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Class 11 NCERT Organic Chemistry Notes

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72 views2 pages

Class 11 NCERT Organic Chemistry Notes

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prateeklakhi123
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Class 11 NCERT Organic Chemistry Notes

1. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry


 Definition: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and
their properties.
 Importance of Carbon: Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for diverse
structures (chains, rings, branches).

2. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds


 IUPAC Naming:
 Identify the longest carbon chain.
 Number the chain to give the lowest locants to substituents.
 Use prefixes (di-, tri-) for multiple identical substituents.
 Arrange substituents in alphabetical order regardless of their position.

3. Isomerism
 Types of Isomers:
 Structural Isomers: Different connectivity (e.g., butane vs. isobutane).
 Stereoisomers: Same connectivity but different spatial arrangement (e.g., cis-trans
isomerism).
 Geometric Isomerism: Occurs due to restricted rotation around double bonds.

4. Functional Groups
 Common Functional Groups:
 Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
 Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines.
 Reactivity: Different functional groups exhibit distinct chemical reactivities.

5. Alkanes
 General Formula: CnH2n+2CnH2n+2
 Properties: Saturated hydrocarbons; non-polar; low reactivity.
 Reactions: Combustion, halogenation.
6. Alkenes and Alkynes
 General Formulas:
 Alkenes: CnH2nCnH2n
 Alkynes: CnH2n−2CnH2n−2
 Reactivity: More reactive than alkanes due to double/triple bonds; undergo addition
reactions.

7. Aromatic Compounds
 Definition: Compounds containing benzene rings; exhibit resonance stability.
 Nomenclature: Substituents on benzene are named using prefixes (e.g., ortho-,
meta-, para-).

8. Reaction Mechanisms
 Types of Mechanisms:
 Nucleophilic Substitution: Nucleophile replaces a leaving group.
 Electrophilic Addition: Electrophile adds to a nucleophile (common in alkenes).

9. Important Reactions
 Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons.
 Halogenation: Reaction with halogens; used for alkenes and alkynes.
 Hydration and Dehydration: Addition or removal of water in reactions involving
alkenes.

10. Practical Applications


 Understanding organic compounds is crucial for fields such as pharmaceuticals,
petrochemicals, and biochemistry.
These notes summarize the foundational concepts of organic chemistry as outlined
in the Class 11 NCERT syllabus. For detailed study, refer to your NCERT textbook and
practice problems related to each topic.

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