Table of Contents

GS-2 Microthemes Analysis 4

GS-2 Overlap with Civilsdaily’s

Smash Mains FLT 7

GS-2 Overlap with Civilsdaily’s

Samachar Manthan  11

GS-2 Model Answers 13

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Note from the Editor
Dear students,

50%-70% hit-ratio across GS papers stands as a testament to Civilsdaily’s

academic research and pedagogy. Our selection of what you should focus on,
what you should be tested on remains unmatched.

Simply put, it is based on these 3 broad pillars

1. The trinity of PYQ->Microthemes->Dimensions
2. Core concepts from Foundation Course/Core Books being repeated in
Current Affairs
3. Standalone Current Affairs that are independently important

Our programs ensure you are exceptionally well trained in these 3 pillars

We are this precise.

GS1 has 15 syllabus topics spanning across 6 subjects.
Within the 15 syllabus topics, each topic has at least 8 to 10 Microthemes.

Example: syllabus topic ‘01. Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Lit-
erature and Architecture’ from ancient to modern times, which corresponds
to Art and Culture subject has 8 Microthemes that see repeated questions.

In total there are approximately 200 Mains Microthemes spanning across all
GS papers.

More often than not, preparing these Microthemes will require you to go
beyond core books. Hence, we have covered them extensively in our notes.

Through our programs-UAP, Smash Mains, Samachar Manthan we ensure

you repeatedly cover Microthemes increasing your chances of attempting
the questions.

- Smash Mains Team

Civilsdaily IAS

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 UPSC CSE MAINS 2024
General Studies Paper-2
Microthemes Analysis

GS-2 2024 UPSC Microthemes UPSC Syllabus Subject

Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and person- Fundamental 01. Indian Constitu- Polity
al liberty and is inherently protected under Rights tion-Historical under-
Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this pinnings & evolution;
reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. Features, amendments,
testing of a child in the womb to establish its significant provisions,
paternity. basic structure of Consti-
tution
What changes has the Union Government Federalism 02. Functions & respon-
recently introduced in the domain of Cen- sibilities of the Union
tre-State relations? Suggest measures to and the States; issues
be adopted to build the trust between the and challenges of federal
Centre and the States and for strengthening structure;
federalism.
“The growth of cabinet system has practically Executive Vs 03. Separation of Pow-
resulted in the marginalisation of the parlia- Legislature ers between different
mentary supremacy.” Elucidate. organs, dispute redressal
mechanisms and institu-
tions
Analyse the role of local bodies in providing Local Self 04. Devolution of powers
good governance at local level and bring out Government and finances up to local
the pros and cons merging the rural local levels and challenges
bodies with the urban local bodies. therein
Discuss India as a secular state and compare Constitutional 05. Comparison of Indian
with the secular principles of the US consti- Comparison constitutional scheme
tution with other countries’
Explain the reasons for the growth of public Judiciary 07. Structure, organiza-
interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has tion and functioning of
the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the the Executive and the
world’s most powerful judiciary? Judiciary—Ministries
Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats Alternate and Departments of the
and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they en- Dispute Government; pressure
tertain civil as well as criminal cases ? Resolution groups and formal/in-
formal associations and
their role in the Polity
Examine the need for electoral reforms as Elections 08. Salient features of
suggested by various committees with partic- the Representation of
ular reference to “one nation-one election” People’s Act.
principle.

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 GS-2 2024 UPSC Microthemes UPSC Syllabus Subject
“The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor Constitutional 09. Appointment to vari- Governance
General is not merely to ensure the legality of Bodies ous Constitutional posts;
expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment. Constitutional Bodies
(powers, functions and
responsibilities); Stat-
utory, Regulatory and
Quasi-judicial bodies
Public charitable trusts have the potential Donor Agencies 11.Development pro-
to make India’s development more inclusive cesses and the develop-
as they relate to certain vital public issues. ment industry —the role
Comment. of NGOs, SHGs, various
groups and associa-
tions, donors, charities,
institutional and other
stakeholders.
The Citizens’charter has been a land mark Citizens Charter 15. Transaparency and
initiative in ensuring citizen-centric adminis- accountability (institu-
tration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. tional and other mea-
Identify the factors hindering the realisation sures); Citizens Charter,
of its promise and suggest measures to over- E-Governance (applica-
come them. tions, models, successes,
e-governance is not just about the routine E-governance limitations, potential)
application of digital technology in service
delivery process. It is as much about multifar-
ious interactions for ensuring transparency
and accountability. In this context evaluate
the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of
e-governance.
The Doctrine of Democratic Governance Civil Services 16. Role of Civil Services
makes it necessary that the public perception in a democracy.
of the integrity and commitment of civil ser-
vants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.
In a crucial domain like the public healthcare Health 13. Issues relating Social Justice
system, the Indian State should play a vital to development and
role to contain the adverse impact of marketi- management of Social
sation of the system. Suggest some measures Sector/Services relating
through which the State can enhance the to Health, Education,
reach of public healthcare at the grassroots Human Resources.
level.
What are the aims and objects of the recently Education
passed and enforced, The Public Examina-
tion (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024?
Whether University/State Education Board
examinations, too, are covered under the Act
?
Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious Poverty 14. Issues relating to
cycle, adversely affecting human capital poverty and hunger
formation. What steps can be taken to break
the cycle?

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 GS-2 2024 UPSC Microthemes UPSC Syllabus Subject
Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic Bilateral Rela- 18.Bilateral, regional and IR
importance of Maldives for India with a focus tions global groupings and
on global trade and energy flows. Further agreements involving
also discuss how this relationship affects In- India and/or affecting
dia’s maritime security and regional stability India’s interests.
amidst international competition?
Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, Central Asia
economic and strategic relations with the
Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting
their increasing significance in regional and
global geopolitics.
The West is fostering India as an alternative Emerging World 19.Effect of policies and
to reduce dependence on China’s supply Order politics of developed and
chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s developing countries on
political and economic dominance.’ Explain India’s interests, Indian
this statement with examples. diaspora.
Terrorism has become a significant threat United Nations 20.Important Inter-
to global peace and security’. Evaluate the national institutions,
effectiveness of the United Nations Security agencies and fora- their
Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) structure, mandate.
and its associated bodies in addressing and
mitigating this threat at the international
level.

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 UPSC CSE MAINS 2024
General Studies Paper-2
Overlap with Civilsdaily’s
Smash Mains FLT
It goes without saying that matches are not exact. Some questions come very close in the
sense that their model answers are more or less the same. Others have an overlap with the
theme & demands. Some might appear far-fetched but none the less, they are useful to
demonstrate that our thinking is same as that of UPSC.

GS-2 UPSC Questions Smash FLT’s Mapping PYQs

Examine the need for electoral re- To what extent has the introduction Q. ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok
forms as suggested by various com- of electoral bonds in India impacted Sabha and the State Assemblies will
mittees with particular reference to the transparency and accountability limit the amount of time and money
"one nation-one election" principle. of political funding? In your opinion, spent in electioneering but it will re-
what further reforms are necessary to duce the government’s accountability
strengthen the integrity of the electoral to the people’ Discuss.
process?
Explain and distinguish between Lok Q. The genius of ADR lies in its ability "Q. What are the major chang-
Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. to reconcile conflicts through methods es brought in the Arbitration and
Whether they entertain civil as well that are not just legally sound but also Conciliation Act, 1996 through the
as criminal cases ? rooted in fairness and mutual consent. recent Ordinance promulgated by the
In the light of this, critically discuss the President? How far will it improve
working of Gram Nyayalaya. India's dispute resolution mechanism?
Discuss.

Q. Who are entitled to receive free le-

gal aid? Assess the role of the National
Legal Services Authority(NALSA) in
rendering free legal aid in India. "
"The growth of cabinet system has Q. What are the main principles of the Q. The size of the cabinet should be as
practically resulted in the marginali- cabinet form of government in India? big as governmental work justifies and
sation of the parliamentary suprem- Also discuss the role and functions of as big as the Prime Minister can man-
acy." Elucidate. the Cabinet committees. age as a team. How far the efficacy of
a government then is inversely related
to the size of the cabinet? Discuss.

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 GS-2 UPSC Questions Smash FLT’s Mapping PYQs
"The duty of the Comptroller and "Q. Exercise of CAG's powers in rela-
Auditor General is not merely to en- tion to the accounts of the Union and
sure the legality of expenditure but the States is derived from Article 149
also its propriety." Comment. of the Indian Constitution. Discuss
whether audit of the Government's
Policy implementation could amount
to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdic-
tion.

Q. The Comptroller and Auditor Gen-

eral (CAG) has a very vital role to play.
Explain how this is reflected in the
method and terms of his appointment
as well as the range of powers he can
exercise."
Analyse the role of local bodies in Q. Though the 73rd and 74th Amend- Q. To what extent, in your opinion, has
providing good governance at local ments have shifted the paradigm of the the decentralisation of power in India
level and bring out the pros and cons Indian Republic from “representative changed the governance landscape at
merging the rural local bodies with democracy” to “participatory democ- the grassroots ?
the urban local bodies. racy”, it has failed to transform into
“deliberative democracy.” Comment
Public charitable trusts have the Q. Discuss the importance of NGOs in Q. Do you agree with the view that
potential to make India's develop- India’s development process. Do you increasing dependence on donor
ment more inclusive as they relate to think the present governance frame- agencies for development reduces
certain vital public issues. Comment. work is adequate for efficient function- the importance of community partic-
ing of NGOs? ipation in the development process ?
Justify your answer.
Poverty and malnutrition create a "Q. ""Hunger is not just a physical Q. “The incidence and intensity of pov-
vicious cycle, adversely affecting condition; it is a systemic issue rooted erty are more important in determin-
human capital formation. What steps in poverty."" Discuss how ing poverty based on income alone”. In
can be taken to break the cycle? poverty-driven hunger in India affects this context analyse the latest United
long-term human development and Nations Multidimensional Poverty
social mobility, and Index Report.
suggest interventions to address this
crisis."
The Doctrine of Democratic Gover- "Q.How can civil services in India adapt Q. Initially Civil Services in India were
nance makes it necessary that the to the changing dynamics of gover- designed to achieve the goals of neu-
public perception of the integrity nance in the 21st century, particularly trality and effectiveness, which seems
and commitment of civil servants be- in the context of emerging technolo- to be lacking in the present context.
comes absolutely positive. Discuss. gies? Do you agree with the view that
drastic reforms are required in Civil
Q.Evaluate the feasibility of adopting Services. Comment
private sector performance manage-
ment techniques in the Indian civil
services.

Q.Traditional bureaucratic structure

needs a complete overhaul. In the light
of the above statement, discuss the
potential benefits and drawbacks of
lateral entry in the civil services."

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 GS-2 UPSC Questions Smash FLT’s Mapping PYQs
The West is fostering India as an Q. The trajectory of Indian foreign Q. “What introduces friction into the
alternative to reduce dependence on policy is shifting from non-alignment ties between India and the United
China's supply chain and as a stra- to ‘Sabka Saath and Sabka Vishwas’ States is that Washington is still unable
tegic ally to counter China's political based on “engaging America, managing to find for India a position in its global
and economic dominance.' Explain China, cultivating Europe, reassuring strategy, which would satisfy India’s
this statement with examples. Russia and bringing in Japan.” Com- National self-esteem and ambitions”
ment Explain with suitable examples.
Critically analyse India's evolving Q. A number or outside powers have
diplomatic, economic and strategic entrenched themselves in Central
relations with the Central Asian Asia, which is a zone to interest to
Republics (CARs) highlighting their India. Discuss the implications, in this
increasing significance in regional context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat
and global geopolitics. Agreement, 2018.
What are the aims and objects of the
recently passed and enforced, The
Public Examination (Prevention of
Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether
University/State Education Board ex-
aminations, too, are covered under
the Act ?
Right to privacy is intrinsic to life Q. Examine the scope of Fundamental
and personal liberty and is inher- Rights in the light of the latest judge-
ently protected under Article 21 ment of the Supreme Court on Right
of the Constitution. Explain. In this to Privacy.
reference discuss the law relating to
D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb
to establish its paternity.
What changes has the Union Gov- "Q. In the Indian Federal system, Q. The concept of cooperative federal-
ernment recently introduced in the though states have enjoyed greater ism has been increasingly emphasized
domain of Centre-State relations? autonomy post LPG era, underlying in recent years. Highlight the draw-
Suggest measures to be adopted to structural issues still persist. Elucidate backs in the existing structure and the
build the trust between the Centre with recent examples and also suggest extent to which cooperative federalism
and the States and for strengthening measures to strengthen cooperative would answer the shortcomings.
federalism. federalism.

Q. The well-performing states, espe-

cially from the South, have raised con-
cerns over fiscal injustice, demanding
an equitable share of resources. In this
context, examine the need for reforms
in fiscal federalism.

"
Explain the reasons for the growth of Q. “Accountability is the sine qua non Q. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to
public interest litigation in India. As a of democracy. In a democratic society, the doctrine of separation of powers
result of it, has the Indian Supreme the judiciary too must be accountable, as envisaged in the Indian Constitu-
Court emerged as the world's most though in a manner consistent with its tion. In this context justify the filing
powerful judiciary? independence.” In light of this, eval- of large number of public interest
uate the effectiveness of the existing petitions praying for issuing guidelines
judicial accountability mechanisms to executive authorities.
in India. Also, suggest measures to
strengthen accountability without com-
promising judicial independence.

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 GS-2 UPSC Questions Smash FLT’s Mapping PYQs
Discuss India as a secular state and Q. Compare the provisions for safe- "Q. Analyze the distinguishing features
compare with the secular principles guarding individual liberty in the Indian of the notion of Right to Equality in the
of the US constitution Constitution and the United States Constitutions of the USA and India.
Constitution.
Q. India and USA are two large democ-
racies. Examine the basic tenants on
which the two political systems are
based.
"
The Citizens'charter has been a land Q. Though the objective of citizen char- Q. Citizens' Charter is an ideal instru-
mark initiative in ensuring citi- ter was to improve the public service ment of organizational transparency
zen-centric administration. But it is delivery, there is no corresponding and accountability, but it has its own
yet to reach its full potential. Identify improvement in the quality of services. limitations. Identify the limitations and
the factors hindering the realisation In the context of the above statement, suggest measures for greater effective-
of its promise and suggest measures discuss the inherent drawback in the ness or the Citizens Charter.
to overcome them. formulation and implementation of
citizen charter, and also suggest mea-
sures to overcome them.
In a crucial domain like the public "Q. Exclusion of citizens and denied Q. Appropriate local community-level
healthcare system, the Indian State healthcare due to faults in the system healthcare intervention is a prerequi-
should play a vital role to contain the is a major issue in the site to achieve 'Health for All ' in India.
adverse impact of marketisation of Indian healthcare system. How has Explain.
the system. Suggest some measures Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat
through which the State can en- Health Infrastructure Mission
hance the reach of public healthcare (PM-ABHIM) been able to fill these
at the grassroots level. gaps in the public health infrastructure,
especially in critical care
facilities and primary care in both
urban and rural areas?"
e-governance is not just about the Q. "Digital India on the back of Artificial Q. e-governance, as a critical tool of
routine application of digital technol- Intelligence (AI) is the future of e-gov- governance, has ushered in effective-
ogy in service delivery process. It is ernance in India." However, improper ness, transparency and accountability
as much about multifarious inter- setup of the e-government structure in governments. What inadequacies
actions for ensuring transparency can result in a variety of challenges. hamper the enhancement of these
and accountability. In this context Explain with suitable examples. features?
evaluate the role of the 'Interactive
Service Model' of e-governance.
Terrorism has become a significant Q. Discuss the impediments India is
threat to global peace and security'. facing in its pursuit of a permanent
Evaluate the effectiveness of the seat in UN Security Council.
United Nations Security Council's
Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)
and its associated bodies in address-
ing and mitigating this threat at the
international level.
Discuss the geopolitical and geo-
strategic importance of Maldives
for India with a focus on global
trade and energy flows. Further also
discuss how this relationship affects
India's maritime security and re-
gional stability amidst international
competition?

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 UPSC CSE MAINS 2024
General Studies Paper-2
Overlap with Civilsdaily’s
Samachar Manthan
Though GS-2 overlap with Current Affairs is huge, we wanted to highlight certain themes
have been repeatedly in news. It is important to stay in touch with the daily headlines to en-
sure you are both upto date and revising.

GS-2 UPSC Questions Samachar Manthan Mapping

Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested "https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/ram-nath-kovind-

by various committees with particular reference to panel-for-simultaneous-lok-sabha-assembly-polls/
"one nation-one election" principle.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/one-nation-one-
election-prospects-and-challenges/"

Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and https://www.civilsdaily.com/27th-april-2024-sound-

Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as ing-the-gavel-on-curative-jurisdiction/
well as criminal cases ?

"The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/analysis-of-declin-

not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but ing-cag-audits-tabled-in-parliament/
also its propriety." Comment.

Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/realizing-the-ru-

governance at local level and bring out the pros and ral-urban-continuum/
cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban
local bodies.

Public charitable trusts have the potential to make https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/rs-2913-cr-from-

India's development more inclusive as they relate to pses-to-pm-cares-fund/
certain vital public issues. Comment.

Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty "https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/centre-with-

and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the draws-dna-bill/
Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the
law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/children-right-to-
to establish its paternity. genetic-dna-tests-sc/"

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 GS-2 UPSC Questions Samachar Manthan Mapping

What changes has the Union Government recently "https://www.civilsdaily.com/8-june-2024-the-hindu-

introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? op-ed-the-centre-is-notional-the-states-the-real-en-
Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust tities/
between the Centre and the States and for strength-
ening federalism. https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/finance-commis-
sion-issues-related-to-devolution-of-resources/"

Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest https://www.civilsdaily.com/burning-issue-supreme-

litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Su- courts-judgment-on-appointment-to-eci/
preme Court emerged as the world's most powerful
judiciary?

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 UPSC CSE MAINS 2024
General Studies Paper-2
Model Answers
1. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees
with particular reference to “one nation - one election” principle.

One nation-one election principle, which seeks to synchronize Lok Sabha and state assembly elections, aims
to decrease the frequency of elections and streamline the electoral process, thereby improving efficiency
and reducing costs.

Electoral reforms as suggested by various committees

1. On “one nation - one election”
a. Ram Nath Covind Panel - suggested 15 amendments including insertion of a new Article 82A and
Amendment of Article 327.
b. It was supported by Election Commission in 1983 itself. In 1999, the LCI headed by Justice B. P. Jeevan
Reddy also advocated for simultaneous elections.
c. In 2018, the Law Commission of India (LCI)- In 2018, it released a draft report on simultaneous elec-
tions and recommended three alternatives to synchronise elections in India.
2. Other Reforms
a. Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990): Recommended limits on election expenses, voter IDs, and trans-
parent political funding.
b. Tarkunde Committee (1975): Suggested proportional representation and state funding of elections.
c. Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998): Advocated for state funding of elections.
d. Vohra Committee (1993): Explored criminalization in politics.

Need for electoral reforms and one nation - one election

1. Reduced financial burden: The 2014 Lok Sabha elections cost ₹3,870 crore, while a single state election like
Bihar (2015) cost ₹300 crore. ONOE can reduce costs to ₹4,500 crore overall. (ECI).
2. Reduced use of Money Power - as per report by the Centre for Media Studies, the 2024 election is expect-
ed to cost approximately Rs 1,00,000 crore (increased from 6 paise per elector in 1951 to Rs 46 in 2014).
Simultaneous elections will lower these costs.
3. Less disruption from MCC: Frequent MCC impositions stall development work for months. Fewer elections
will limit MCC duration and expedite governance.
4. Improved administrative efficiency: Eg- over 11 million personnel were deployed in the 2019 elections.
Simultaneous elections streamline this effort.
5. Fewer populist measures: Governments announce short-term policies like farm loan waivers (e.g., ₹70,000
crore in 2008-09) during elections. Simultaneous polls would encourage long-term policy-making.
6. Improved social harmony: Simultaneous elections reduce the polarization caused by repetitive campaigns.
Eg- communal riots before Delhi Elections
7. Increased voter participation - according to the Law Commission, ONOE will increase voter turnout be-
cause it will be more easy for people to cast many ballots at once

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Challenges Associated With One Nation One Election:
1. Reduced Accountability: As Per Yogendra Yadav ONOE limits voters’ ability to hold governments account-
able regularly, as they get fewer opportunities to express discontent with the ruling party’s performance.
2. By-Elections due to the untimely resignation or death of an elected representative will still be necessary,
thus continuing some level of electoral process throughout the year.
3. Dilution of Local Issues: According to research by IDFC Institute, if elections are held simultaneously,
there’s a 77% likelihood of voters favoring the same political party or alliance for both state assemblies and
the Lok Sabha, national issues could overshadow local concerns.
4. Imbalance of Power: A national party dominating the Lok Sabha elections could also sweep the state
assembly elections, resulting in a lack of checks and balances on the ruling regime's powers.
5. Undermining Federalism by concentrating power at the center. States may lose autonomy and face re-
duced regional representation.
6. Political Instability: In the era of coalition governments, there could be increased instances of horse-
-trading and disqualifications of MPs or MLAs, leading to political instability.
7. Constitutional and Legal Hurdles: Eg- Ram Nath Covind panel suggested 15 amendments. There may be
issues in generating consensus, potentially delaying its implementation
8. Logistical Challenges such as the availability of electronic voting machines, personnel, and other resources.

Way Forward
1. Cluster State Elections: As suggested by Law Commission - two elections in five years or all elections falling
due in a calendar year should be conducted together.
2. Coupling the ‘no-confidence motion’ along with the ‘vote of confidence’ in an alternative government. Eg-
Constructive vote of no confidence in Germany
3. Building consensus among political parties and states through open dialogues, consultations, and
deliberations

However, since the issue is concerned with the federal structure which is part of Basic Structure of the Con-
stitution (S. R. Bommai Judgment), further scrutiny and analysis of one nation one election is the need of the
hour

2. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals.

Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases?

Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals are Statutory instruments for alternative dispute resolution that aim to
provide speedy and cost-effective resolution of disputes outside of the traditional court system.

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Difference Between Lok Adalat And Arbitration Tribunals
Aspect Lokadalat Arbitration Tribunal
Definition A forum for resolving disputes through A quasi-judicial body established to re-
conciliation under the Legal Services solve disputes outside the court system
Authorities Act, 1987. based on an arbitration agreement.
Nature Conciliatory and informal. Adversarial and formal, similar to court
proceedings.
Authority Non-judicial, presided over by a judge Judicial authority to make binding
or a legal expert. decisions.
Legal Framework Governed by the Legal Services Au- Governed by the Arbitration and Concilia-
thorities Act, 1987. tion Act, 1996.
Process Dispute resolution through negotia- Resolution based on the arbitration agree-
tion, conciliation, and compromise. ment and arbitral award, with arbitrator(s)
acting as a judge.
Types of Cases Primarily civil cases, including family Primarily civil matters, especially
disputes, land disputes, and some commercial disputes; no jurisdiction over
minor criminal cases (compoundable criminal cases.
offenses).
Binding Nature The decisions (settlements) reached The arbitral award is binding on the par-
are binding and final if both parties ties and enforceable like a court decree.
agree.
Cost of Proceedings No court fee Parties bear the cost, which can be high
due to arbitration fees.
Powers and nature They can settle disputes based on Commercial disputes, business contracts,
of cases and settle- compromise, and their decisions are and international disputes.
ment considered as decrees of civil courts. Not applicable for criminal or matrimonial
disputes.
Appeal Mechanism Generally, no appeal is allowed if the Appeals can be filed in courts against arbi-
award is mutually agreed. tral awards under certain circumstances.

Powers In Civil And Criminal Cases

1. Lok Adalats:
a. Can entertain civil cases like property disputes, family disputes, land disputes.
b. Can also take up criminal cases but only compoundable offenses (minor offenses where parties can settle).
2. Arbitration Tribunals:
a. Only civil cases, typically commercial disputes, can be addressed.
b. No jurisdiction over criminal matters.

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 Issue Way Forward
Lack of Awareness Sri Krishna Committee suggests including ADR in legal literacy programs.
Judicial UNCITRAL Model Law limits judicial interference.
Intervention Law Commission (246th Report) calls for amending the Arbitration Act to reduce
court involvement.
High Costs of NITI Aayog advises promoting institutional arbitration with cost caps.
Arbitration

As ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’. Both Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals need to be strengthened to
increase accessibility, affordability and quality of Justice in the spirit of Article 39.

3. “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisa-

tion of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate.

The cabinet system is a government in which the real executive power rests with a cabinet of ministers who
are collectively responsible to the legislature (Article 75). Parliamentary sovereignty refers to the supremacy
of the Parliament in the legislative process.

Marginalization Of Parliamentary Supremacy Due To Cabinet

System
1. No proper separation of power - results in abuse of power that leads
to arbitrariness.
2. Decline of Parliamentary Committees - The percentage of Bills having
been referred to the DRSCs is reduced from 60% during 14th LS to 71%
and 27%.
3. Lesser time spent on scrutiny- Eg- about 69 percent of the Bills intro-
duced in Parliament were passed in the same session during the 17th
Lok Sabha.
4. Delegated Legislation: In V.K.Kunjlengam Case, supreme court
noted Increasing reliance on delegated legislation means Parlia-
ment, reducing its supremacy in law-making.
5. Party Discipline: Parliamentary members are often expected to follow
party lines, limiting independent legislative debate. Eg- use of Whip
6. Frequent ordinances, now 11 per year as compared to 6 per year prior
to 2010, bypasses parliament's role of law making and accountability
over executive.In D.C. Wadhwa vs. State of Bihar, the Supreme
Court criticized the repetitive use of ordinances.
7. Government Control over Parliamentary Agenda: The legislative agen-
da is predominantly set by the cabinet with minimal input from minori-
ty parties or independent members restricting diverse viewpoints from
being represented in legislative processes.

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Role of parliament remains significant
1. Ultimate Legislative Authority: All major laws and budgets require approval from Parliament after due
deliberation.
2. Private Member’s Bills and Debates: Eg- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill
3. Role of Committees: Eg- Public Accounts Committee (PAC), chaired by the opposition, scrutinized the 2G
spectrum case
4. Opposition’s Role in Parliament: Intense debates on policies such as GST illustrate how opposition parties
can mobilize public sentiment and challenge government actions effectively.
5. Judicial Oversight: Eg- SC striking down of Section 66A of the IT Act in 2015 (Shreya Singhal case)
Strengthening parliamentary processes is vital for a vibrant Indian democracy. Thus restoring the balance of
power between the executive and legislature is essential for effective governance.

4. “The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the
legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment.

CAG is a constitutional body under article 148 that ensures Executive accountability in India. It audit the re-
ceipts and expenditures of the Central Government, State Governments, and other bodies that receive fund-
ing from the Government. B.R Ambedkar called CAG as most important office in Constitution of India.

Role of CAG ensuring legality of expenditure

1. Article 149: CAG audits all receipts and expenditures of the Union and States to ensure legality. Eg: In
the 2G Spectrum Case (2010), CAG found illegal allocation of licenses without proper procedures.
2. Article 266: Funds from the Consolidated Fund can only be withdrawn with legislative approval. Eg: CAG’s
audit of Assam’s finances revealed unauthorized withdrawals from the Consolidated Fund.
3. Article 150: The accounts must be kept in a form prescribed by the President on CAG’s advice. Eg: CAG’s
audit of Railway finances found non-compliance with the prescribed format.
4. Section 13 of CAG Act, 1971: Authorizes CAG to audit expenditures to ensure they are legally available for
the purpose. Eg: CAG’s audit of MGNREGA funds revealed misuse on non-permitted projects.
5. Article 151: CAG submits audit reports to the President/Governor for presentation in Parliament/State Leg-
islature. Eg: CAG’s report on Commonwealth Games highlighted legal breaches in procurement.

CAG ensuring propriety of expenditure

1. Section 17 of CAG Act, 1971: Allows CAG to audit the efficiency and propriety of transactions.
Eg: In the Coal Block Allocation audit, CAG questioned the lack of competitive bidding.
2. Regulation 41: CAG can conduct propriety audits to ensure spending is wise and economical. Eg: CAG’s
audit of Mid-Day Meal Scheme found excessive infrastructure spending with little impact.
3. Propriety Audit: CAG examines the fairness and wisdom of expenditures. Eg: In the Debt Waiver
Scheme audit, CAG found ineligible beneficiaries receiving waivers.
4. Subsidy/Grant Audits: CAG audits the effective use of government subsidies. Eg: In Ujjwala Yojana, CAG
found that many beneficiaries could not afford LPG refills.
5. Transparency in Spending: Eg. audits of projects like the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation are published online,
allowing citizens to scrutinize how public funds are utilized.
6. Safeguarding Public Interest by scrutinizing financial management practices within government enti-
ties. Eg. CAG’s audits revealed inefficiencies and mismanagement in Air India.

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Issues with CAG
1. T hough legal and regulatory audits are compulsory, but proprietary audits are discretionary.
2. Paul Appleby criticized role of CAG as auditor by saying it has negative and paralyzing effect on
administration.
3. Accounts are audited after actual expenditure is made, a mere post-facto audit.
Adopting a British System where CAG is both Comptroller as well as Auditor General can strengthen role of
CAG as  one of the bulwarks of the democratic system of government in India.

5. Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level
and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban
local bodies.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments established the framework for Panchayati Raj and urban local
bodies, promoting inclusive development and addressing local issues effectively.

Role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level

1. Decentralisation and Self-Governance: bringing governance closer to citizens and enhancing democratic
participation in decision-making affecting daily lives. Eg- Gram Sabhas
2. Rule of Law: Local bodies enforce regulations such as building codes, sanitation rules, and land use policies.
Eg- municipalities taking action against illegal encroachments.
3. Responsiveness: Local bodies respond quickly to local issues such as waste management. Eg- the Indore
Municipal Corporation swiftly implemented waste segregation policies, earning Indore the title of the
cleanest city in India.
4.  Consensus-Oriented: Eg- Village Development Plans (VDPs) involve consultations with local communities
to align projects with their needs, promoting consensus.
5. Equity and Inclusiveness: Programs like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), implemented by local bod-
ies, aim to provide affordable housing to the economically weaker sections, ensuring social equity.
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Eg- as per World Bank, decentralisation and local governance through
PRIs reduced corruption and leakages in public welfare schemes by about 15-20%.
7. Accountability: Eg- social audits of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act).

Challenges
1. Financial - Panchayats in India generate only 1% of their revenue through local taxes. The majority of their
income, approximately 95%, comes from grants by the central and state governments.
2. Parastatal Agencies: State-run bodies like urban development authorities and public corporations often
take over key functions, limiting the autonomy of local bodies. Eg- Delhi Jal Board
3. Improper Devolution of Functions: Many states have not fully devolved powers to local governments, leav-
ing them with restricted control over important governance functions.
4. Proxy Representation - Corporator pati/Mayor Pati syndrome/ Sarpanch Pati syndrome
5. Lack of Staff: local bodies face a severe shortage of skilled personnel, hindering their ability to perform
assigned functions. As of 2022, about 35% of municipal corporation posts remain unfilled, affecting service
delivery and governance.

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Pros And Cons Of Merging Rural Local Bodies With Urban Local Bodies
Pros Cons
• R
 ural areas will benefit from improved infra- • Increased taxation: rural areas fears en-
structure from urban areas like roads, water, hanced taxation, as urban bodies levy higher charges
education, etc., aligning them with urban than village adding financial burdens on residents
development standards
• S
 train on municipal resources: ULBs already strug-
• I ntegrated Development Strategy: Eg. transporta- gling with limited funds and manpower resources,
tion networks can be designed to seamlessly con- making it difficult to provide efficient and timely
nect urban centers with surrounding rural areas, services to merged areas.
improving accessibility.
• P
 olitical resistance from both side: village lead-
• A
 dministrative Cost Reduction: By consolidating ership will be wary of losing their influence, while
services, merging can lead to a decrease in admin- existing councilors in urban areas might resist
istrative overhead and streamlining of operations. diverting funds or staff at expense of their constit-
uencies.
• U
 nified development and governance: the
merger will bring rural areas under governance • L ocal Needs Overlook: The unique needs and
frameworks of urban local bodies, enabling imple- priorities of rural communities may be overshad-
mentation of master plans, development control owed by urban concerns, leading to inadequate
regulations and economic growth strategies, attention to rural development issues.
fostering better planning and sustainable develop-
ment. • S
 kewed Resource Distribution: There’s a risk
that resources may still be unevenly distributed,
• A
 lready ongoing policies and frameworks like Dis- favoring urban areas due to their larger popula-
trict planning committee, Rurban mission have tions and political influence, thereby perpetuating
their essence in merger of rural and urban policy existing inequalities.
and developmental needs.
• I dentity and Heritage Erosion: Rural communities
may fear losing their unique identities and cultural
heritage in a merged governance system, as urban
priorities may overshadow traditional practices.

Way forward
1. Instead of directly merging rural bodies with urban ones, create independent municipal councils in peri-ur-
ban areas, improve infrastructure and governance, then merge with larger municipalities.
2. Revitalize gram sabhas and ward committees through inclusive discussions and use of social media to facili-
tate member communication.

Drawing from Gandhian Swarajya, any merger must ensure local self-governance and empowerment, where
both rural and urban needs are addressed without compromising the essence of decentralization.

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6. Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more
inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment.

A public charitable trust is a legal entity (established under the Indian Trusts Act of 1882) that serves the pub-
lic by carrying out charitable activities. They are created to pool resources and assets to achieve philanthropic
goals. Eg- Tata Trusts, Azim Premji Foundation,etc.

Public Charitable Trusts and Their Role in Inclusive Development in India

1. Poverty Reduction - Eg- Tata Trusts’ Lakhpati Kisan Initiative in Jharkhand aims to create sustainable liveli-
hoods by empowering tribal farmers with improved agricultural practices
2. Educational Enhancement: Eg. scholarships by Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation .
3. Healthcare Accessibility: Eg. telemedicine services by Piramal Swasthya initiative in Assam have delivered
over 5 million consultations.
4. Empowerment Through Skill Development - Eg- The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) has
uplifted over 1.5 million women by providing vocational training and access to financial services.
5. Infrastructure Development - Eg- The Infosys Foundation focuses on building infrastructure such as
schools, hospitals, and sanitation facilities in rural areas.
6. Complementing Government Efforts: Charitable trusts assist in implementing government schemes, such
as Swachh Bharat, by providing water, sanitation, and health services in rural areas.
7. Social Inclusion- Eg- The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) works in tribal regions of Gujarat,
promoting social inclusion through watershed management and livelihoods for marginalized communities.
8. Environmental Sustainability - The Sundarban Social Development Centre in West Bengal works on
mangrove restoration and eco-friendly livelihoods, supporting 10,000 families while preserving the
environment.
9. Leveraging CSR for Development: Eg- Azim Premji Foundation signed pact with karnataka government to
provide eggs in mid day meals.

Case Study: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

• t he Avahan Program to combat HIV/AIDS succeeded in reducing the spread of the disease, reaching over
300,000 high-risk individuals with prevention measures.

Issues with public charitable trust in india

1. Misuse of Funds: In 2020, the Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Smriti Manch faced scrutiny after the Delhi
High Court flagged irregularities in fund usage, with donations being misappropriated for non-charitable
purposes.
2. Governance Issues: The Tata Trusts were involved in a legal dispute with the Income Tax Department over
misuse of tax exemptions.
3. Lack of Accountability: In 2021, the Gandhi Smarak Nidhi Trust faced criticism for lack of transparency and
ineffective program implementation, raising concerns about accountability.
4. Impact Measurement Challenges: McKinsey’s India Impact Evaluation Report 2020 revealed that only 12%
of public charitable trusts have mechanisms to track long-term social outcomes effectively.
5. Dominant top-down approach: Development programs driven by donors often impose a top-down
approach, where external organizations dictate priorities and goals instead of considering local needs and
perspectives.
6. External interference: Relying heavily on donor funding diminishes the ability to negotiate and involve
communities due to the conditions imposed by donors.
7. Dependency Theory: Dependency theory suggests that international aid, including that provided by donor
agencies, can create a cycle of dependency among recipient nations. The aid leads to reliance on foreign
funds rather than fostering domestic growth and self-sufficiency.

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Way forward
1. Monitoring: There should be better coordination between Ministries of Home Affairs and Finance in
terms of monitoring and regulating illicit and unaccounted funds.
2. Streamlined Registration Process: Simplify and standardize the registration process for charitable trusts
across states to reduce bureaucratic hurdles. This can encourage more organizations to formalize their
operations.
3. Capacity Building and Training: Provide training programs and resources for trustees and staff of charitable
trusts to enhance their governance skills, financial management, and operational efficiency.
“Public charitable trusts and NGOs are crucial pillars of democracy. They fill the gap between government
actions and societal needs, ensuring more inclusive development.” – Amartya Sen.

7. Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human

capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?

United Nations defines poverty as “a state in which an individual or group lacks the financial resources to
meet their basic needs for a minimum standard of living." WHO defines malnutrition as “the condition that
results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or too much, causing health
problems.”

How Poverty and Malnutrition Create a Vicious Cycle:

1. Economic Barriers to Nutrition: Low-income households often lack access to nutritious food due to finan-
cial constraints, exacerbating malnutrition.
2. Impacts of Malnutrition on Poverty: Eg. ASER reports show higher dropout rates and lower literacy lev-
els among malnourished children in India.
3. Healthcare Costs of Malnutrition: Eg. Malnutrition-related diseases increase healthcare expenditure, limit-
ing resources for other essentials like education.
4. High Child Mortality: 68.2% of death of children below five years old are caused by malnutrition.
5. Educational Limitations Due to Cognitive Delays: Eg. The ASER report indicates that malnourished children
are more likely to drop out of school.

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6. Productivity Loss and Economic Growth: Eg. The World Bank estimates that malnutrition costs between
5% and 11% of GDP in regions like Africa and Asia.
7. Social Exclusion: Malnourished individuals are often socially excluded due to their reduced economic and
social contributions, further deepening poverty.
8. Intergenerational Transfer of Poverty: Malnourished parents are less able to provide for their children,
who then grow up in poverty, continuing the cycle.

Steps to Break the Cycle:

1. Innovative PDS reforms like distributing e-food coupons similar to e-Rupi as experimented in Assam, home
delivery of ration material and PDS reforms in accordance with recommendations of Shanta Kumar
Committee will help reduce both poverty and hunger problem.
2. Nutrition Programs: Strengthen schemes like POSHAN Abhiyaan and the Mid-Day Meal Scheme to ensure
access to nutritious food, especially for children and pregnant women. Eg. Tamil Nadu has introduced
Breakfast in Mid-Day Meal
3. Women Empowerment: Eg. Kerala’s Kudumbashree program empowers women, enhancing their role in
family health and economic decision-making.
4. Economic Empowerment: Expand livelihood programs like MGNREGA to provide stable incomes,
improving access to food and healthcare.
5. Community Nutrition Education: Educating communities on proper nutrition and food safety can help
address malnutrition at the grassroots level. Brazil’s Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) program has successfully
reduced hunger through community-driven nutrition education.

Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program

• fi
 nancial aid to low-income families, conditional on their children attending school and getting regular
health check-ups, including vaccinations.
• S
 tunting reduced by 13%, Extreme poverty dropped by 15%.

As Mark Winne states, “We cannot end hunger unless we end poverty.” Thus, Only by sustained efforts can we
regain progress towards goals of Zero poverty(SDG-1) and Zero Hunger(SDG -2).

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8. The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public
perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes abso-
lutely positive. Discuss.

As per OSCE, the Doctrine of Democratic Governance is a system of government where institutions function
according to democratic processes and norms, both internally and in their interaction with other institutions.

Importance of public perception of integrity and commitment of civil servants

Integrity:
1. Transparency: Eg- Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer, is known for his transparency, especially during his whis-
tleblowing on land scams in Haryana.
2. Accountability: Integrity ensures accountability, as seen in Kiran Bedi’s tenure as Director General of Tihar
Jail, where she introduced reforms that improved conditions and ensured greater transparency.
3. Fairness: Eg- T.N. Seshan, former Chief Election Commissioner, enforced electoral laws with strict impartial-
ity, boosting public confidence in the electoral system.
4. Encouragement of Participation: During COVID-19, IAS Iqbal Singh Chahal with his Dharavi model, engag-
ing communities in awareness campaigns showcased commitment, leading to higher public participation
in health measures.

Commitment:
1. Responsiveness: Eg- Durga Shakti Nagpal, an IAS officer, took a strong stand against illegal sand mining in
Uttar Pradesh, showcasing her commitment to enforcing the law.
2. Effectiveness and Efficiency: E. Sreedharan, known as the “Metro Man,” exemplified commitment by
ensuring the timely and efficient completion of the Delhi Metro project, enhancing public perception of
governance.
3. Rule of Law: Sanjukta Parashar, an IPS officer in Assam, is known her active role in combating insurgency.
4. Inclusiveness: Armstrong Pame, an IAS officer in Manipur, built a 100 km road connecting remote villages
without government funds
5. Trust Building: Eg. IPS Atul Kulkarni started bharosa cell as grievance redressal platform for women and
transgenders.

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 Challenges Way forward
1. C
 orruption: Corruption scandals can significantly 1. 3
 60-degree appraisal: Replacing lower-level
tarnish civil servants’ images, thereby tarnishing interviews with multi-stakeholder feedback (MSF)
image of whole administration. performance evaluations.
2. B
 ureaucratic Red Tape: Excessive bureaucratic 2. I nsulating Civil Servants from Political Inter-
procedures can frustrate citizens, leading to neg- ference, establishing a civil service posting and
ative perceptions. Bureaucrats are often seen as transfer board, Professionalisation with Stability
unapproachable, diminishing trust. of Tenure & Competition
3. P olitical Interference: Civil servants face challeng- 3. Building a Citizen-Centric Administration: In
es due to political interference, affecting their 2004, the Hota Committee suggested using ICT
ability to act impartially. Instances of pressure to for effective and accountable service delivery
act against principles lead to skepticism about 4. Outcome-Oriented - Model Code of Governance
commitment. to compare governance standards.
4. Media Scrutiny: Negative media portrayals can 5. Clear guidelines should be formulated
shape public perception unfairly. Civil servants vil- for Mission Karmayogi which enshrines rule to
ified in the media despite acting in public interest role based governance.
create narratives undermining their integrity.

“Every civil servant of India should help the countrymen in making their dreams come true,”PM Narendra
Modi. With this vision,there is a critical need for positive public perception of civil servants to ensure effective
democratic governance.


9. ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s

supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic
dominance.’ Explain this statements with examples.

As the economic and geo-political center of gravity of the world has shifted towards the indo-Pacific,
India has emerged as an ideal ‘swing state’, especially pursued by the west to counter China.

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India As An Alternative To Reduce Dependence On China’s Supply Chain
1. Expanding Manufacturing Base: Companies like Apple and Samsung are ramping up production in India,
reducing reliance on China’s manufacturing hubs.
2. Strengthening Supply Chain Resilience: The Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) with Japan and Aus-
tralia helps build secure, diversified supply chains outside of China.
3. Revising Trade Privileges: Renegotiations under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) enhance
India’s export potential to Western markets, directly competing with Chinese products.

India Being A Strategic Ally To Counter China’s Political And Economic Dominance
1. Indo-Pacific Strategy: NATO’s support for India’s role in the Indo-Pacific strengthens its position in
maritime security, providing a counterbalance to China's growing influence in the region.
2. Multilateral Influence: India’s growing role in the Quad and BRICS enables it to assert influence on
regional policies, effectively countering China’s dominance in global platforms​.
3. Military Modernization: India’s procurement of advanced defense systems from the US, Israel, and
France strengthens its military capabilities, particularly along its contested borders with China.
4. Naval Cooperation: The Malabar Naval Exercises with the Quad nations (US, Japan, and Australia) signifi-
cantly enhance India’s naval capabilities and strategic presence along key maritime routes, countering
China’s assertiveness.
5. India’s diplomatic support from the UN and G7 summits during its border disputes with China highlights
strong Western backing, reinforcing India’s global standing and regional influence.
6. Defense Technology: The BECA agreement with the US improves India’s access to advanced defense tech-
nologies, giving it a crucial edge in surveillance and targeting capabilities against China.
7. Tech Collaboration: The Indo-US Artificial Intelligence Initiative promotes joint technological development,
reducing India’s reliance on Chinese technology while boosting its innovation capacity in key sectors.

VALUE ADDITION
Emerging global dominance of china
1. China’s Supply Chain Control Globally
a. Manufacturing Hub: China accounts for 28% of global manufacturing output Eg. It produces 70% of
the world’s smartphones.
b. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) It involves over 140 countries and is projected to invest around $1
trillion to enhance trade connectivity across Asia, Europe, and Africa.
2. China’s Political and Economic Dominance
a. Economic Growth: second-largest economy with a GDP of approximately $17 trillion, maintained
an average growth rate of about 6% over the past decade.
b. Geopolitical Influence: China is a permanent member of UNSC and plays a dominant role in interna-
tional organizations like NSG,SCO,G20 and BRICS.

As S. Jaishankar noted, while economics and demographics will bring India and the West closer, “the real
difference would be made by politics and values.” For this partnership to thrive, both must align their world-
views and deepen collaboration to create a balanced global order.

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10. Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic rela-
tions with the Central Asian Republics (CARS) highlighting their increasing
significance in regional and global geopolitics.

“India and Central Asia are bound together by a shared history, culture, and mutual interest in peace and de-
velopment.” - PM Modi

Diplomatic Engagement Between India And Central Asia

1. India and CARs share cultural and historical connections that date back to the Silk Road and Mughal
era. Since gaining independence in the early 1990s, India has made it a priority to establish robust
diplomatic relations with these countries.
2. Institutional frameworks like the India-Central Asia Dialogue facilitate engagement on political and
strategic matters, concentrating on regional security, trade, and developmental collaboration.
3. Bilateral Visits and Agreements: High-level exchanges, such as Indian PM’s visit to all five Central Asian
nations in 2015.
4. Cultural Diplomacy: The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) actively promotes Indian culture in
CARs.

Economic Relationship Between India And Central Asia

1. Trade Relations: Bilateral trade account-
ing for merely $3 billion in 2023. Key ex-
ports include pharmaceuticals, machinery,
and tea, while imports are predominant-
ly uranium and cotton.
2. Investment Initiatives: Exemplified
by ONGC Videsh’s investments in
Kazakhstan’s oil fields.
3. Connectivity Projects: The INSTC and the
development of the Chabahar Port in
Iran are pivotal in enhancing connectivity
between India and Central Asia
4. Energy Cooperation: Symbolized by its
pursuit of energy projects such as TAPI
pipeline

Strategic Relations
1. Security and Counterterrorism Cooperation: Engagement through platforms like Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO) helps address security threats related to terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking.
2. Balancing Regional Powers: India’s presence in the CARs counters the influence of China and Russia,
enhancing its geopolitical standing through diversified strategies, particularly soft power initiatives such as
education and cultural exchange.

Increasing Significance of Central Asian Republics in Regional and Global Geopolitics

1. Energy Security: CARs, particularly Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, are vital for global energy
security due to their rich nuclear, natural gas and oil reserves, attracting interest from regional powers like
Russia, China, and Europe.

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2. Geopolitical Importance in Eurasia
a. Strategic Location at the crossroads of Eurasia, CARs are crucial for major trade and energy corridors,
including the Ashgabat Agreement, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the International North-South
Transport Corridor (INSTC).
b. Great Power Competition: The region serves as a battleground for influence among Russia, China, and
the U.S. China’s BRI enhances its economic foothold, while Russia maintains security ties through the
CSTO. India aims to balance this competition while preserving its strategic autonomy.
3. Security Concerns due to Afghanistan’s Stability: Central Asia's security is closely linked to Afghanistan,
which poses risks of terrorism, drug trafficking, and refugee flows.
4. Multilateral Cooperation: SCO and Regional Stability: As a member of the SCO, India plays a role in
promoting regional stability and addressing transnational issues like extremism and border security, which
are critical for both India and the CARs.

Challenges In India-Central Asia Relations that need to be addressed

1. Geographical Limitations: Central Asian Republics (CARs) are landlocked,hostile neighbors like Pakistan
and China limiting India’s direct connectivity.
2. Chinese Influence: Over the past two decades, China has significantly strengthened its presence in CARs,
with trade and investment flourishing, making India’s outreach more challenging.
3. The Taliban’s control over Afghanistan raises security concerns, complicating India’s efforts to secure its
interests in the region and engage with CARs.
4. Low Trade Volume: Trade between India and CARs stands at around $2 billion, starkly contrasting
with China’s trade, which amounts to approximately $100 billion, indicating a need for stronger commer-
cial ties.
As per Ambassador Ashok Sajjanhar, “Central Asian Republics constitute the extended neighborhood of India.
Security, stability and prosperity of this region is intimately linked with that of India and world ultimately.”

11. What are the aims and objectives of recently passed and enforced, The Pub-
lic Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University
/ State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act?

The recent NEET-UG 2024 exam paper leak has put the question mark on integrity of examination system in
India. The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 , which was passed by the Indian Parlia-
ment to “to curb paper leaks, malpractices, as well as organised malpractices in recruitment examinations like
UPSC, SSC etc and entrance tests such as NEET, JEE and CUET.

Aims and Objectives of the Act:

1. Ensuring Examination Integrity: To maintain the fairness of public examinations by curbing malpractices
such as cheating and impersonation.
2. Strengthening Accountability: To ensure that candidates, examination staff, and invigilators are held ac-
countable for maintaining examination standards.
3. Deterring Unfair Practices: To establish strict legal consequences to deter individuals and organized groups
from engaging in malpractice. Eg. vyapam scam, CBSE paper leak in 2018
4. Promoting Meritocracy: To safeguard the merit-based system, ensuring only deserving candidates succeed
in public examinations.
5. Restoring Public Trust: To enhance public confidence in the examination process by ensuring transparency
and fairness.

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Provisions in the Act:
1. D
 efining Unfair Means:
1. L eaking question papers or answer keys
2. A ssisting candidates during exams (unauthorized communication, providing solutions)
3. T ampering with computer networks or resources
4. Impersonating candidates
5. C onducting fake examinations or issuing fake documents
6. T ampering with documents for merit lists or ranks
2. Criminalisation of Cheating: Engaging in unfair means such as impersonation, leaking exam papers, or us-
ing unauthorized devices is considered a criminal offense with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
3. Penalties and Punishments:
1. Individuals:
a. Imprisonment ranges from 3 to 10 years depending on the offense’s severity
b. Fines up to Rs. 1 crore for organized crimes
2. S ervice providers:
a. Fines up to Rs. 1 crore for involvement in malpractices
b. Barring from conducting public examinations for 4 years
c. P ersonal liability for directors/management involved
3. O rganized crimes:
a. Harsher penalties, with imprisonment between 5 and 10 years and a minimum fine of Rs. 1 crore
b. The institution involved can face property attachment and forfeiture
4. Additional Measures:
1. E stablishing specialized courts for speedy trial of offenses
2. P romoting public awareness about the bill and its implications.
5. Empowering Authorities:
1. C onduct surprise checks at exam centers and seize electronic devices if suspected foul play
2. B lacklist service providers found guilty of malpractices
3. S hare information and coordinate across agencies to effectively tackle organized cheating

Challenges in implementation
1. Implementation Across Diverse Regions: The scale, availability, and capacity of resources, infrastructures,
and officials as well as coordination among them may impact the measures required by the Act.
2. Technological Infrastructure: smaller examining bodies and institutions can experience difficulties in
implementing such enhanced registration and verification methods as biometrics and central controls.
3. Resistance to Change: stakeholders involved in the examination activities may not accept change brought
by the Act from the traditional examination practices.

Coverage of the Act:

1. Public Examinations: The Act applies to central and state public examinations, including those for
recruitment, professional licenses, and government jobs.
2. University and State Education Board Examinations: The Act covers university exams and state education
board exams, ensuring fairness in both higher and secondary education assessments.
3. Competitive Examinations: Major national-level exams like UPSC, SSC, and state public service
commissions are within the purview of the Act.
4. Private Examination Centres: Examination centres, whether state-run or private, operating under public
examination guidelines, are subject to the provisions of the Act.
5. Digital and Online Examinations: Online exams, vulnerable to hacking or unauthorised access, are also
included to prevent digital forms of cheating.

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 Cambridge International Examinations (CIE)
They employed advanced scanning technology to detect unauthorized materials and utilized data analytics
to identify cheating patterns. CIE also provided training resources for teachers to design integrity-focused
assessments.

The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, is crucial in preserving the fairness of public
exams by combating malpractice. As Martin Luther King Jr. said,”Intelligence plus character—that is the goal
of true education,” emphasizing the importance of integrity alongside academic success.

12. Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently pro-
tected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the
law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity.

In K. S. Puttaswamy Judgment, the nine Judge Bench in this case unanimously reaffirmed the right to privacy
as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The judgment overturned previous rulings
such as the MP Sharma and Kharak Singh cases, which had rejected privacy as a fundamental right. Privacy
includes bodily integrity, informational privacy, and personal autonomy.

Right to privacy as intrinsic to life and personal liberty

1. Basic Fundamental Right- Article 12 of the UDHR and Article 17 of the ICCPR provide legal protection to
persons against ‘arbitrary interference’ with one’s privacy, family, correspondence, home, reputation, and
honour.
2. As Justice D.Y. Chandrachud noted, “Privacy is essential to the exercise of individual freedoms, and allowing
people to make personal choices without fear of external judgment or coercion.
3. Protection from Arbitrary State Action and ensures accountability in governance. Eg- invalidation of Sec-
tion 66A of IT Act.
4. Test for Privacy Infringement: Any restriction on the right to privacy must meet the threefold test estab-
lished by the Court:
a. Legality: There must be a law justifying the interference.
b. Legitimate Aim: The law should promote a legitimate state interest.
c. Proportionality: The interference must be proportional to the need to achieve the objective.
5. Impact on Laws: The ruling influenced the formulation of data protection laws, leading to the
development of the Personal Data Protection Bill and shaping the debate on issues like the Aadhaar
program.

Dna Testing Law And Right To Privacy-

Legal Framework for DNA Testing
1. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971: regulates abortion in India and includes provisions for
DNA testing in the context of prenatal diagnosis.
2. The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994: reg-
ulates the use of DNA testing for genetic disorders, ensuring that such tests are conducted ethically and
legally.
3. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872: Section 45,112 of this act allows for the admissibility of expert opinions,
including DNA testing results, in legal proceedings
4. DNA Technology Regulation Bill
5. Guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

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Justification for providing DNA testing
1. Legal Clarity: DNA testing provides accurate scientific evidence to establish paternity, which can resolve
legal disputes related to inheritance, custody, or support claims.
2. Judicial Rulings on Paternity Testing: Courts have increasingly used DNA testing in paternity disputes. Eg. in
Dipanwita Roy vs. Ronobroto Roy (2014)
3. Child’s Right to Know and Identity: The Supreme Court upheld a child’s right to know their parentage un-
der Article 21.
4. Ensuring Fair Justice: DNA testing can help in delivering justice in cases of adultery, marital disputes, or
allegations of paternity fraud
5. Preventing Misuse: Regulating DNA testing helps prevent sex-selective abortions and discrimination, pro-
moting the rights and equality of unborn children.

Ethical Concerns in Fetal DNA Testing

1. Informed Consent: The mother’s consent must be voluntary, without coercion, with full disclosure of risks
to both mother and child.
2. Intrusion into Bodily Autonomy: Forcing a woman to undergo DNA testing during pregnancy may infringe
on her bodily autonomy and decision-making rights over medical procedures.
3. Social Stigma: In certain cultural contexts, paternity testing may expose sensitive family matters, leading
to social stigma for the mother, child, or family.
4. Potential Harm: Invasive tests like amniocentesis or CVS carry risks to the fetus and should only be used
when necessary, with non-invasive methods preferred.
5. Privacy and Data Protection: DNA data must be securely handled to protect both mother and child,
preventing misuse that could lead to future stigmatization or discrimination.
In Bhabani Prasad Jena vs. Orissa State Commission for Women (2010), the court emphasized the need to
balance DNA testing with personal dignity and privacy, especially regarding pregnant women.

13. What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain
of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust
between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism.

“Indian Union is a unitary state with subsidiary federal features rather than a federal state with subsidiary
unitary features.” - K.C. Wheare.
Centre-State relations in India are governed by constitutional provisions outlined in Articles 245 to 263, which
detail legislative, administrative, and financial relations.

Changes introduced by union government in the domain of centre-state relations

1. GST Compensation Extension: The government extended the compensation cess for states under
the Goods and Services Tax (GST) system to support state finances post-pandemic.
2. Changes in Financial Relations: Recommendations of 15th Finance Commission were implemented, with
a focus on reducing the share of states in central taxes, which some states perceived as diminishing their
fiscal autonomy.
3. Strengthening role of NITI Aayog in facilitating cooperative federalism and collaborative decision-mak-
ing between the Centre and States. Eg: NITI Aayog has conducted workshops with State governments to
develop tailored strategies for achieving SDGs.
4. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 sets national framework for education. However, Some states
expressed concerns over uniform national policy that may not consider regional and linguistic diversity,
thereby affecting state autonomy in framing educational policies.

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5. Disaster Response Funds: Enhanced flexibility given to states in using the SDRF for specific local disasters,
post the COVID-19 pandemic.
6. Greater Centralization of powers - Epidemic Diseases Act and Essential Commodities Act dueing COVID
7. River Water Disputes Amendment Bill (2019): This bill aims to streamline the adjudication process for in-
terstate river disputes, empowering the Centre to establish a Dispute Resolution Committee and reducing
the time frame for resolution.

Issues

Measures To Build Trust Between Centre And State And Strengthening Federalism.
1. Strengthening Inter-State Council with Regular meetings and enhanced powers can facilitate dialogue
and resolve disputes, promoting cooperative federalism. Eg: The revival of the Inter-State Council in 2016
after a decade showed potential for proactive issue resolution.
2. Impartial Role of Governors - Eg: Recommendations from the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions to en-
sure Governors are not seen as central agents.
3. State Involvement in National Policies especially those impacting concurrent and state lists, ensures pol-
icies reflect regional needs. Eg: Joint committees for policy areas like agriculture and education to ensure
state-specific concerns are addressed.
4. Punchhi commission recommended binding consent of state during central legislations from concurrent
list.
5. Cooperative Federalism Projects: Initiatives like Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat encourage cultural and educa-
tional exchanges between states and centre and particular state, helpful in building trust.
6. Judicial Precedents on Federal Balance: Upholding S.R. Bommai vs Union of India judgment, reinforces
state sovereignty and safeguards against arbitrary central dominance.

As B. R. Ambedkar rightly said, “Federalism is critical for the unity of India; it accommodates the country’s
diversity and allows states to flourish within the national framework.”

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14. Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As
a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most
powerful judiciary?

The Supreme Court has defined Public Interest Litigation (PIL) as “a legal action initiated in a court of law for
the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or a class of the community have
pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected.” As per SC observer
Data, on an average, the Court receives 26,379 PILs every year.

Reasons for growth of PIL in India

1. Relaxation of Locus Standi in Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), which focused on the inhuman
conditions of under-trial prisoners, laid the foundation for broader access to justice.
2. Judicial Activism: Judges like P.N. Bhagwati and V.R. Krishna Iyer promoted PILs as a vehicle for ensuring
fundamental rights as enshrined under Article 32 and way to address grievances related to social and
economic injustice.
3. Access to Justice: PILs made it easier for marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society to approach
the courts.
4. Societal Concerns: Issues such as environmental degradation, human rights violations, and corrup-
tion became areas where citizens could seek judicial intervention, pushing PIL cases to the forefront.
Eg- MC Mehta Case
5. Media Attention: Media coverage of PIL cases has increased public awareness, making the judiciary a
platform for addressing wide-ranging societal problems.
6. Executive and Legislative Inaction: PILs grew due to perceived inefficiencies or failures of the executive and
legislative branches in addressing important social and political issues. Eg- PIL on Paper Leak

Supreme Court as the World’s Most Powerful Judiciary

Arguments in Favor:
1.  Upendra Baxi, opines PIL has transformed Indian judiciary into an “institution of governance,” taking on
functions traditionally vested in the executive and legislative branches.
2. Judicial Activism: Through Public Interest Litigations (PILs), the Indian Supreme Court has actively ad-
dressed key social and political issues, such as the right to privacy (Puttaswamy judgment) and environmen-
tal protections.
3. Expansive Interpretation of Rights: It has broadened the interpretation of fundamental rights under Article
21, impacting areas like health, education, and environmental rights.
4. Judicial Review: The Court exercises powerful judicial review, overturning executive and legislative deci-
sions. Eg- NJAC Judgment
5. Intervention in Policy Matters: The Court has played a direct role in governance by issuing landmark
judgments on policy issues like environmental regulations (Taj Mahal pollution case) and human
rights (Vishakha guidelines for sexual harassment).
6. Suo Motu Powers: The Supreme Court can take cognizance of cases on its own, further extending its reach
and influence.

Argument Against
1. Overreach: The Court’s decision to interfere in policy issues like setting the height of the Sardar Vallabh-
bhai Patel statue drew criticism for stepping into areas best left to the executive.
2. Inefficiency and Delays: As of 2023, the Indian judiciary had a backlog of over 4.7 crore cases, including in
the Supreme Court, leading to delays in delivering justice.
3. Inconsistent Decision-Making: In cases like Sabarimala Temple Entry (2018), where religious rights were
pitted against gender equality, the Court’s rulings led to divided public opinion and later contradictions,
illustrating inconsistency.

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4. Criticism of Policy Interference: The Supreme Court’s intervention in BCCI reforms (Lodha Committee
case) raised concerns that it was overstepping into the domain of sports administration, traditionally a
non-judicial area.
5. Lack of implementation of court verdicts hinder the successful implementation of PIL.

Way Forward
1. Striking a balance between legitimate cases and frivolous cases: Scrutiny panel or special PIL cells can be
set up for scrutiny at first stage.
2. Provision of strict punishment for frivolous PILs.
3. Court should be fully satisfied that substantial public interest is involved before entertaining the petition.

Justice P.N. Bhagwati thus cautioned that PIL must not degenerate into “publicity or private interest
litigation”. By striking balance between ensuring access to justice and preventing misuse, PIL can become cru-
cial tool for upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of marginalized and vulnerable citizens..

15. Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of
the US constitution.
Secularism is a principle that advocates the separation of religion from politics and governance. It seeks to
establish a society where religious institutions and state institutions are independent of each other.

India As A Secular State

1. Constitutional Guarantee of Secularism:
a. Equality before Law: All citizens, irrespective of their religion, are treated equally before the law (Article
14).
b. Articles 25-28 guarantee freedom of religion, allowing individuals to practice, profess, and propagate
their faith freely.
c. Religious and linguistic minorities have the right to preserve their culture and establish educational
institutions (Article 30).
2. Pluralistic Society with Equal Religious Representation: India’s inclusive secularism celebrates diverse reli-
gious festivals, exemplifying Rajeev Bhargava’s idea of “equal respect for all religions,” unlike the Western
model of strict separation.
3. Judicial Interventions Upholding Secularism - SC in S.R. Bommai Judgment has held Secularism as a Basic
Feature of the Constitution
4. Positive Model of Secularism
a. India’s secularism permits personal laws for different religious communities, enabling autonomy in
marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Eg- Muslim Personal Law.
b. State Support for Religious and Cultural Practices: Eg. subsidies for the Hajj pilgrimage for Muslims,
financial support for Hindu pilgrimages, and Sikh langars.

Dilution Of Secularism In India

1. C ommunal Violence and Polarisation: NCRB Report (2021) recorded more than 5,000 cases of communal
riots between 2017 and 2021. Eg. The Nuh violence in Haryana in 2023.
2. Use of hate speech and narrative of “us vs them” during election campaigns has contributed to religious
polarization, with leaders making divisive statements to appeal to specific communities.
3. Mob Lynching and Vigilantism: Incidents of mob lynching, especially targeting minority communities under
the guise of cow protection or other religious sentiments, have risen. Eg. Recently a man beaten in train
for carrying beef, sadhu lynching in palghar.

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4. Social exclusion based on religious identity - Eg. A 2021 Pew Research Center report found 64% of Indians
identify as “Hindus first” rather than “Indians first,” illustrating the rise of religious nationalism. Eg- boycott
on Muslim vendors in temple fairs in Karnataka (2022).
5. Challenges in Implementing Secular Principles: A 2019 Lokniti-CSDS survey found significant opposition to
the Uniform Civil Code: 55% of Muslims, 54% of Christians, and 40% of Hindus, highlighting the challenge of
achieving consensus on secular reforms.

Comparison Of Secular Provisions Between Indian And Us Constitution

Similarities
1. Constitutional Enshrinement: U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment prohibits Congress from establishing
a religion, while India's 42nd Amendment explicitly includes "secular" in Preamble, affirming the state's
neutrality towards all religions.
2. Freedom of Religion: U.S. First Amendment guarantees free exercise of religion, paralleling Articles 25-28
of the Indian Constitution, which protect individuals’ rights to profess, practice, and propagate their faith
without state interference.
3. Judiciary’s Role: Landmark cases like Engel v. Vitale (1962) in U.S. and S. R Bommai case in India ensured
judicial protection of these principles.

Differences in secularism in USA and india

Difference India USA

Explicit Mention ‘Secular’ is explicitly mentioned in US Constitution implies secularism
the Indian Constitution post-1976 through the First Amendment.
amendment
Personal Laws Indian secularism allows multi- The US does not have religion-based per-
tude of personal laws for religious sonal laws
minorities and tribal communities.
Religious Symbols in Some allowance of religious sym- Strict separation US ; religious symbols or
Public Spaces bols in public spaces in India, prayers are generally not allowed in public
though balanced by the need for schools or government buildings.
secular governance.
Legal Framework Though indian constitution The US adheres strictly to a uniform civil
maintains provision of uniform civil code
code(art. 44), its implementation
still awaits
Secular Nature of Gov- Active secularism in India where Passive secularism in USA, with strict
ernance the state may regulate religion to non-involvement of the state in religious
ensure equality. Eg. Hindu Marriage matters.
Act, Triple Talaq Bill

Secularism and Harmony is not "political fashion" but it is "perfect passion" for India and Indians. Thus, Up-
holding secular values, fostering interfaith dialogue, and promoting inclusive policies are crucial for maintain-
ing a pluralistic society and strengthening the fabric of Indian democracy.

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16. The Citizens’ charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-cen-
tric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors
hindering the realization of its promise and suggest measures to overcome
them.

As per 2nd ARC, Citizen Charter is a public statement that defines the entitlements of citizens to a specific
service, the standards of the service, the conditions to be met by users, and the remedies available to the
latter in case of non-compliance of standards. Adopted in 1997 in India, citizen charter still to realize it’s full
potential.

Importance Of Citizens Charter In Ensuring Citizen Centric Administration

Factors Hindering Realization Of Full Potential Of Citizens Charter

1. One size fits all: Tendency to have a uniform CC for all offices under the parent organization. CC has still not
been adopted by all Ministries/Departments. This overlooks local issues.
2. Silo operations: Devoid of participative mechanisms in a majority of cases, not formulated through a con-
sultative process with cutting edge staff who will finally implement it.
3. Lack of Legal Enforcement: Citizen Charters aren’t legally binding, which limits accountability.
4. Non-Dynamic: Charters are rarely updated making it a one-time exercise, frozen in time.
5. Poor design and content: lack of meaningful and succinct CC, absence of critical information that end-users
need to hold agencies accountable.
6. Lack of public awareness: only a small percentage of end-users are aware of the commitments made in
the CC since effective efforts of communicating and educating the public about the standards of delivery
promise have not been undertaken.
7. Stakeholders not consulted: End-users, Civil society organizations and NGOs are not consulted when CCs
are drafted. Since a CC’s primary purpose is to make public service delivery more citizen-centric, consulta-
tion with stakeholders is a must.
8. Measurable standards of delivery are rarely defined: making it difficult to assess whether the desired level
of service has been achieved or not.
9. Poor adherence: little interest shown by the organizations in adhering to their CC. since there is no citizen
friendly mechanism to compensate the citizen if the organization defaults.

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Measures required (2nd ARC recommendations)
1. Customized Charters: Citizens’ Charters should be tailored to specific organizations preferably in local
languages rather than adopting a one-size-fits-all approach, ensuring relevance to local contexts and
needs.
2. Stakeholder Consultation: The formulation of charters must involve extensive consultations with all stake-
holders, including citizens, NGOs and other civil society, to ensure that the charters reflect genuine needs
and expectations.
3. Clear Commitments should be specified regarding service delivery standards and outline remedies or
compensations for failures in service provision, enhancing accountability.
4. Regular Evaluation by independent agencies, to assess their effectiveness and ensure they remain rele-
vant and impactful.
5. Adoption of the Sevottam Model: The Sevottam model was suggested by the 2nd ARC in its 12th report on
“Citizen Centric Administration”. This model combines the principles of ‘service’ and ‘uttam’ (excellence)
and outlines a systematic approach:
a. Defining services and identifying clients.
b. Setting standards and norms for each service.
c. Developing capabilities to meet these standards.
d. Performing services to achieve the standards.
e. Monitoring and evaluating performance continuously.
f. Implementing continuous improvements based on evaluations.

Jan Sewa Kendra, Ahmedabad

In feb. 2004, district collectorate of ahmedabad standardized the entire citizen charter of district with
75 issues in it.

The Citizens’ Charter is a commitment to service quality, transparency, and accountability, promoting respon-
sive governance. Reviving this program in government departments is essential for ensuring accountability to
both citizens and the organizations themselves.

17. In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should
play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the sys-
tem. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach
of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

Healthcare is a fundamental right crucial for individual dignity and welfare. Article 47 of the Indian
Constitution highlights the State's responsibility to ensure public health, affirming the commitment to provide
equitable access to healthcare for all citizens.

Adverse impact of marketisation of healthcare system

1. Inequity in access: creates a dual healthcare system where wealthy individuals can access, afford and avail
healthcare, while the poor rely on underfunded public healthcare.
2. Rural-urban divide as only 30% healthcare infrastructure serves 70% rural population, leaving rural areas
underserved.
3. Rising cost and affordability: Eg. 47.1% of total healthcare spending in India is out-of-pocket expenditure
(National Health Accounts 2019-2020).

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4. Commodification of Healthcare: Eg. doctors prescribing unnecessary tests and medicines just to increase
profit.
5. Limited Focus on Preventive Care: Market-driven systems prioritize curative care over preventive mea-
sures, leading to under-investment in public health.

Role of state in containing marketisation of healthcare

1. Regulation of Healthcare Costs: The state can cap treatment prices, regulate drug prices (e.g., India’s Na-
tional Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority), and ensure that essential medicines remain affordable.
2. Strengthening Public Healthcare: The government can expand and improve public health infrastructure to
provide low-cost or free services, reducing dependency on private healthcare providers.
3. Universal Healthcare Schemes: Programs like Ayushman Bharat in India help reduce out-of-pocket
expenses for poor citizens by providing free access to essential health services.
4. Health Insurance Regulation: The state can ensure that private health insurance schemes are affordable,
transparent, and provide adequate coverage without discrimination or exploitation.
5. Public Health Campaigns: The state plays a key role in promoting preventive healthcare, vaccination drives,
and awareness programs to reduce the burden of disease and reliance on expensive treatments.
6. Subsidizing Essential Health Services
a. The government should provide subsidies for essential drugs and healthcare services to make them
more affordable for the general public. Eg. Jan Aushadhi Stores
b. Provide free preventive healthcare services such as immunizations, maternal and child care, and
routine health checkups to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure.

Measures to Enhance Public Healthcare at the Grassroots Level

1. D ecentralization of Healthcare Governance: Empower local governing bodies like Panchayati Raj Insti-
tutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies to take charge of healthcare delivery at the local level. This would
ensure more responsive and need-based healthcare.
2. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): NITI Aayog in its report ‘Reimagining Healthcare In India Through
Blended Finance’ Encouraged partnerships between the government and private healthcare providers for
the supply of healthcare equipment, medicines, and mobile health units in rural areas.
3. Health Education and Community Participation: Launch health literacy programs and engage local com-
munities in healthcare planning by forming village health committees to monitor programs. Eg. ASHA and
Anganwadi workers can be leveraged.
4. Increased Budget Allocation for Public Health to improve infrastructure, recruit more healthcare workers,
and ensure the continuous supply of medicines. Allocate funds specifically for underserved areas, ensuring
equitable distribution of healthcare resources across the country.
5. Focus on Preventive Healthcare: Prioritize preventive healthcare measures, such as improving sanitation,
clean drinking water access, and widespread vaccination campaigns.
6. Implement nutrition programs targeting maternal health and child development to reduce the incidence
of malnutrition and related diseases.
7. Technological Integration: Use telemedicine, mobile health apps, and electronic health records to enhance
remote care access and continuity. Eg: Practo, eSanjeevani.

The Kerala Model of health care

Key initiatives include empowered health workers, decentralized governance, and public health education.

As the saying goes, “Health is wealth, not wealth in health,” emphasizing the importance of accessible health
care. By focusing on public investment and community health initiatives, the state can ensure health remains a
fundamental right, not a commodity.

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18. e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology
in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for
ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of
the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e governance.

The World Bank defines e-governance as the use by government agencies of information technologies (such
as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that can transform relations with citizens, busi-
nesses, and other arms of government.”

Application of digital technology in service delivery process

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e-Governance being multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability
1. Enhancing Public Access: E-governance platforms facilitate easy access to information, promoting transpar-
ency in government processes such as budgeting and tendering.
2. Preventing Corruption: Digital records and traceable transactions significantly reduce opportunities for
corruption by minimizing human interaction.
3. Citizen Feedback Mechanisms: Interactive features, such as CPGRAMS, empower citizens to file complaints
and track resolutions.
4. Auditable Transactions: Eg. Performance dashboards, such as the Swachh Bharat Mission dash-
board, provide real-time data on initiatives like toilet construction, ensuring accountability through
traceability.
5. Standardized Processes: E-governance standardizes workflows across departments, enhancing fairness in
implementing government schemes. Eg. Social audit tools, like the Social Audit Network of India (SANI).

Interactive service model of e-governance

The Interactive-Service Model is the pinnacle of e-governance, where two-way communication between the
government and citizens is not just possible but encouraged.

Role of the Interactive Service Model of e-governance:

1. Enhanced Citizen Engagement: Platforms like MyGov and town hall forums, allowing them to provide
feedback and suggestions
2. Improved Service Delivery: Digital India Portal ensures streamlined and accessible services such as pass-
port renewals and tax filings
3. Accountability through Feedback Mechanisms: Platforms like CPGRAMS, enable citizens to lodge
complaints and track their resolution.
4. Customization of Services: As seen in the UMANG app, which tailors services based on user interactions
and preferences.
5. Digital Democracy: Through participatory platforms like online consultations, surveys, and digital town
halls, the interactive service model fosters a more inclusive and transparent form of governance.

Issues with the Interactive Service Model of E-Governance

1. Digital Divide: Over 60% of rural Indians lack internet access, hindering their ability to benefit from e-gov-
ernance services, thereby widening the gap between urban and rural populations.
2. Data Privacy Concerns: The Aadhaar system, with over 1.3 billion enrolled, has faced criticism for poten-
tial misuse of personal data, raising significant privacy issues and public distrust.
3. Dependency on Technology: Reliance on technology can lead to service disruptions; for instance, during
the 2020 lockdown, many citizens faced difficulties accessing essential services due to tech failures.
4. Cybersecurity Risks: In 2020, cyberattacks on government systems increased by 37%, threatening sensi-
tive citizen data and critical operations, highlighting vulnerabilities in e-governance frameworks.
5. Bureaucratic Resistance: A 2021 survey by NITI Aayog found that 40% of government officials reported
inadequate digital literacy, obstructing the implementation of e-governance initiatives and leading to inef-
ficiencies.
6. Resource Intensive: Many state governments struggle with budget constraints; eg. only 20% of Indian
states have allocated sufficient funds for developing robust e-governance infrastructure.
7. Equity and Inclusion: E-governance may exacerbate inequalities; as only 25% of women in rural areas use
online services, limiting their access to vital resources and information.

E-governance is inclusive of e-Democracy, e-Government and e-Business. Government Process Re-engineer-

ing using IT is critical for realisation of Viksit Bharat and New india.

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19. “Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.’
Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter
Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and miti-
gating this threat at the international level.

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a govern-
ment, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Count-
er-Terrorism Committee (CTC) was established under UNSC resolution 1373 to enhance the capacity of UN
member states to prevent and combat terrorism.

Terrorism A Significant Threat To Global Peace And Security

1. Impact on Global and Local Economies: Eg. 2008 Mumbai attacks resulted in a decline in foreign invest-
ments and tourism, costing the Indian economy over $2 billion.
2. Political Instability: The rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq led to the displacement of over 10 million people and
destabilized the Middle East.
3. Social Cohesion Challenges: Eg. 2019 Christchurch attacks in New Zealand highlighted how extremism
disrupts harmony by fueling religious and ethnic tensions.
4. Radicalization: Eg. ISIS, through social media, recruited over 30,000 foreign fighters from more than 100
countries.
5. Human Rights Violations: Eg. Boko Haram in Nigeria has killed over 37,500 people since 2009, with mass
abductions and attacks targeting civilians, violating fundamental human rights.

Mandate of UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)

1. Criminalize the financing of terrorism
2. Freeze without delay any funds related to persons involved in acts of terrorism
3. Deny all forms of financial support for terrorist groups
4. S uppress the provision of safe haven, sustenance or support for terrorists
5. Share information with other governments on any groups practicing or planning terrorist acts
6. Cooperate with other governments in the investigation, detection, arrest, extradition and prosecution of
those involved in such acts; and
7. Criminalize active and passive assistance for terrorism in domestic law.

Effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and Associat-

ed Bodies:
1. Helps in Development of Legal Frameworks: The CTC assists in implementing Resolution 1373, which
mandates states to criminalize terrorism financing and secure borders. Countries have adapted their laws,
including freezing assets linked to terrorism.
2. Promotes International Collaboration: The CTC fosters cooperation between nations to combat terror-
ism, ensuring shared intelligence and joint operations, especially in high-risk regions like Southeast Asia
and the Sahel.
3. Assists Nations via Capacity Building: Training programs, such as in the Sahel region, help local forces
combat terrorist threats through specialized skills and counter-terrorism techniques.
4. Enforces Sanction Measures: CTC oversees the implementation of sanctions like travel bans and arms
embargoes, ensuring compliance with UN Security Council mandates against terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda.
5. Ensures Monitoring and Compliance: The CTC monitors national compliance through regular state re-
ports, ensuring nations align with international anti-terrorism laws and obligations. Eg. recent follow up
visit by CTC in Tanzania to check compliance on counterterrorism resolution.
6. Targets Terrorist Financial Networks: The CTC collaborates with organizations like the Financial Action
Task Force (FATF) to combat money laundering and dismantle financial networks that support terrorism.

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Challenges Faced by UNSC CTC in Counter-Terrorism:
1. Political Interests and Sovereignty Issues: Disagreements among member states, such as vetoes by Russia
and China regarding resolutions on Syria, hinder unified responses..
2. Disparities and Resource Limitations: E Eg. Global Terrorism Index 2022 indicated that terrorism caused
$8.6 trillion in economic losses globally, disproportionately affecting less developed nations.
3. Balancing Security with Individual Rights: Surveillance measures, like those under the UAPA,AFSPA in
India, USA’s PATRIOT Act, often infringe on civil liberties. A 2021 Pew Research survey found that 56% of
Americans are concerned about government overreach in surveillance.
4. Rapid Technological Changes: The use of encrypted communication, as seen in the 2015 Paris attacks,
allows terrorists to coordinate while evading detection.
5. Implementation Gaps: A 2023 review by the committee highlighted that 80 countries reported insufficient
resources to enforce effective strategies.

To effectively combat terrorism globally, a multi-pronged approach is essential, focusing on socio-economic

development, responsive governance, and a unified Trident Strategy combining strong political will, proactive
measures, and strategic communication to counter terrorist influence.

20. Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India
with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this
relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst
international competition?

As Prime Minister Narendra Modi said “India and the Maldives are not just neighbors; we are natural part-
ners. Our destinies are intertwined, and we share the same vision of peace and prosperity.”

Geopolitical and Geostrategic Importance of Maldives for India: Focus on Trade and Energy
Flows
1. Strategic Location: Maldives’ position on key global
maritime trade routes enhances India’s maritime domain
awareness and security.
2. Energy Security: Located along key maritime routes
between the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca, the
Maldives serves as a critical “toll gate” for nearly half of
India’s trade and 80% of its energy imports.
3. Regional Stability: Strong ties with the Maldives support
India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy, ensuring political sta-
bility and minimizing external influences like China.
4. Countering China: India seeks to prevent the Maldives
from falling into China’s Belt and Road Initiative debt trap,
preserving regional dominance.
5. Trade Hub Potential: The Maldives can serve as a logistics and shipping hub, complementing India’s trade
routes and boosting regional economic integration.
6. Maritime Surveillance: Geographic proximity aids India in enhancing surveillance and accessing deep-sea
resources through joint projects, strengthening maritime security.
7. Defence Cooperation: A Defence Action Plan was signed in 2016 to strengthen this partnership. India
provides nearly 70% of Maldives' defence training, both on the islands and in India's military academies.

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Challenges
1. Growing Chinese Influence: Eg- China signed 20 “key” agreements, including on tourism cooperation,
disaster risk reduction and the blue economy during visit of Xi Jinping.
2. Diplomatic Turmoil - undiplomatic words used by ministers in Maldives, President Muizzu asking India to
withdraw military personnel and choosing China for one of his first overseas visits
3. Domestic politics - The ‘India Out’ campaign against the presence of the Indian military on Maldivian soil.
4. India’s security interests hinge on the Maldives’ political stability; internal turmoil could disrupt coopera-
tion and threaten maritime security objectives.
5. Non-traditional threats: Piracy, terrorism, and drug trafficking require ongoing collaboration and intelli-
gence sharing between India and the Maldives.
6. Extremism: The Maldives’ susceptibility to extremism and radicalization demands joint efforts to counter
these security challenges.

Way forward
1. Promote Non-Reciprocal Development Assistance to counter ‘Big Brother Perception: Building on the
principles of the Munroe Doctrine, India should focus on providing nonreciprocal, consultative, and coop-
erative development assistance to the Maldives. '
2. Enhance Maritime Security Collaboration including joint naval exercises, surveillance operations, and
information sharing.
3. Engage in Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: Programs that promote tourism, student exchanges,
and cultural initiatives will help build mutual understanding and strengthen bilateral relations.
4. Address Domestic Political Dynamics: India should be sensitive to the internal political landscape of the
Maldives, engaging with all political factions and civil society groups to ensure broad-based support for its
initiatives.

Sustained Diplomacy and strengthening People to People connect is essential to build trust and align ‘Neigh-
bourhood First’ policy with the Maldive’s ‘India First’ policy.

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We were the pioneers in UPSC to introduce Mentorship.

How Civilsdaily Does

Mentorship?

Third Phase Fourth Phse

First Phase Second phase
(Pre-Prelims) (Post-Prelims)

Aspirants struggle with Aspirants may

Switching to prelims Intensive preparation for
content overload and experience burnout
mindset. the Mains exam.
basic concepts. and self-doubt.

Mentors help them make Pre-tests and post-

sense of what to read, Mentors provide per- tests to discussions to
Hands-on classes and
how to approach subjects, sonalized support and assess retention and
post-test discussions.
and how to revise motivation. identify strengths and
effectively. weaknesses.

Regular tests are giv- Focus on consolidating

Personalized strategies
en to anchor marks to notes and knowledge Value enrichment sessions
for improving accuracy
understand performance gained. Introduction and X-factor notes are
and tackling difficult
through personalized to more complex and needed to gain an edge.
questions.
feedback. challenging subjects.

Double down on GS and

Answer writing practice Guidance on revising Guidance on online re-
Optional answer writing.
begins in the first few material and reflecting sources and study mate-
Frequent practice and
weeks. it in answers. rials
continuous feedback.

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Key aspects of Civilsdaily’s Mentorship:

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Page 45
We precisely know where you are in your prep journey. We are constantly trying to ensure
that you stay on top of your preparation and hit your next milestone. Be it strategy, doubts,
post test discussions. We got your back.

CD Mentorship is not loose calls between mentors and mentees. It is a SYSTEM. Designed to
help you put your best foot forward. Our propriety technology ensures there are no lapses at
the end. Such sophisticated systems don’t exist anywhere.

Here’s how Mentor Dashboard looks like.

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How do our stats look like?

As of 20th September, 2024. Our stats are as

82.3% 8.70% students are not-regular with Mentor

calls but are making progress.

students are REGULAR. They are

in touch with their Mentors, are 5.68% students are Ghost meaning they
have been absconding.
working on their targets.

These numbers flip for classroom-style Foundation programs

where 20% students quit by 2nd week. By nearly 2 months, 40% have quit.

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Page 47
Mentorship is a busy department.
We have had a rather busy week before Mains with our mentors being on calls around the clock.

The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Foundation Program and Ultimate Assessment
Program (UAP). For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth
and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends
at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to
aspirants for the value they get.

In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants;
many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS, and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved.

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Page 48
Here are some of the
recent rankers who
show us gratitude.