FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS

CARTESIAN PRODUCT
The Cartesian product of two sets A,B is a non-void set of all ordered
pairs (a,b) , where a ∈ A and b ∈ B . This is denoted by A×B
∴ A×B ={(a,b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
If A={1,2} , B={a,b} then 𝑨 × 𝑩 =?

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 ∶ (1) A× 𝐁 ≠ B×A (Non- commutative)

(2) n(A× 𝐁) =n(A).n(B)

THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
For two sets

If 𝑨, 𝑩 are finite sets and 𝑼 be the finite universal set, then

1. 𝒏 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝒏(𝒂𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨, 𝑩)
= 𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒏 𝑩 − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

2. 𝒏 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒏 𝑩 , if 𝑨 and 𝑩 are disjoint sets

THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
For two sets

If 𝑨, 𝑩 are finite sets and 𝑼 be the finite universal set, then

3. 𝒏 𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝒏(𝑨 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚)
= 𝒏 𝑨 − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

4. 𝒏 𝑨∆𝑩 =number of elements which belongs to exactly one of 𝑨 or 𝑩

= 𝒏[(𝑨 − 𝑩) ∪ (𝑩 − 𝑨)]
= 𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒏 𝑩 − 𝟐𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝒏 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
For two sets

If 𝑨, 𝑩 are finite sets and 𝑼 be the finite universal set, then

5. 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝒏(𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝑨 𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝑩)

=𝒏 𝑨ഥ∩𝑩 ഥ = 𝒏 𝑼 − 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)

ഥ∪𝑩
𝟔. 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝒏 𝑨 ഥ = 𝒏 𝑼 − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
 QUESTION
In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and each
person like at least one of the two drinks. How many like both
coffee and tea?
 QUESTION
The members of a group of 400 people speak either Hindi or
English or both. If 270 speak Hindi only and 50 speak both Hindi
and English, then how many of them speak English only?
 QUESTION
In a group of 40 students, 26 take tea, 18 take coffee and 8 take
neither of the two. How many take both tea and coffee?
 QUESTION
If n(U)=50 , n(A)=20 ,n(AUB)=42 , n(A∩B)=4 then
find n(B), n(A-B),n(B-A) and n(𝐀′ ∩ 𝑩′ ).
 QUESTION
If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are sets such that 𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟗, 𝒏 𝐀 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝟐𝟔 , and
𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟖 , then find 𝒏(𝑩) ?
 QUESTION
The total number of students in a school is 600 . If 150 students
drink apple juice, 250 students drink pine apple juice and 100
students drink both the juices , then find the number of students
who does not drink any of the drink ?
 THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
For three sets

𝒏 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪 = 𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒏 𝑪 − 𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 − 𝒏 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 − 𝒏 𝑪 ∩ 𝑨 + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
Number of elements of the set whose elements belongs to set 𝑨
only (not 𝑩 nor 𝑪) =
𝒏 𝑨 − 𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 − 𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑪 + 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
Number of elements of the set whose elements belongs to exactly
two of the sets 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪
= 𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 + 𝒏 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 + 𝒏 𝑪 ∩ 𝑨 − 𝟑𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
THEOREMS ON CARDINAL NUMBER
Number of elements of the set whose elements belongs to exactly
one of the sets 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪
= 𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒏 𝑪 − 𝟐𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 − 𝟐𝒏 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 − 𝟐𝒏 𝑪 ∩ 𝑨 +
𝟑𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
 QUESTION
A college awarded 38 medals in football, 15 in basketball and 20
in cricket. If these medals went to a total of 58 men and only three
men got medals in all the three sports then how many received
medals in exactly two of the three sports?
 QUESTION
A survey of 500 television viewers produced the given information :
285 watch football , 195 watch hockey ,115 watch cricket ,45 watch
football and cricket ,70 watch football and hockey ,50 watch cricket
and hockey , 50 do not watch any of the three games . How many
watch exactly one of the three games ?
 QUESTION
𝑨 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒙 ∈ 𝑵 ; 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟔}
If 𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 are sets defined as 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒙 ∈ 𝒁; −𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟖} , then
𝑪 = {𝒙 ∶ 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓}
find the number of elements belonging to exactly two of 𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 ,
even though 𝑪 is an infinite set ?
 QUESTION
If 𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 are sets such that 𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒏 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝒏 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖 ,
𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟔, 𝒏 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 = 𝟖 , 𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 , 𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 = 𝟒, then
find the number of elements belonging to
(i)exactly one of 𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 ?
(ii) exactly two of 𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 ?
 QUESTION
If 𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 , 𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟔 , 𝑪 = {𝟐, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗} and 𝑫 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟖, 𝟗}
then 𝑨∆𝑩 ∆ 𝑪∆𝑫 = ?

(A) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(B) {3, 4, 5, 7}
(C) {3, 5, 7, 8}
(D) {3, 5, 6, 7}
 QUESTION
If A is the set of positive divisors of 20 , B is the set of all prime
numbers less than 15 and C is the set of all positive even integers
less than 11, then (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 is :

(A) {2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10}

(B) {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}
(C) {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
(D) {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
 QUESTION
For each of the positive integer 𝐧 , let 𝐀𝐧 = the set of all positive
multiples of 𝐧 , then 𝐀𝟔 ∩ 𝐀𝟏𝟎 is :

(A) 𝐀𝟏𝟎
(B) 𝐀𝟐𝟎
(C) 𝐀𝟑𝟎
(D) 𝐀𝟔𝟎
 QUESTION
A set 𝐀 has 3 elements and another set 𝐁 has 6 elements , then :

(A) 𝟑 ≤ 𝐧(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) ≤ 𝟔
(B) 𝟑 ≤ 𝐧(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) ≤ 𝟗
(C) 𝟔 ≤ 𝐧(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) ≤ 𝟗
(D) 𝟎 ≤ 𝐧(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) ≤ 𝟗
 QUESTION
If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are two sets , then 𝑨 ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) is equal to :
(A) 𝑨 (B) 𝑩
(C) ∅ (D) None of these
 QUESTION
In a class of 80 students numbered 1 to 80 , all odd numbered
students play cricket , students whose numbers are divisible by 5
plays football and those whose numbers are divisible by 7 plays
hockey . Then the number of students who do not play any of the
three games :
(A) 13 (B) 24 (C) 28 (D) 52
 QUESTION
Let 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 be finite sets such that 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 . If the sets 𝑨∆𝑩 ,
𝑩∆𝑪 and 𝑪∆𝑨 has 100, 150 and 200 elements, respectively , then
the number of elements in 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪 is :
(A) 325 (B) 350
(C) 235 (D) 255
 QUESTION
The number of students who take both the subjects mathematics
and chemistry is 30. this represents 10% of the enrolment in
mathematics and 12% of the enrolment in chemistry . Then the
number students who took at least one of these two subjects :
(A) 520 (B) 490
(C) 560 (D) 480
 QUESTION
Let 𝑨 , 𝑩 , 𝑪 are finite sets such that 𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒏 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝒏 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎 ,
𝒏 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟖, 𝒏 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 = 𝟗 , then the possible value of 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
is :
(A) 26 (B) 27
(C) 28 (D) any of these three 26, 27 and 28 is possible
 QUESTION
In a battle 70% of the combatants lost one eye, 80% an ear , 75%
an arm , 85% a leg , 𝒙% lost all four limbs . Then the minimum
value of 𝒙 is :
(A) 10 (B) 20
(C) 25 (D) 15
 QUESTION
ഥ ∩𝑪
The value of (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) ∩ (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ഥ) ∩ 𝑪
ഥ , is :
(A) 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪ഥ ഥ ∩𝑪
(B) 𝑩 ഥ
(C) 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 (D) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪