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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science


( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING SOYABEAN POD ASH AND CEMENT
Ranjeet Y. Kale*1, Shivam G. Shirsat*2, Pratik K. Sadude*3, Ambika S. Landge*4,
Prashik S. Kharate*5, Vijeta G. Rathod*6, Ashlesh S. Wankhade*7, Prajwal P. Dehankar*8
*1Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, PRMITR, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
*2,3,4,5,6,7,8Stundents, Civil Engineering Department, PRMITR, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS54316
ABSTRACT
This report presents a multidisciplinary approach to address the challenges possessed by Black Cotton Soil
(BCS), a problematic soil found in all over the Maharashtra state. BCS possesses geotechnical properties that
significantly impact construction and infrastructure development in the region, among other areas in India.
This study investigates the optimization potential of BCS using soybean pod ash (SBPA) and cement as
additives. The results offer valuable insights into the natural behavior of BCS and its response to the
incorporation of SBPA and cement. By understanding the geotechnical properties of BCS and studying the
impact of additives, the study provides practical recommendations for optimizing the soil's performance.
Utilizing locally available materials like SBPA and cement presents cost-effective and sustainable solutions for
soil improvement in the region. The findings of this research contribute to the field of geotechnical engineering
by providing insights into the behavior of BCS and the effectiveness of SBPA and cement as soil additives. These
insights have practical implications for construction professionals involved in projects using BCS, helping them
make informed decisions regarding soil stabilization and selecting optimal mix proportions.
Keywords: Soyabean Pod Ash (SBPA), Cement, Soil Stabilization, Soyabean Plant, Black Cotton Soil (BCS).
I. INTRODUCTION
Geotechnical properties play a critical role in determining the suitability and behavior of soils in various
technological and engineering applications. Understanding the geotechnical characteristics of soil across
disciplines is essential for designing safe and stable structures. In the context of this study, the focus is on Black
Cotton Soil (BCS), a problematic soil found in the Amaravati district in Maharashtra State of India. The
geotechnical properties of BCS, including its strength, compressibility, and permeability, have significant
implications for construction and infrastructure development in the region. Optimizing soil properties is a key
consideration in geotechnical engineering to enhance the performance of problematic soils. This Report aims to
investigate the geotechnical properties of Black cotton soil and explore the optimization potential using
soybean pod ash (SBPA) and cement as additives. SBPA, generated from burning soybean husks and Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC), are considered due to their abundance and potential benefits in soil stabilization and
enhancement. The primary objective of this study is to assess the geotechnical properties of BCS and evaluate
the effectiveness of SBPA and OPC in improving its characteristics. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure
various parameters such as moisture content, particle size distribution, plasticity index, and strength
properties. These tests provide valuable insights into the natural behavior of BCS and its response to the
incorporation of SBPA and OPC. By understanding the geotechnical properties of BCS and investigating the
impact of SBPA and OPC on its behavior, this research provided practical recommendations for optimizing the
soil's performance. Scholars notice that utilizing locally available materials like SBPA and OPC offers cost-
effective and sustainable solutions for soil improvement in different regions.
II. METHODOLOGY
1. Materials used
i) Black cotton soil
The black cotton soil was collected from Besides of Nemani Warehouse, Badnera-Amravati highway, Amravati,
Maharashtra. The soil is Black cotton soil. It is clayey type of soil with big size lumps.

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science


[9644]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
ii) Soyabean pod ash
The Soyabean pod was brought from a local farm and burnt around 500-to-600-degree Celsius temperature.
Soyabean pod is yellowish in color and after burning it becomes black in color.

Fig 1: Soyabean pod and soyabean pod ash


iii) Cement
Cement was brought from the local market of Amravati city of Ambuja company of 43 grade.
2. Stages of work
 Extraction of soil and material collection
 Preparation of soil
 Finding out properties of soil
 Re- establishment of properties
3. Tests done on Black cotton soil and mixed proportion of SBPA and Cement.
 Specific gravity.
 Liquid limit.
 Plastic limit.
 Shrinkage limit.
 Unconfined compressive stress
 Standard compaction test.
 Triaxial shear test
1) Specific gravity.
Specific Gravity Test was carried out as per IS: 2720 (Part 3)-1980.Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of
the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature both weights taken in air. Knowledge of
specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree of saturation etc.
2) Liquid Limit
The liquid limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dried soil
at the boundary between the liquid and plastic states of consistency. The moisture content at this boundary is
arbitrarily defined as the water content at which two halves of a soil cake will flow together, for a distance of ½
in. (12.7 mm) along the bottom of a groove of standard dimensions separating the two halves, when the cup of a
standard liquid limit apparatus is dropped 25 times from a height of 0.3937 in (10 mm) at the rate of two
drops/second.

Fig 2: Instrument of Liquid Limit test


3) Plastic Limit Test
The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry soil, at
the boundary between the plastic and semisolid states of consistency. It is the moisture content at which a soil
will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread ⅛ in. (3 mm) in diameter using a ground glass plate or
other acceptable surface.

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[9645]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
4) Shrinkage limit Test
The shrinkage limit of black cotton soil is usually determined by conducting a laboratory test called the
shrinkage limit test. In this test, a small amount of soil is placed in a cylindrical metal dish and dried in an oven
at a constant temperature until it reaches a constant weight. The dish is then weighed, and the soil is removed
from the dish and pulverized. The pulverized soil is then placed back into the dish and water is added gradually
until the soil is just moist enough to roll into a ball. The dish is then reweighed, and the moisture content is
calculated. This moisture content is the shrinkage limit.
5) Unconfined Compressive Test (UCS)
The unconfined compressive test (UCT) is a common method used to determine the strength characteristics of
black cotton soil. The test is performed on undisturbed cylindrical samples of the soil, which are typically 50
mm in diameter and 100 mm in height. The sample is prepared by trimming it to size and saturating it with
water. During the UCT, axial load is applied to the sample at a constant rate of deformation until failure occurs.
The maximum load that the sample can sustain before it fails is recorded as the unconfined compressive
strength (UCS) of the soil. The UCS is a measure of the shear strength of the soil, which is an important factor in
soil stability and foundation design.
6) Standard Compaction Test
It is a pretest of CBR test because if i conduct CBR test before that it is to know the optimum moisture content
(OMC) in this test, so this test is to be conducted to know the optimum moisture content. Weight the standard
proctor mold with base and without collar(w1) gm. Take about 3kg of air-dried soil passing through 4.5mm
sieve. Take known quantity of water (6% by the weight of dried soil) and mix well with the soil. Attach the
collar with proctor mold and fill the mixed soil in the mold in three equal layers. compact each layer by the
rammer weighing 2.6 kg allowing into drop 25 times from the height of 310mm.The total height of the
compacted soil should be slightly more than the height of the Mold. Remove the collar and cut out the projected
soils to have a level surface with the top of the midweight the mold with the soil (w2) gm. Remove the soil from
the cylinder and break up the soil by hand. Now Increase the moisture content by 2% mix thoroughly. Repeat
the experiment. In the repeating process each time rise the moisture content by 2% until there is a considerable
fall in the weight of the mold with compacted soils. Take samples from which operations and calculate the
moisture content and corresponding dry density. Draw the graph between dry density and moisture content.
Find the dry density and optimum moisture content from the graph.
7) Triaxial Shear Test
Triaxial testing is a type of laboratory test that is commonly used to determine the strength and deformation
properties of soils, including black cotton soil. In this test, a cylindrical soil specimen is placed inside a triaxial
cell, which is a special apparatus that allows the soil to be subjected to controlled axial and confining pressures.
The test is designed to simulate the stresses and strains that soils experience in the field. The triaxial test is
particularly useful for evaluating the shear strength properties of soils, which are important for designing
foundations, retaining walls, and other structures. The test can also provide information on the soil's
compressibility and permeability, which are important factors in determining its suitability for construction.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results were calculated for the following mix proportion:
1. 100 % soil
2. 80 % soil + 20 % SBPA
3. 80 % soil + 18 % SBPA + 2 % Cement
4. 80 % soil + 16 % SBPA + 4% Cement
5. 80 % soil + 14 % SBPA + 6% Cement
The test results for 100 % soil only are given as below:

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science


[9646]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
Table 1: Comparison between various test result with respect to Various proportion
Angle
Liqu Plast UCS
Speci Shrink Plastic of
id ic MDD Cohesi max
Sr. fic age ity OMC inter
Proportion Limi Limi (gm/c on (C) streng
No Gravi Limit Index (%) nal
t t c) (Kpa) th
ty (%) (%) frictio
(%) (%) (Kpa)
n (ϕ)
31.8
1 100% 2.26 50.5 0.195 18.64 26.77 1.77 60 4.50 81.2
6
54.6 211.4
2 80 % + 20 % 1.6 64.5 0.319 9.87 31.44 1.21 100 120
3 3
80 % + 18 % + 44.2
3 1.6 61.5 0.234 17.27 28.2 1.46 62 23.20 250.2
2%C 3
80 % + 16 % + 54.0 377.7
4 1.67 61.7 0.426 7.86 16.5 1.37 76 270
4%C 2 8
80 % + 14 % + 35.3 217.0
5 1.66 55 0.432 19.62 28 1.49 135 200
6%C 8 1

Proportion vs Spec. Gravity


2.5 2.26

2 1.67 1.66
1.6 1.6
Spec. Gravity

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Proportion ( Sr. no )

Fig 3: Graph of Proportion vs Spec. Gravity

Proportion vs Plasticity Index


25
19.62
18.64
Plasticity Index ( % )

20 17.27

15
9.87
10 7.86

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Proportion ( Sr. no )

Fig 4: Graph of Proportion vs Plasticity Index

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[9647]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com

Fig 5: Graph of Proportion vs OMC

Fig 6: Graph of Proportion vs MDD

Fig 7: Graph of Proportion vs Cohesion

Fig 8: Graph of Proportion vs Internal Angle of Friction

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[9648]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com

Proportion vs UCS max strength


377.78
400
350
UCS Max strength ( Kpa)

300 250.2
250 211.43 217.01
200
150
81.2
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Proportion ( Sr. no )

Fig 9: Graph of Proportion vs UCS Max strength


IV. CONCLUSION
From the various experimental tests like Compaction Test (Proctor Test), UCS test we study that after the soil
stabilization OMC of soil normally decrease but some time it increases also. Similarly, the MDD of soil increases
normally after stabilization and some time it decreases also. The behavior of soil after the stabilization was
different for different material used for stabilization. After the study and performance of all tests we have found
the following conclusions.
1) For soil stabilized with mix proportion of 80% soil+14%SBPA+6%C maximum MDD is 1.49gm/cc with OMC
28 %
2) For soil stabilized with mix proportion of 80% soil + 14 % SBPA + 6%c MDD is decreased with 16%
compared to soil.
3) For soil stabilized with mix proportion 80% BCS + 16 % SBPA + 4 % Cement the max unconfined
compressive strength (UCS) is 377.08 Kpa.
4) The Unconfined compressive strength increases with increase in the proportion of SBPA and cement.
5) The maximum value of C and phi increases with increase in proportion of SBPA and Cement.
6) The maximum value of C= 135.24 Kpa with the internal angle of friction i.e. phi = 200 is found with 80%soil +
14 %SBPA +6%c.
7) Black cotton soil has a plasticity index of 18.64 with liquid limit of 50.66 and plastic limit of 34.66 with
shrinkage limit of 0.195.
8) The maximum plasticity index among the all proportions is 19.62 with 80% soil +14% SBPA + 6% C
proportion, with liquid limit of 55 , plastic limit of 35.38 and shrinkage limit of 0.435.
V. FUTURE SCOPE
 Plate load test can be performed on the same soil sample by adding optimum content soyabean pod ash and
cement.
 The study is again performed by using modified proctor test instead of standard proctor test.
 The study is again performed by using hydrated SBPA.
 The study is again performed by using other additives like fly ash instead of cement.
 The changed index and engineering properties of soil for optimum dose of soyabean pod ash and cement
can be investigated.
 Combine effect of soyabean pod ash and other material ash like rise husk on BCS can be investigated.

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[9649]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Agrawal A. P., Basarkar P. W., Salimath P. M. and Patil S. A. 2002. Role of cell wall- degrading enzymes in
pod shattering process of soybean. Glycine max. (L) Merrill. Curr. Sci., 82: 58-61.
[2] Aigbodion V.S., (2019). Bean pod ash nanoparticles a promising reinforcement for aluminium matrix
biocomposites, materrestechnol . 2 0 1 9;8 (6):6011–6020.
[3] Amartey D Y & Taku J K, Effect of Calcination Temperature of Rice Husk on the Amorphosity of
the Silica Content of Rice Husk Ash, Proceedings of the Nigeria Engineering Conference, Zaria 15-18th
September (2014) 22.
[4] Aule, S.I., Aule Th. T., Nuhu T.I., Nuhu A., (2023). Sustainable Utility of Soybean Pod Ash and Cement
In Improving Shale Soil For Structural Constructions In Makurdi: A Multidisciplinary Approach,
International Journal of Agriculture Research & Life Science, 4,2, 43-55.
[5] Bara N, S.I., Khare D, and Shrivastava A. N., (2013). Studies on the factors affecting pod shattering in
soybean, Indian Society of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Indian J. Genet., 73(3): 270-277 (2013) DOI :
10.5958/j.0975-6906.73.3.040.
[6] Clark, S., Davis, R., & Johnson, K. (2020). Correlation between unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
and engineering properties of soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(4), 3687-3702.
doi:10.1007/s10706-020-01507-z.
[7] Franca N. J. B. and Henning A. A. 1994. Seed production and technology for the tropics. In: Tropical
Soybean: Improvement and production. FAO Plant Production and Protection, 27: 217-240.
[8] Heuze V, Tran G, Kaushik S. Soybean Meal. Feedipedia [Internet]. Update by hand. Available from:
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[10] Kustirini, A., Budiningrum D,S., Purnijanto B, Amanuyasa Y, Juniarto B.A., (2023). Effect of Soybean
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1315/1177/1/012052.
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[12] Mourtzinis, S., Gaspar, A.P., Naeve, S.L., Conley, S.P., 2017. Planting date, maturity, and temperature
effects on soybean seed yield and composition. Agron. J. 109,2040–2049.
[13] Olusola, R.E., (2018). Mineral and proximate composition of soya bean, 1-6, DOI: 10. 9734/AJOPACS
/2017 /38530.
[14] Oumer, B., Shefedlu M., Geremew A., (2023). Utilization of Waste Agricultural Products Soybean Pod
Ash and Banana Fiber to Enhance Expansive Soil,
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[15] Roberts, C. D., Williams, G. H., & Davis, M. A. (2019). Triaxial test results and their significance in stress
levels and shearing resistance angles: A comprehensive analysis. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 42(4),
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