Reviewer on Human Behavior in Organization

Human Behavior- physical actions of a person.

Organizational Behavior- defined as the study of human behavior in
organization.

The Elements of OB
1. People- individual persons and groups
2. Structure- formal relationship of people
3. Technology- combination of resources
4. Environment- institutions outside the organization

Benefits of studying organizational behavior

1. Development of people skills

2 types of skills
1. The skill in doing his work
2. The skill in relating with people
2. Personal growth- makes a person highly competitive in the workplace.
3. Enhancement of organizational and individual effectiveness- major
attribute of successful organization.
4. Sharpening and refinement of common sense- people possess
improvement in this type of ability.

History of OB
1. The human relations approach
(a) the scientific management approach by Frederick W. Taylor
(b) the human relations approach by Elton Mayo
2. The personality theories
(a) Freuds model
(b) The behaviorist approach by Watson and skinner
(c) The humanist approach by Carl rogers, Fritz perls and Abraham
maslow
Ethics and Organizational Behavior
Ethics- set of moral choices of person.
Organizational Ethics- Moral principles that define right and wrong.
Ethical Behavior- Accepted as morally good and right.
Ethical Issues
❖ Conflict of interest- when a person is in the position to decide.
❖ Fairness and honesty- people are expected to be fair and honest.
❖ Communication
❖ Relationships within the organization

Individual Differences, Mental Ability, and Personality

Individual Differences- how people respond to the same situation based on

personal characteristics.

Consequences Individual differences

1. People differ in productivity

2. People differ in the quality of their work
3. People react differently to empowerment
4. People react differently to any style of leadership
5. People differ in terms of need for contact with other people
6. People differ in terms of commitment to the organization
7. People differ in terms of level of self- esteem

What makes people different from each other

1. Demographics
(a) Gender differences- perception of male and female roles.
• Problem solving abilities
• Analytical skills
• Competitive drive
• Learning ability
• sociability

(b) Generational differences and age- belong in different generation.

(c) Culture- different job performance and behavior because of culture.
• Social Culture- social created beliefs.
• Organizational Culture- set of values beliefs and norms.

2. Aptitude and ability

 • Aptitude- capacity of a person to learn acquire skills.
• Physical Ability- capacity of individual to do task.
o Dynamic Strength- to exert muscular force.
o Trunk Strength- to exert muscular strength using the trunk.
o Static Strength- exert force against external object.
o Explosive Strength- expend a maximum of energy.
o Extent Flexibility- move the trunk and back.
o Dynamic Flexibility – to make rapid.
o Body Coordination- coordinate simultaneous actions.
o Balance- maintain equilibrium.
o Stamina- continue maximum effort.
• The Intellectual or Mental Ability- major sources of individual
differences.
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
➢ Cognitive Intelligence- capacity to acquire
➢ Social Intelligence- ability to relate effectively
➢ Emotional Intelligence- persons qualities
➢ Cultural Intelligence- outsiders ability to interpret

The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

▪ Componential Intelligence- analytical Intelligence
▪ Experiential Intelligence- creative Intelligence
▪ Contextual Intelligence- practical Intelligence

Component of Intelligence
▫ Linguistic- sensitive to language, meanings and relation.
▫ Logical- Mathematical- covers abstract thought and precision.
▫ Musical- capacity to create and understand meanings.
▫ Spatial- perceive and manipulate images.
▫ Body-kinesthetic- use their body and perceptual.
▫ Intrapersonal- has highly accurate understanding.
▫ Interpersonal- possible for person to recognize.
▫ Naturalist- possess ability to seek patterns.

3. Personality- sum total of ways in which individual reacts and interacts

with others.

Determinants of Personality
 1. Hereditary Factors
❑ Physical stature
❑ Facial Attractiveness
❑ Gender
❑ Temperament
❑ Muscle composition and reflexes
❑ Energy level
❑ Biological Rhythms
2. Environmental Factors
❑ Cultural Factor- established norms
❑ Social Factor- reflect family life
❑ Situational Factor- behave differently
3. Personality Factors
❑ Emotional Stability- characterize as calm, self-confidence and
secure.
❑ Extraversion- someone who is sociable.
❑ Openness to experience- who is imaginative, cultured and curious.
❑ Agreeableness- persons interpersonal orientation.
❑ Conscientiousness- persons reliability.
❑ Self-monitoring behavior- person's ability to adjust.
❑ Risk taking and thrill seeking- persons willingness to take risk.
❑ Optimism- to experience positive emotional state.

Emotional Intelligence- clue on the importance of managing emotions.

Five Components of EQ
 Self-regulation- calm down anxiety
 Motivation- passion to work
 Empathy- ability to respond
 Self-awareness- awareness of one's own personality
 Social skills- proficiency to manage relationships

MORE ON PHYSICAL ABILITY

(DETERMING THE REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR)
➢ Sense of sight- differ in what they actually see
➢ Sense of hearing- differ in their ability to hear
➢ Sense of taste- a person's tongue maybe sensitive
➢ Sense of smell- people have different degrees of sensitivity to smell
➢ Sense of touch- may differ in degree with another person's.
LEARNING, PERCEPTION, AND ATTRIBUTION
Learning- relatively permanent change behavior

Theories of Learning

• Classical Conditioning- stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke.

• Operant Conditioning- people learn to repeat behavior.
• Social learning- process of observing the behavior of others.
• Perception- statements differ in several aspects.

Factors influencing perception

1. The Perceiver- perceives the target

• His past experiences

• His needs and motives
• His personality
• His values and attitudes

2. The Target- perceived by another person.

• Contrast
• Intensity
• Figure-ground separation
• Size
• Motion
• Repetition or novelty

3. The Situation- affected by surrounding environment.

ATTRIBUTION- ascribe causes of the behavior

Common Attribution Errors

− The fundamental attribution errors- underestimate the influence of

external factors.
− The self-serving bias- attribute their achievements to their good.

Factors that influence attribution

♦ Distinctiveness- how consistent a person's behavior

♦ Consensus- refers to likelihood.
♦ Consistency- refers to measure.
SHORTCUTS USED IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS OF OTHERS
❖ Selective perception- selectively interprets
❖ Halo effect- when one attribute of a person or situation
❖ Contrast effects- lead to inaccurate evaluation
❖ Projection- attributing one's own thoughts
❖ Stereotyping- judging someone on the basis

VALUES, ATTITUDES, AND JOB SATISFACTION

Job satisfaction- important to both employee and employer.

Values- importance a person attaches.

How people learn values

✓ Modeling- parents, teachers, friends and other people can be model.
✓ Communication of attitudes- when a person hears
✓ Unstated but implied attitudes- way of action.
✓ Religion- the just and fair treatment

Types of Values
▪ Achievement- pertains to getting things done.
▪ Helping and concern for others- providing assistance.
▪ Honesty- telling truth.
▪ Fairness- for impartiality and fairness.

Classification of Values

 Instrumental values- preferable modes of behavior

 Terminal values- represent the goals

ATTITUDES-important in the study of human behavior.

The main components of Attitudes

➢ Cognitive- refers to opinions
➢ Affective- refers to emotional feeling
➢ Behavioral- refers to the intention to behave

Important attitudes in the workplace

1. Job satisfaction
2. Job involvement
3. Organizational commitment
Effects of employee attitudes

• Positive job attitudes- indicates job satisfaction

• Negative job attitudes- predicting undetermined behavior

Benefits of job satisfaction

→ High productivity
→ A stronger tendency to achieve customer loyalty
→ Loyalty to the company
→ Low absenteeism and turnover
→ Less job stress and burnout
→ Better safety performance
→ Better life satisfaction

Factors associated with job satisfaction

❖ Salary
❖ Work itself
❖ Promotion opportunity
❖ Quality of supervision
❖ Relationship with co-workers
❖ Working conditions
❖ Job security

JOB INVOLVEMENT- positive employee attitude (participation)

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT- identifies particular organization

Three dimensions
♦ Affective commitment- emotional attachment
♦ Continuance commitment- tendency to remain
♦ Normative commitment- obligation to remain