Assessment and Evaluation in Mathematics

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Topic: Utilization of Assessment Data

I. INTRODUCTION:

Statistical tool is used in many ways, some of them simple, some complicated, and often very specific
for certain purposes. In analytical work, the most important common operation is the comparison of data. To
describe group and individual performances, we have three ways to do it: (1) Measures of central tendency,
(2) Measures of dispersion and (3) Measure of relative position.

II. OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

* differentiate measure of central tendency, measure of dispersion and measure
of relative position
* describe group and individual performances through statistical tools
* cite examples of describing individual and group performances
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III. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES:

Before you proceed to the main lesson, test yourself in this

activity.

Activity

Answer:
 Why we need to describe performances? Explain your answer.

GREAT!!!
You may now proceed to the main lesson.
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IV. LESSON PROPER

Measure of Central Tendency

Measure of central tendency is usually called average. It is a single value that represents a data set.
It is the locator of the center of the data set. We will illustrate how to compute or calculate it.
Average plays a very important role in our daily life and it is an important tool in statistics. Mean,
median and mode are three kinds of average or sometimes called measures of central tendency.
The Mean, Median and Mode are the arithmetic average of a data set. This is found by adding the
numbers in a data set and dividing by how many numbers there are. The median is the middle number in a
data set when the numbers are listed in either ascending or descending order. The mode is the value that
occurs the most often in a data set, and the range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in
a data set.
The students with the performance above the mean performed better than those students below the
mean.
Mean of Ungrouped Data

x⎺=∑x
N
Here,
∑ represents the summation
X represents scores
N represents number of scores.
Example:
Ana Marie collects the data on the ages of 10 respondents of Bachelor in Secondary Education and
her study yields the following
25 25 24 32 35 35 35 45 43 42 44
Determine the average age of the respondents.
Solution:
The mean of the sum of the ages and then dividing by the total number of respondents,
xֿ = 25 + 25 + 24 + 32 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 45 + 43 + 42 + 44)
x̅ = 385/11

x̅ = 35
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Mean of grouped data

For grouped data, it involves organizing in observed values into smaller number of disjoint groups of
values and counting the frequency of each group; it is often presented as a frequency table. The following
are the steps in solving for the mean of grouped data.
1. Find the midpoint of each class. Place them in a column.
2. Multiply the frequency by the midpoint for each class. Place them in another column.
3. Find the sum of the resulting column in step 2
4. Divide the sum obtained in step 3 by the total number of frequencies. That is
ˉx= ∑fx
N
Where: f = frequency
X = midpoint
N = sample size
Example:
Seventy randomly selected televisions where tested to determine their lifetimes (in months). The
following frequency distribution was obtained.

Classes Frequency
21-29 4
30-38 10
39-47 23
48-56 16
57- 65 12
66-74 5

These steps are summarized in the following table

Classes f x fx
21-29 4 25 100
30-38 10 35 350
39-47 23 45 1035
48-56 16 55 880
57- 65 12 65 780
66-74 5 75 375
N=70 ∑fx= 3520

xˉ = ∑fx = 3520 = 50.29

n 70
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The Median
The median of a set of data values is the middle value of the data set when it has been arranged in
either in descending or ascending order. That is, from the smallest value to the highest value or vice versa.
Example:
The grades of 8 students in Mathematics test that had a maximum possible mark of 50 are given
below:
45 22 35 30 38 48 29
Solution:
Arrange the data values in order from the lowest value to the highest value
22 29 30 35 38 45 48
Median = 35

Median of Grouped Data

When data had been grouped in frequency distribution, the first step in the computation of the sample
median is calculate the less than cumulative frequency. An example is shown below.

Classes Frequency Less Than Cumulative

Frequency (<F)
35-37 5 100
32-34 10 95
29-31 30 85
26-28 25 55
23-25 20 30
20-22 10 10
n=100

x˜ = L + ( n/2 - <F)i
f2

x˜ = 25.5 + ( 100/2 - 30) 3 xˉ = 27.9

25

Mode
Mode is a statistical term that refers to the most frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers.
The mode is found by collecting and organizing the data in order to count the frequency of each result. The
result with the highest occurrences is the mode of the set. In a set of data, there is a possibility of having one
mode (unimodal), two modes, (bimodal) or many modes (multimodal). If no data is repeated, then there is
no mode for the list.
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Example
Find the mode for the following list values
7 7 7 5 8 9 9 9 10
Solution:
The mode is the number repeated most often. This list has two values that are repeated three times
Modes = 7 and 9 (bimodal)

Mode of Grouped Data

When the data had been grouped into a frequency distribution, the formula is:
̂ =xL + ( d1 )i
d1 + d2
Where:
L= exact lower boundary of the modal class
d1 = numerical difference between the frequency of the modal class and
its adjacent higher class
d2 = numerical difference between the frequency of the modal class and
its adjacent higher class
I = class interval

Example:
Find the mode
Classes Frequency
21-30 4
31-40 10
41-50 23
51-60 16
61-70 12
71-80 5
n = 70
d1 = 23 - 10 =13
d2 = 23 – 16 = 7

x̂ = 40.5 + ( 13 ) 10 = 47
13 + 7

Measure of Dispersion
In summarizing a given set of data, sometimes, the measure of central tendency alone is not
sufficient to give useful information. They have to be supplemented by other measures of description, such
as measures of variability (range, variance and standard deviation) which indicate the extent to which
values in a distribution are spread around the central tendency.
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Range
The simplest measure of dispersion is the range. The Range is the difference between the highest
and the lowest values in the set of data.

Example:
Scores of some of the Math students in their quiz.
Students A B C D E F G H I J
Scores 19 12 15 10 30 25 17 16 23 17

Formula
Range = Highest Score (HS) – Lowest Score (LS)
30 – 10
20
It is computed from the lowest and highest score; thus, it is a very rough measure of spread. The
range provides useful but limited information, since the range depends only on the extreme scores.

Variance
The measure of dispersion that removes negative signs by squaring all deviations of each number
from its mean and getting the average of the squared deviations is the variance. It is defined as a number
indicating how spread out the data is.
Steps
1. Determine the mean for the given set of data
2. Determine the deviation from the mean for each value in the data.
3. Square each deviation
4. Compute the mean of the squared deviations
n
Variance = ∑ (x - ̅ ) X 2
i=1

Example:
The variance of the scores of the 6 female Math student is computed and shown below.
77 83 90 78 80 87
Solution:
̅ X= 77 + 83 + 90 + 78 + 80 + 87 = 495 = 82.5
6 6
2 2 2 2 2
Variance= (77–82.5) + (83–82.5) + (90–82.5) + (78–82.5)2 + (80-82.5) + (87-82.5)

= 133.5 = 22.5
6
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Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of variation. The standard deviation
indicates how closely the values of a given data set are clustered around the mean. A lower value of the
standard deviation means that the values of the given data set are spread over a smaller range around the
mean. On the other hand, a large value of the standard deviation means that values of that data set are
spread over a large range around the mean.

Formula

σ=

Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

The procedure is similar to that of finding the mean for grouped data, and it uses the midpoints of each
class.

Formula:
2 2 2
s = n∑f * x - (∑f * x) Variance
n (n-1)

2 2
s= n∑f * x - (∑f * x) Standard Deviation
n (n-1)

Measure of Relative Position

When you take an exam, what is often as important as your actual score on the exam is the way your
score compares to another students’ performance. If you made a 75 but the average score (whether the
mean, median, or mode) was 90, you did relatively poor. If you made a 65 but the average score was 50,
then you did relatively well. The most common measures of position are percentiles, quartiles and standard
scores (z-scores)
Percentile
Percentile is the values that divide a rank-ordered set of elements into 100 equal parts.
Example:
What percentile is the value 3.33?
1.39 1.76 1.90 2.12 2.53 2.71 3.00 3.33 3.71 4.00
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Solution
8/10 X 100 = 0.8 X 100 = 80%
3.33 is the 80th percentile of the data

Quartiles
Quartiles are the three numbers Q1, Q2, Q3 that divide the data set approximately into fourths.
Example:
Find the quartiles of the following data set.
1.39 1.76 1.90 2.12 2.53 2.71 3.00 3.33 3.71 4.00
Solution
Q2 = (2.53 + 2.71) /2 = 2.62
Q1 = Lower (1.39, 1.76, 1.90, 2.12, 2.53)
= 1.90
Q3 = Upper (2.71, 3.00, 3.33, 3.71, 4.00)
= 3.33
Quartile and Percentile of Grouped Data
It is quite helpful when we need to group subjects into several equal groups when analyzing data set.

Formula:
Quartiles: Qk = L + ( kn/4 – cf) i
f
Percentile: Pk = L + ( kN/ 100 – cf) i
f
Where:
Q =k Quartile
P =K Percentile
N = Population
K = kth location
L = Lower boundary
f = Frequency of the kth class
cf = Cumulative frequency before the kth class
I = Class interval
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Activity 1:
 Differentiate measure of central tendency, measure of dispersion and measure of relative position.

Activity 2
 Out of 10 students who got summative test in Math, Rico got 15, if the scores of other students were
the following: 9, 16, 14, 10, 11 17, 6, 12, and 16. Is Rico performed well in summative test? Why?

Activity 3
 Find the following based on the examples given below.
o Mean
o Median
o Mode
o Variance
o Standard Deviation
o 80th percentile
o Quartile 3

10 5 8 7 9 6 6 4 12 15
A.

B. Classes Frequency
21-30 10
31-40 4
41-50 8
51-60 9
61-70 4
71-80 5
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We had just finished the discussion on Basic Concepts in

Mathematical Assessment. Let’s move on to the next higher level of
activity/ies or exercise/s that demonstrate your potential skills/knowledge of
what you have learned.

V. ANALYSIS, APPLICATION AND EXPLORATION

Name:____________________________________________ Grade & Section: ___________

Find the mean, median and mode.

1. In a statistics class, 8 test scores were randomly selected, and the following
results were obtained.(ungrouped data)
85 75 80 81 89 77 77 82
2. Complete the tables below and compute for the required statistics. (Grouped
data)
Scores in Frequency x fx cf
Math Exam
20-26 10
27-33 15
34-40 9
41-47 7
48- 54 4

3. Find the range, variance and standard deviation. (Ungrouped)

The scores in summative test of 5 students in BSED are as follows.
30 25 20 15 17
4. Find the variance and standard deviation. (Grouped data)

Class Limits Frequency

15- 20 6
21-26 8
27-32 5
33-38 6
39-44 7
46-51 8
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5. Find the 55th percentile.

15 9 12 11 7 6
9 5 10 14 3 6

6. Compute for the Q1, Q2 and Q3.

Classes Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency
(cf)
18-26 3 3
27-35 5 8
36-44 9 17
45-53 14 31
54-62 11 42
63-71 6 48
72-80 2 50
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Finally, let us summarize the lesson of what we had discussed today.

VI. GENERALIZATION

Make a Journal Writing through MRI Approach:

M-Memory - this is all about the things that you have learned in the lesson
R-Reflect - this is for all the topics that gave impact to your life. Make a list of those
topics.
I-Integrate - this is on how you apply the topics that you have learned in your daily life.

MRI APPROACH
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

KUDOS!
You have come to an end of Module 9.
OOPS! Don’t forget that you have still an assignment to do.
Here it is….
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VII. ASSIGNMENT

Name: ___________________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________

Find the mean, median and mode
Result of exam in BSED 1321

48 34 22 40 31 34 16 39 41 36 53 40

51 40 36 51 23 42 29 36 40 47 41

39 20 29 56 51 49 45

After your long journey of reading and accomplishing the module, let us now
challenge your mind by answering the evaluation part of this module.
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VIII. EVALUATION

Name:________________________________ Grade & Section: ______________

Direction: Choose and write the letter of the correct answer?
1. Measure of central tendency is usually called average.
A. True B. False
2. Mean, median and variance are three kinds of average or sometimes called measures of central
tendency
A. True B. False
3. Median is the middle number in a data set when the numbers are listed in either ascending or descending
order.
A. True B. False
4. The mode is the value that occurs once in a data set.
A. True B. False
5. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.
A. True B. False
6. Mean is the summation of scores times the number of scores.
A. True B. False
7. ∑fx is the formula of finding the mean in grouped data.
N
A. True B. False
8. L + ( n/2 - <F)(i), is the formula of finding the mode of grouped data.
f2
A. True B. False
9. The measure of dispersion that removes negative signs by squaring all deviations of each number from its
mean and getting the average of the squared deviations is the variance.
A. True B. False
10. The standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of variation.
A. True B. False

CONGRATULATIONS on reaching the end of this module!

You may now proceed to the next module.
Don’t forget to submit all the exercises, activities and portfolio
on ___________________.
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK.
Well Done!!!