UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES FOUNDATION

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GED 114- Mathematics in the Modern World

In partial fulfillment for the requirements in the course

Mathematics in the World

Submitted by:
Gelasque, Shane Ann
Lumayno, Meah
Paran, Jeliane Santanina
Ramiso, Lorenze Michael

Submitted to:
Dr. Juanito G. Galos

November 2024
Introduction

The mathematics of graphs is a branch of discrete mathematics that studies

structures made up of vertices (nodes) connected by edges (lines). This mathematical
tool is a powerful tool for analyzing relationships and connections across a variety of
fields, including computer science, biology, social sciences, and engineering. Graphs
can be used to represent systems such as social networks (nodes as people and edges
as friendships), transportation networks (stations as nodes and routes as edges), and
even molecular structures in chemistry.

Properties like weighted or unweighted and planar or non-planar are used to

classify graphs. These classifications help in solving specific problems more effectively,
such as finding out the shortest route in navigation systems and arranging resources in
networks properly. Understanding and using graph ideas allows us to visualize
relationships, investigate complicated systems, and make decisions based on
information in real-world situations.
 Activity 1
Graphing the Data

The table below shows the nonstop flights offered by a small airlines Draw a graph that
represents this information. Where each vertex represents a city and an edge connects
two vertices if there is a nonstop flight between the corresponding cities.

Newport Lancaster Plymouth Auburn Dorset

Newport No Yes No Yes
Lancaster No Yes Yes No
Plymouth Yes Yes Yes Yes
Auburn No Yes Yes Yes
Dorset Yes No Yes Yes

Newport

Lancaster

Dorset

Plymouth

Auburn
 Activity 2
Social Network Graph Analysis

A group of friends is represented by the graph at the right. An edge connecting two
names means that the two friends have spoken to each other in the last week.

Nicole

Michel

Linzie

Raquel

Claire
Junits

a. Have Michel and Clair Talked each other in the last week?
No, they haven’t.

b. How many of the friends in this group has Junits talked to in the last week?
(Identify the names)
Junits talked to 4 of his friends last week, namely Claire, Raquel, Michel,
and Nicole.

c. Among this group of friends, who has talked on the most people in the last week.
(Identify the names he/she has talked to)
Junits has talked to most of the people in the group. He talked to Claire,
Raquel, Michel, and Nicole.

d. Why would it not make sense for the graph to contain a loop?
The graph shows a group of friends’ communication last week, a loop
wouldn’t make sense because it would mean a person has talked to
themselves.
 Activity 3
Euler Circuit

A bicyclist wants to mountain bike through all trails of a national park. A map of the park
is shown below. Because the bicyclist will be dropped off in the morning by friends and
picked up in the evening, she does not have preference for where she begins and ends
her ride. Is it possible for the cyclist to traverse all the trails without repeating any
portions of her trip (Provide the rout).

A B

F
G

Yes, it is possible for the cyclist to traverse all the trails without repeating any portions of
her trip, using A → B → C → D → E → B → G → F → E → C → A → F as her path.
 Activity 4
Hamiltonian Circuit

The table below lists cities serviced by a small airlines. An “X” in the table indicates a
direct flight offered by the airline. Draw a graph that represents the direct flights, and
use your graph to find a route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the
starting city. (Provide the rout).

Bohol Cagayan Davao Boracay Manila Gen Cebu

Santos
Bohol X
Cagayan X X
Davao X X X X
Boracay X X
Manila X X X X
Gen X X
Santos
Cebu X X X X

Bohol
Cagayan

Cebu Davao

Gen Boracay
Santos

Manila
 Activity 5
Weighted Graph

Junits needs to visit the pet store, the shopping mall, the local farmers market, and
pharmacy. His estimated driving times (in minutes) between the locations are given in
the table below. Use the greedy algorithm and the edge-picking algorithm to find two
possible routes, starting and ending at home, that will help Junits minimize his total
travel time.

Home Pet Store Shopping Farmers Pharmacy

Mall Market
Home 18 27 15 8
Pet Store 18 24 22 10
Shopping 27 24 20 32
Mall
Farmers 15 22 20 22
Market
Pharmacy 8 10 32 22

Greedy Algorithm:

Pet Store

18 24

Home Shopping
27 Mall
15 32

8 20
22
10

Pharmacy Farmers
22
Market

Route: Home → Pharmacy → Pet Store → Farmers Market → Shopping Mall →

Home

Travel Time: 8 + 10 + 22 + 20 + 27 = 87 minutes

Edge-Picking Algorithm:

Pet Store

18 24

Home Shopping
27 Mall
15 32

8 20
22
10

Pharmacy Farmers
22
Market

Route: Home → Pharmacy → Pet Store → Shopping Mall → Farmers Market →

Home

Travel Time: 8 + 10 + 24 + 20 + 15 = 77 minutes

 Activity 6
Planar Graph

Sketch a planar graph (without multiple edges or loop) in which every vertex has

A. degree 3

B. degree 4
Insights

Graphs help us see and understand complex relationships in a simple, visual

way. Graphs provide methods to solve real-world problems like finding the shortest path
or the best connections. Graph theory or Mathematics of graph is applied in many fields,
like social networks, transportation, and biology. It includes fun ideas like how to color
maps, find patterns, or connect things efficiently. Graph theory makes complicated
systems easier to understand and solve.

Graphs go beyond the basic components of vertices and edges to study complex
concepts like loops, Euler pathways, and Hamiltonian circuits, which explore different
ways to cycle or traverse a graph. While weighted graphs provide edges values that
typically show costs and distances, which improves problem-solving skills. Planar
graphs highlight the value of simplicity and structure because they may be drawn
without any edges crossing. Problems like finding the minimal spanning or effective
network connections can be solved in algorithms like edge-picking and the greedy.
These ideas enhance our understanding of how complicated systems are represented
and made simpler by graphs.

In conclusion, graph theory provides an effective framework for identifying and

solving complex problems in a various field. We can simplify complex systems using its
concepts and methods, which makes them easier to handle and understand.