EE 17102 Renewable Energy Sources and

Distributed Generation

Lecture 14-17

Prof. Rajesh Gupta

Course Instructor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ALLAHABAD,
1 18-09-2023
INDIA
Monday, September 18, 2023
Thermal Power Plant vs Solar Power Plant
(Grid Connected)

Coal based Thermal
Solar PV

Installation cost: Average
Installation cost: Average
Rs. 6 crore/MW including Rs. 4.5 crore/MW
land excludung land

Tarrif: Average Rs.
Tarrif: Minimum Rs.
3.2/kWh 2.44/kWh

Area: 4 ×106 sq m per 1000
Area: 107 sq m per 1000
MW MW

Average Operating Hours:
Average Operating Hours:
24 Hr 5 Hr

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Photovoltaic Installations

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Roof Top Photovoltaic System

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Ground Mounted Photovoltaic System

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Pole & Structure Mounted Systems

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Building Integrated Photovoltaic System

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Types of PV system

1. Standalone PV system/Off-Grid
2. Grid-Connected System/On-Grid
3. Hybrid PV system

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Standalone PV system

Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent of the electric
utility grid.

And are generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC
electrical loads.

Direct-coupled PV system

Stand-alone PV system

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Standalone PV System/Off-Grid

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Grid--connected or utility
Grid utility--interactive PV systems

These are designed to operate in parallel with and interconnected with the
electric utility grid.

The primary component in grid-connected PV systems is the inverter, or
power conditioning unit (PCU).

A bi-directional interface is made between the PV system AC output circuits
and the electric utility network

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Grid connected PV system

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GRID CONNECED SYSTEMS
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Hybrid Solar PV system

In hybrid system PV system include some other source of energy like wind,
hydro, engine-generator etc.

These other sources are thought of as backup that are operated only during
periods of low sunlight or excessive load.

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Components of PV system

 PV Modules
 Charge Controller
 Battery
 Inverter
 Cables
 AC and DC Distribution Boxes
 Circuit Breaker
 Isolation Transformer

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 Loss Factors for Sizing
Standard Test Conditions

Solar cell temperature = 25 oC;

Solar irradiance (intensity) = 1000 W/m2 (often referred to as peak sunlight intensity, comparable to clear summer noon time
intensity);

Solar spectrum as filtered by passing through 1.5 thickness of atmosphere (ASTM Standard Spectrum).

A manufacturer may rate a particular solar module output at 100 Watts of power under STC, and call the product a “100-watt solar
module.” This module will often have a production tolerance of +/-5% of the rating, which means that the module can produce 95 Watts
and still be called a “100-watt module.”
Temperature

Module output power reduces as module temperature increases.

Temperature reduction factor ~ 89% or 0.89. So the “100-watt” module will typically operate at about 85 Watts (95 Watts x 0.89 = 85
Watts).
Dirt and dust

A typical annual dust reduction factor ~ 93% or 0.93. So the “100-watt module,” operating with some accumulated dust may operate on
average at about 79 Watts (85 Watts x 0.93 = 79 Watts).
Mismatch and wiring losses

The maximum power output of the total PV array is always less than the sum of the maximum output of the individual modules. This
difference is a result of slight inconsistencies in performance from one module to the next and is called module mismatch and amounts
to at least a 2% loss in system power. Power is also lost to resistance in the system wiring. These losses should be kept to a minimum but
it is difficult to keep these losses below 3% for the system. A reasonable reduction factor for these losses is 95% or 0.95.
Dc to ac conversion losses

For residential system Inverter efficiencies ~92-94% ;

DC-to-AC conversion efficiencies of about ~ 0.90
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(100 Watts x 0.95 x 0.89 x 0.93 x 0.95 x 0.90 = 67 Watts)
 STEPS TO DESIGN STANDALONE PV
SYSTEMS

1. Deciding system voltage

2. Estimating electric loads.
3. Sizing and specifying batteries.
4. Sizing and specifying an array.
5. Specifying a controller.
6. Sizing system wiring.
7. Sizing and specifying an inverter.

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Sizing of PV System

Site Assessment

A PV installer needs to know how to determine whether a proposed site for a

PV installation will be adequate for proper operation of the system. A site
assessment involves:

Determining whether the array can operate without being shaded during
critical times,

Determining the location of the array,

Determining the mounting method for the array,

Determining where the Balance-of-system (BOS) components will be located,
and

Determining how the PV system will interface with the existing electrical
system.

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Step 1. Deciding System Voltage

Battery bank’s terminal voltage or PV array terminal voltage is called system
voltage.

The system voltage is chosen according to the total load or consumption

demand.

The standard values for the system voltage is given according to total load

total load is less than 10W the system voltage is chosen as 6V,

for less than 150 W the system voltage should be 12,

for less than 350W the system voltage 24V and

Between 500 W to 1 kW system voltage should be 48V.

Between 1kW to 5 kW system voltage should be 96V.

Between 5kW to 10 kW system voltage should be 192V

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Step 2. Load Calculation: Determine power consumption
demands

The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power
and energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV
system as follows:

Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used.

Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-
hours per day which must be delivered to the appliances.

Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules

Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in
the system after considering efficiency of 93% for inverter, 85% for battery
and 90% for controller circuit) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must
be provided by the panels.

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Step 3. PV Module Sizing

Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules

Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules by 6 say (no. of
sunshine hours) to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to
operate the appliances.

Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide the answer obtained in above(total Watt-peak rating needed or PV module) by
the rated output Watt-peak of the PV module available to you. Increase any fractional
part of result to the next highest full number and that will be the number of PV
modules required.

Decide no. of modules to be connected in series
No. of modules in series = System voltage / Nominal voltage of each module

Decide no. of modules to be connected in parallel

Daily load
No. of module in parallel =
Imp x sun shine hours x system voltage

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Step 4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery.
Sizing of battery involves 3 steps:

Depth of discharge (DoD) of battery.

Charge capacity or Ampere-hours Ah capacity of battery.

No. of days of Autonomy

4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.

4.2 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.1 by the battery efficiency i.e. 85 %.
4.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2 by the DoD i.e. 70%
4.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the system voltage.

Total Watt - hours per day used

Battery Capacity (Ah) =
battery efficiency x DoD x System voltage

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 4.5 Considering the days of autonomy(X), total charge that need to be supplied by
the battery bank is given by
= Ah + (X) Ah

4.6 Number of batteries connected in series and parallel is given by the relation

DC System voltage
Batteries in series =
battery voltage

Total battery capacity {(Ah) +(Ah) Days of Autonomy(X)}

Batteries in parallel =
Battery standard Ah Capacity

4.7 Total Number of batteries required = batteries in series × batteries in parallel

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Step 5. Sizing of Charge Controller
Find Imp value of each solar PV module, number of parallel strings, and finally
maximum array current. Match the capacity of regulator with 25% (min.)
additional capacity of (max.) array current.

For example:
For 190Wp rating module
Vmp = 24.77V
Imp = 7.68A
Voc = 31.15V
Isc = 8.28A

Suppose the number of module in parallel = 6

Max array current = (7.68 x 6) = 46.08 A
Desired charge controller max. Current ratings = 46.08 x 1.25 = 57.6 A
Hence choose a controller, whose current rating is 60 A or above.

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 Step 6. Cable Sizing

System wiring is to be taken into concern with respect of the IndianWiring Standards.

Generally 4sqmm and 6 sqmm

0.0175 LP
Determining Cable cross section A=
f kV 2
A = wire cross section, unit: [ mm²]
0.0175 = specific electrical resistance of copper, unit: [ Ohm x mm² / m ]
L = total length of wire for Plus- and Minus connection, unit: [ m ]
P = transmitted power over the wire, unit [ W ]
fk = loss factor, in general about 3%
0.03
V = System voltage, unit [ V ]

High loss factors will cause additional heating of the wire that may be transported to the
charge controller too !

A loss factor of 3% means 3W at a 100W system.

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Step 7. Inverter Sizing

For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the
inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient
operation.

Find out the total watts required add 35% to this total watt and then
round up to the nearest inverter. Therefore inverter ratings = (total watts
x 1.35) VA

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 Inverter Selection

Selecting an inverter for a standalone systems is based on the

following.

Nominal system DC voltage

AC output voltage

Peak AC power required for cumulative load

Surge current requirements, if any

Additional features

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 Inverter AC and DC side

AC Voltage

240 V Single-phase for residential low power amplification

440/240 Three-phase, four wire is commonly used in
Commercial building: 240 V (l-n)

440 V three-phase Delta connected for commercial and industrial
building with substantial motor load.
DC Voltage
Vmpp: Nominal operating voltage
Voc: Maximum voltage at minimum temperature with full
radiation (winter sunny bright sunlight)
Vmin: Minimum DC voltage for driving load. Below this it shuts
down. Monday, September 18, 2023

Maximum DC Current = Total Connected Load(Watts) / DC SystemVoltage

Determine the Maximum Surge Watts. (in case of electric motors). Surge

requirements for an appliance are available from the motor manufacturer or can be
measured manually.

Find an inverter model and make which suits the system's wattage specification.

Inverter Modulation

Output types

True sine wave

Modified sine wave

Inverter Connection Type

String / Central inverters/Microinverter

Monitoring and data logging capabilities

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Example: Standalone Solar PV System Design
A small residence has the loads with following power ratings and average operating hours per day.

Load Watts H/day Number Watt- Hour

LED 9 5 2 90
Fan 60 8 1 480
TV 150 2 1 300
Refrigerator 150 8 1 1200
Personal 250 3 1 750
Computer
Total daily Watt- 2820
hour /day

Design a suitable solar PV system with battery back-up to support the loads in the non- sun shine
hours. MPPT Converter
PV Charge controller Load
Total power = 619W Module AC or DC
Watt-hour/day = 2820 Watt- hr
System Voltage = 24 V

Battery
Energy Storage

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 24V

100 100
Ah Ah

100 100
Ah Ah

Charge collector rating = 5 x 6 x 1.25 = 37.5 A.

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