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Module 6, Lesson 13

ELS

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16 views3 pages

Module 6, Lesson 13

ELS

Uploaded by

cescaprimavera12
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODULE 6, LESSON 13: EVOLUTION OF ORGANISMS

Introduction

In the previous modules, we have discussed how life started on Earth and how life evolved from single-
celled eukaryotes into complex living organisms. We have also discussed the different characteristics of
life, how living organisms reproduce and the possibilities of altering the genetic make-up of living
organisms in order to increase the chances of adaptation and survival in the environment. Life continues
to flourish on Earth and so is the interaction among the living organisms and the environment. In this
module, we will be focusing on the continuing evolution of organisms, their interaction and
interdependence between their environment which further promotes biodiversity and how the study of
evolution will help us trace the evolutionary changes that a certain living organism has undergone over
time.

At the end of this session, you should be able to:


a. describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary
relationships; and
b. explain how populations of organisms have changed and continue to change over time showing
patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to produce the organismal diversity
observed today.

Discussion

Evolution

 Descent with modification


 Gradual change over time
 Change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
 The idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present
day ones

Evolutionary Relationships of Organisms

 The present system of classification is based on the evolutionary history of life. This allows it to reflect
the evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms and predict properties of newly-
discovered or data-deficient organisms. Classification is part of the broad field of phylogenetic
systematics, the study of the relationships between different groups of organisms.

Evolution of Organisms (Lamarckian vs Darwinian Evolution)

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

 First to propose about the theory of evolution: Theory of Inheritance of Acquired


Traits and Theory of Use and Disuse
 Physiological needs drive Lamarckian evolution
 Defined evolution as process of increasing complexity
 No extinction of species; species disappeared because they just evolved into
different species.
 Organisms adapt to evolve
Charles Darwin

 Explained evolution through: Natural Selection, Idea of Common Descent, Idea of


Gradualism, Idea of Multiplication of Species
 Organisms evolve to adapt

Artificial Selection vs. Natural Selection

 Artificial Selection – process of selecting and breeding of animals and plants over many generations to
achieve the modifications desired by human beings. It caused the production of individuals used for
crops, livestock, pets that resemble wild ancestors. Instead of nature serving as the selecting factor, its
humans that select which organisms will be used for breeding depending on to the traits they want to
improve. This can take effect faster than natural selection, though follows the same principle as natural
selection where favorable traits will be more frequent in a population while less favorable traits will
diminish.

 Natural Selection – differential in rates of survival is dependent on individual’s heritable traits suited in
the environment. An organism’s compatibility with its surrounding is increased by natural selection
over time. A change in environment (or movement of individuals to new environment) may cause a
species to give rise to a new species depending on the traits that will be favored by the new
environment.

Lamarckian vs Darwinian Evolution: Comparing Theories on Evolution

Schools of Thought Lamarckian Darwinian


Natural selection: nature selects
Physiological needs drives organisms
Central Idea which organisms will survive and
to evolve; to become more complex
reproduce
Explanation on how
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Descent with Modification by Natural
adaptations of
Traits and Theory of Use and Disuse Selection; survival of the fittest
organisms arise
Smallest unit that can
Individual species Populations
evolve
Do varieties initially No, variations are caused by inheriting Yes, important requirement for
exist in populations? acquired traits evolution
Environment as an important factor for Environment as an important factor
Common idea
evolution for evolution
Yes, organisms that do not possess
Does extinction No, organisms just evolved into
adaptations (favorable traits) for a
happen? another species
specific environment go extinct.
Raw material for evolution-mutation
and how traits are passed from
Variations is population, acquired traits parents to offspring (Genetics) since
Missing ingredient
are not passed to the next generation Darwin observed offspring to be
resembling parents but not identical
to them
Learning Tasks

A. Making My Family Tree

Evolutionary trees, or phylogeny, is the


formal study of organisms and their
evolutionary history with respect to each
other. In order to make this activity more
engaging, instead of making an animal
phylogeny, try to construct your own family
tree or phylogeny. This will also be a good
opportunity for you to know your family
background and history. You may ask your
parents or grandparents about your
ancestors or your family history. You may
use this picture as a guide or you may be as
creative as you can and make your own
family tree template.

B. True or False Quiz

Answer the following 5-item quiz. Your score after taking the quiz will be recorded. Good luck!

1. Evolution is defined as a gradual change over time or change in the genetic composition of a
population from generation to generation.
2. The present system of classification of living organisms reflects the evolution of organisms
irrelevant to the evolution of other organisms since they have their own phylogeny.
3. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed the Theory of Natural Selection which explains that the parts
of an organism that the organism uses most will undergo hypertrophy and will become more
developed while the parts of the organism that are not used as much will undergo atrophy and
begin to degrade from lack of use.
4. Charles Darwin believes that the rate of survival of an organism is dependent on the organism’s
heritable traits suited in the environment.
5. According to Charles Darwin, organisms adapt to their environment in order to evolve.

References

Dela Cruz, A.C., Remotigue, C.T., Dizon Jr., E.A., Dizon, Z.S., Listanco, E.L., Tabugo, S.R.M., Diaz,
M.G.Q., Estacion, J.S., Crisologo, D.T., Guce, J.R.M. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High
School. Earth and Life Science—Core Subject. Commission on Higher Education.

Prepared and submitted by:

Leslee Anne G. Cortez

Teacher, DIHS

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