Introduction to Cloud Computing

Dr Nazanin Mohammadi

References:
Harkut, D. G. (2018). Introductory Chapter: Cloud Computing. Cloud Computing-Technology and Practices, IntechOpen.

Comer, D. E. (2021). The Cloud Computing Book: The Future of Computing Explained, Chapman and Hall/CRC.
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 • Definition from NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology)

“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,

What is Cloud convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,

Computing servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be

rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction. This
cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics,
three service models, and four deployment models.”

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 On-
Sophisticated
Demand Technologies

Device-
Independent

Scalable Reliable
Services

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Evolution of Computing Models

Utility Computer Grid Cloud

Computing Cluster Computing Computing

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 Utility Computing
• Service provisioning computing model

• Based on a conventional utilities pay-per-use model, such as

electricity/gas/water

• Very similar to cloud computing but different in:

• The geographical location of the service and
infrastructure
• Cost
• Resource demand- the cloud is better for more resource
demand application

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https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/cloud/articles/what-is-utility-computing/
Computer Cluster
• A set of same linked (in
LAN)computers that appear as one
powerful computer.
• Failure of one computer won’t
affect the performance of the
computer cluster
• Mostly used for HPC (High-
Performance Computing) and HA
(high availability) applications
• Usually used for a specific function:
• Load balancing
• High availability
• High performance
• Large-scale processing
• Runs by a central management
software

https://www.suse.com/suse-defines/definition/computer-cluster/
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Grid Computing
• A set of unlike computers linked
over different geographical
locations
• Used mostly for tasks such as:
• Predictive modelling
• Automation
• Simulations

• Distributed resource management

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Cloud Computing
• Sharing computing resources
• Using software and hardware to
share resources over the network
• The word Cloud is used to
describe the network and mainly
the Internet
• Anywhere, any time, on any
device (with an Internet
connection)
• Web-based applications

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Cloud Computing

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Why Cloud Computing
• Motivation
• Technological
• 1980s to 1990s- increase the use of transistors. More transistors produce more heat and
consumes more power (MOOR’s Law: every18 months number of transistors doubles)
• 1990s- parallelism, multicore processor, memory and I/O access problem
• Cluster Architecture- software usage calculation problem and requirement for load balancing
as traffic increased
• Racks of Servers

• Economical
• More data
• More processing power
• Analysis and Prediction
• This will cost more for in-house computing

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The Structure of Cloud Computing

NETWORK DATA CENTRE VIRTUAL

ENVIRONMENT

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 Data Centre
• Buildings • Racks • PoD (point of
• Like a warehouse • Holding equipment Delivery)
• Open plan, no wall • Placed side by side • Servers
• Example : • Networking
• Flexential’s ComPark data • Storage
centre in Denver
• PDUs
• Single room 13800
Square meter • Management
• 216 meter facilities
• Media companies’ data
centres can be > 93000
Square meters

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Networking
• Interconnected devices
• Different protocol to communicate between devices and the Internet

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 • Reason for having elasticity in cloud computing
• Technology is older than the cloud
• Software emulation
• Replicates the behaviour of another computer to minimize the
need of developing a compiler for each type of computer.
Example: WINE runs Windows app on Mac or Linux.

Virtual • It adds overhead

• Para-Virtualization

environment • An early version of virtualization

• Uses hypervisor to run multiple OS
• Requires altering the OS code
• Full-Virtualization
• Same as Para-virtualization
• Does not required OS code changes and is faster

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 Private cloud
Types of cloud
Public Cloud
Hybrid cloud
Community Cloud
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Private Cloud

• Also known as Internal Cloud

• Utilized and operated only by one organization
• Internal Data Centre
• Spreads the computing process to all servers to avoid underutilization
and overutilization
• Control over underlying infrastructure
• Low Latency (on-premises facility)
• More flexibility as there is no lock-in contract

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Public Cloud
• Full Cloud Computing
• The organization leases services including infrastructure
• Economic option
• Providers operate on a large scale therefore they can use technologies to
reduce the cost such as SDN (Software Defined Network)
• Providers have large-scale expertise and can share them with clients
• Can offer AI and ML
• Migration services
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud
Platform (GCP)
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Hybrid Cloud
• Customized cloud system
• Combination of public and private cloud
• Control for an organization with regulations and assign some tasks as
private cloud
• In case of high computing load, the public section can be used to
overcome insufficient resource problem exits in private cloud
• Security management is challenging

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 Community Cloud

• Organizations with common operational requirement share resources

• Modified from Private Cloud
• Organizations host their Data Centre and resources and share the cost
among themselves
• More economical compared to Private Cloud and more expensive
compared to Public Cloud

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Cloud Services

• Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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SaaS
• Provides software with monthly fee payment
• The application runs on a cloud
• Data is stored on the cloud
• e.g., Microsoft’s Office 365

• Characteristics:
• Universal access: anytime/any device
• Guaranteed synchronization: any changes in a file are applied and saved.
Therefore, data appears the same if the user utilizes multiple devices to login
• No delay caused by a power outage

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PaaS
• Cloud subscriber uses this facility to develop, build, and deploy
software on the cloud
• Compiler
• Middleware
• Program libraries
• Runtime system (e.g., Java, .NET)
• …

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IaaS
• Provides infrastructure such as:
• Buildings
• Power
• Aircon
• Servers
• Networking
• Storage
• Load balancer
• Data backup
• Network security
• …

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Advantages
• Reliability
• Data recovery
• Manageability
• Data centralization
• Cost saving
• Device independence
• Strategic Edge

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Disadvantages
Low
Uptime
bandwidth

Security Host lock-in

Limited Minimal
flexibility Control

Incompatibility
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Main Challenges
• Availability
• High-speed Internet is required

• Security
• Security implementation at all levels

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Course prerequisites
• General Required Knowledge

• IT technical knowledge

• IT business knowledge

• Preferred Knowledge

• Familiarity with cloud computing concepts

• Working knowledge of distributed systems

• Familiarity with general networking concepts

• Working knowledge of multi-tier architectures

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Course objectives
After completing this course, you should be able to:
• Define the AWS Cloud.
• Explain the AWS pricing philosophy.
• Identify the global infrastructure components of AWS.
• Describe security and compliance measures of the AWS Cloud including AWS Identity and Access
Management (IAM).
• Create an AWS Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC).
• Demonstrate when to use Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), AWS Lambda and AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
• Differentiate between Amazon S3, Amazon EBS, Amazon EFS and Amazon S3 Glacier.
• Demonstrate when to use AWS Database services including Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS),
Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon Aurora.
• Explain AWS Cloud architectural principles.
• Explore key concepts related to Elastic Load Balancing (ELB), Amazon CloudWatch, and Auto Scaling.

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AWS certification exams

This course helps

prepare you for the
AWS Cloud
Practitioner
certification exam
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AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner exam
• Details about the exam—including how to register for it—are at
https://aws.amazon.com/certification/certified-cloud-practitioner/

• Download and carefully read the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam Guide at
https://d1.awsstatic.com/training-and-certification/Docs - Cloud
Practitioner/AWS_Certified_Cloud_Practitioner-Exam_Guide_EN_v1.6.pdf
• Download the sample exam questions at https://d1.awsstatic.com/training-and-
certification/Docs - Cloud Practitioner/AWS Certified Cloud Practioner_Sample
Questions_v1.1_FINAL.PDF

• See the recommended path to attain the certification at https://aws.amazon.com/training/path-

cloudpractitioner/

• AWS Academy Cloud Foundations covers much of the same material found in the Cloud
Practitioner Essentials course, but in greater depth.
• There is additional free digital training available at https://www.aws.training/.

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Section 3: Introduction to Amazon Web Services
(AWS)
Module 1: Cloud Concepts Overview

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What are web services?
A web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the
internet and uses a standardized format—such as Extensible Markup
Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)—for the request and the
response of an application programming interface (API) interaction.

Request message

Internet
Response message
Client Web service

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What is AWS?
• AWS is a secure cloud platform that offers a broad set of global cloud-based
products.
• AWS provides you with on-demand access to compute, storage, network,
database, and other IT resources and management tools.
• AWS offers flexibility.
• You pay only for the individual services you need, for as long as you use
them.
• AWS services work together like building blocks.

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Categories of AWS services

Analytics Application AR and VR Blockchain Business Compute

Integration Applications

Cost Customer Database Developer Tools End User Game Tech

Management Engagement Computing

Internet Machine Management and Media Services Migration and Mobile

of Things Learning Governance Transfer

Networking and Robotics Satellite Security, Identity, and Storage

Content Delivery Compliance
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Simple solution example

Networking Compute Database Storage

AWS Cloud

Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)

Amazon
DynamoDB
Users Amazon S3

Amazon EC2

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Choosing a service
The service you select depends on your business goals and technology
requirements.

Amazon
VMware Cloud EC2 AWS
on AWS Lambda

Amazon ECS ? AWS Elastic

Beanstalk

Amazon EKS

Amazon
AWS Fargate
AWS Outposts Lightsail
AWS Batch

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 Services covered in this course
Compute services – Storage services – Management and
• Amazon EC2 • Amazon S3 Governance services –
• AWS Lambda • Amazon S3 Glacier • AWS Trusted Advisor
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk • Amazon EFS • AWS CloudWatch
• Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling • Amazon EBS • AWS CloudTrail
• Amazon ECS • AWS Well-Architected Tool
• Amazon EKS Database services – • AWS Auto Scaling
• Amazon ECR • Amazon RDS • AWS Command Line Interface
• AWS Fargate • Amazon DynamoDB • AWS Config
• Amazon Redshift • AWS Management Console
• Amazon Aurora • AWS Organizations
Security, Identity, and
Compliance services – Networking and Content AWS Cost Management
• AWS IAM Delivery services – services –
• Amazon Cognito • Amazon VPC • AWS Cost & Usage
• AWS Shield • Amazon Route 53 Report
• AWS Artifact • Amazon CloudFront • AWS Budgets
• AWS KMS • Elastic Load Balancing • AWS Cost Explorer

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Three ways to interact with AWS
AWS Management Console
Easy-to-use graphical interface

Command Line Interface (AWS CLI)

Access to services by discrete commands or scripts

Software Development Kits (SDKs)

Access services directly from your code (such as Java, Python, and others)

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Section 4: Moving to the AWS Cloud – The AWS
Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF)
Module 1: Cloud Concepts Overview

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AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF)
• AWS CAF provides guidance and
best practices to help
organizations build a
comprehensive approach to cloud
computing across the organization
and throughout the IT lifecycle to
accelerate successful cloud
adoption.
AWS CAF perspectives
• AWS CAF is organized into six
perspectives.
• Perspectives consist of sets of
capabilities.

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Six core perspectives

Focus on business Focus on technical

capabilities capabilities

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Business perspective
We must ensure that IT is aligned with business
needs, and that IT investments can be traced to
demonstrable business results.
IT finance

IT strategy

Benefits realization

Business risk management

Business managers, finance
Business perspective capabilities managers, budget owners,
and strategy stakeholders

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People perspective
We must prioritize training, staffing, and
organizational changes to build an agile
organization.
Resource management

Incentive management

Career management

Training management

Organizational change
management
Human resources, staffing,
and people managers
People perspective capabilities

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Governance perspective

We must ensure that skills and processes align IT strategy

and goals with business strategy and goals so the
Portfolio management organization can maximize the business value of its IT
investment and minimize business risks.
Program and
project management

Business performance
measurement

License management

Governance perspective capabilities

CIO, program managers, enterprise
architects, business analysts, and
portfolio managers

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Platform perspective

We must understand and communicate the nature

of IT systems and their relationships. We must be
Compute provisioning able to describe the architecture of the target state
environment in detail.
Network provisioning

Storage provisioning

Database provisioning

Systems and solution

architecture
CTO, IT managers, and
Application development solutions architects
Platform perspective capabilities

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Security perspective
We must ensure that the organization meets its
security objectives.
Identity and access
management

Detective control

Infrastructure security

Data protection

CISO, IT security managers,

Incident response and IT security analysts

Security perspective capabilities

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Operations perspective

We align with and support the operations of the

Service monitoring business, and define how day-to-day, quarter-to-
quarter, and year-to-year business will be
Application performance
monitoring conducted.
Resource inventory
management
Release management/
change management

Reporting and analytics

Business continuity/
Disaster recovery IT operations managers and
IT service catalog IT support managers

Operations perspective capabilities

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