability, r, of this test method
9.1.5 Date, time, RH%, and temperature of test, and
9.1.6 Pertinent details that would be deemed important to has been established as the appropriate value tabulated in Table
future replication of the test or as agreed upon between 4. Two single test results, obtained under normal test proce-
customer and supplier. dures, that differ by more than this tabulated r (for any given
level) must be considered as derived from different or noniden-
10. Precision and Bias 5 tical sample populations.
10.1 This precision and bias section has been prepared in 10.6 Reproducibility—The reproducibility, R, of this test
accordance with Practice D 4483. Refer to this practice for method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated
terminology and other statistical calculation details. in Table 4. Two single test results obtained in two different
10.2 Precision—A Type 1 (interlaboratory) test program to laboratories, under normal test procedures, that differ by more
determine precision was evaluated in 1981. Both repeatability than the tabulated R (for any given level) must be considered
and reproducibility are short term. A period of a few days to have come from different or nonidentical sample popula-
separates replicate test results. A test result is the median value, tions.
as specified by this test method, obtained on five determina- 10.7 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a per-
tions or measurements of hardness. centage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent
application statements as above for r and R. For the (r) and (R)
statements, the difference in the two single test results is
5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may expressed as a percent of the arithmetic mean of the two test
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D11-1024. results.

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 D 1415 – 05
TABLE 4 Type 1 Precision Results (IRHD)
Within LaboratoryA Between LaboratoryA
Material Average
B
Sr r (r) SR R (R)B
Material 1 41.51 0.1140 0.3227 0.777 3.1126 8.8087 21.221
Material 2 52.67 0.4143 1.1725 2.226 2.7121 7.6752 14.573
Material 3 65.09 0.3617 1.0236 1.573 2.8652 8.1086 12.457
Material 4 75.08 0.5236 1.4818 1.974 2.8091 7.9497 10.589
Pooled valuesC 58.59 0.3915 1.1079 1.891 2.9055 8.2225 14.035
A
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as a percent of material average).
S R = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as a percent of material average).
B
Because the hardness scale is not a linear scale, use caution in interpreting (r) and (R).
C
No values omitted.

10.8 Bias—In test method terminology, bias is the differ- method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively
ence between an average test value and the reference (or true) defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be
test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test determined.

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