Dynamics 1.

5
Balanced and un-balanced forces
Newton’s Law of Motion
Friction
Elastic deformation
Circular motion
 Learning Outcomes
Balanced and unbalanced forces
1. Identify and use different types of force, including weight (gravitational force), friction, drag, air
resistance, tension (elastic force), electrostatic force, magnetic force, thrust (driving force) and contact
force
2.Identify forces acting on an object and draw free-body diagram(s) representing the forces
3.State Newton’s first law as ‘an object either remains at rest or continues to move in a straight line at
constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force’
4.State that a force may change the velocity of an object by changing its direction of motion or its speed 5
5. Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line
6. Recall and use the equation resultant force = mass × acceleration
F = ma
7. State Newton’s third law as ‘when object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal
and opposite force on object A’
8. Know that Newton’s third law describes pairs of forces of the same type acting on different objects
Friction
•Describe friction as a force that may impede motion and produce heating
•Understand the motion of objects acted on by a constant weight or driving force, with and without drag
(including air resistance or resistance in a liquid)
•Explain how an object reaches terminal velocity
•Define the thinking distance, braking distance and stopping distance of a moving vehicle
•Explain the factors that affect thinking and braking distance including speed, tiredness, alcohol, drugs, load,
tyre surface and road conditions
Elastic deformation
•Know that forces may produce a change in size and shape of an object
•Define the spring constant as force per unit extension; recall and use the equation force
spring constant = extension
F
k=x
•Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs for an elastic solid and
describe the associated experimental procedures
•Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’ for a load–extension graph
and identify this point on the graph (an understanding of the elastic limit is
not required)
 Forces
Force is a push or a pull

Force can change the size, shape and motion of a

body. .
Unit of force is NEWTON (N).

Force can be measured with a spring

balance
Examples: Friction, weight, air resistance,
electrostatic force and magnetic
 What is a force?

A Force is a push or pull that one object exerts on another in a

particular direction.

It produces or tends to produce motion, and stops and tends to

stop motion.

❑ Force is a vector quantity.

What is a force?

Boy exerts a push on the boat Boy exerts a pull on the boat
 What is the effect of force on motion?
Forces can affect the movement of objects, as can be observed from our
daily activities.

A force can cause a stationary object to start moving e.g. a football

player kicking a football.
A force can cause a moving object to increase speed e.g. a person
rollerblading gives a push to move even faster

A force can cause a moving object to decrease speed e.g.

when cycling down a slope, a cyclist applies the brakes to slow down the
bicycle.
A force can cause a moving object to changes its direction of motion e.g.
during a game of badminton, a player intercepts and hits the shuttlecock to
change its direction and motion.
 Types of forces
Contact Force
A contact force involves a force between two objects in contact.
For example:
Friction between your feet and the ground can be present.
Non –contact force
A non-contact force involves a force between objects not touching . You cant
see anything physically touching, but there is still an attraction or repulsion.
For example:
Magnetic forces between two magnets can happen when the magnets are
near but not touching.
Types of forces
 TENSION
The pull exerted by a stretched string or rope on an object attached to it.
It is a force that acts along a rope or spring.
The value of magnitude of tension is same along the rope.
Force in a string or spring being stretched.
 Normal Reaction

It is always perpendicular to the surface.

The push exerted by the surface on the object
pressing on it.
 Forces and zero acceleration

Zero acceleration implies that object could be stationary of moving with

constant velocity.

It does not mean there are no forces acting on it.

For an object with zero acceleration, the different forces

acting on it are balanced or add up to zero – i.e. the
resultant or net force is zero.
Forces and zero acceleration

A car at rest has zero

acceleration. An ice skater gliding at constant
velocity has zero acceleration
 Elasticity
▪ Materials bodies which get stretched on the application of a force
and regain its original length and shapes on the removal of the
deforming force are called elastic bodies. This property of the
material bodies is known as elasticity.
▪ Length of the body before applying the stretching force is called
un stretched length.
▪ Length of the body after applying the stretched force is called
the stretched length.
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION
 streched length
u n s t r e t c h e d len: f o r l N load = streched lengt
of the spring = f o r 2N l o a d =

10 m m

2:0 m m
Difference between the stretched and un stretched
length of the body is called extension.
Hooke’s Law

▪ A material obeys Hooke’s Law if, the extension is

directly proportional to the stretching force within the
limit of proportionality.
▪ Extension – load graph
▪ The table below shows how the extension of s spring varies with
force applied (load).
▪ Load /N 0 1 2 3 4 5
▪ Extension /mm 0 10 20 30 40 58
The extension –load graph shown below is
plotted the information given on the table.
 OX is the region where Hooke’s law is obeyed, that is
extension is directly proportional to the stretching force.

X is the point of limit of proportionality. (The point beyond

which the extension of an object is no longer proportional
the load producing it is called limit of proportionality.)

E is its elastic limit. Up to E, the spring behaves elastically

and returns to its original length when the load is removed.
Beyond E the spring will not regain its original length when
the stretching force is removed and the spring is left
permanently stretched when the load is removed.
 Formula
Spring constant of spring can be calculate by
using formula:
Force = spring constant ×extension (F = Ke)

Spring constant : K=F/e

A quantity tells how much force is required to produce a unit
extension in the spring.
It is also called stiffness constant.
Practice question
Worked Example

A spring is stretched 10mm(0.1m) by a weight of 2.0N

calculate
a. the spring constant k
b. the weight W of an object that causes an extension of 8Omm
(0.08m)
solution : k =f/e = 2.0N/0.01m = 200N/m
W= stretching force F
k* x = 200N/m * 0.08m = 16N
▪ Example question:
▪ A spring of original length 3.0 cm is extended to a total length of 5.0
cm by a force of 8.0 N. (a) Calculate the spring constant of the
spring.
▪ Ans: extension = 5 –3 = 2 cm
▪ F = Ke
▪ K = F/e = 8/2 = 4N/cm
▪ (b) Assuming the limit of proportionality of the spring has not been
reached; calculate the force needed extend it to a total length of
6.0 cm.
▪ Ans: extension = 6 –3 = 3cm F = Ke = 4 ×3 = 12N
 Test yourself
Name the types of forces in our daily lives.

Friction force

Repulsive/attractive force between poles of magnets

Gravitational force, weight

Contact force between you and the floor

Repulsive/attractive force between electric charges

Air Resistance

❑ Pushing or pulling force

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

An object either remains at rest

or continues to move in a
straight line at constant speed
unless acted on by a resultant
force.
Newton’s first Law of Motion is also know as the Law of
Inertia
Newton’s First Law of Motion

Every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a
resultant force acts on it to change its state.
Example
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

When force is applied

acceleration is produced in the
direction of force.
 Unbalanced Forces and Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second Law of Motion: When a resultant force acts

on an object of constant mass, the object will accelerate and
move in the direction of the resultant force. The product of the
mass and acceleration of the object is equal to the resultant
force.
F = ma
where F = resultant force (in N)
m = mass of object (in kg)
a = acceleration of object (in m s-2)
The SI unit of force is newton (N).
One newton (1 N) is defined as the force that will produce an
acceleration of 1 m s-2 on a mass of 1 kg.
Formula

a F directly

a 1/m inversely
 Newton's Second L a w
I f y o u a p p l y m o r e f o r c e t o a n o b j e c t , it a c c e l e r a t e s a t
a h i g h e r rate.
M a s s Acceleration
Focre,
S p e e d increase

M a s s M o r e
More force acceleration
S p e e d increases
faster
 Worked example 5.1

Question 1.
30N
10N
Mass =20kg

a. Find the resultant force.

b. Find acceleration
 Worked example 5.2

Question 2.
A boy pushes a box of mass 20 kg with a force of 50 N.
What is the acceleration of the box? (Assume no friction.)

50N 20kg
Solution
From Newton’s Second Law, F= ma
Test Yourself 3.3
3.The Republic of Singapore Air Force uses the AIM-9
Sidewinder air-to-air missile, which has a mass of 86.5
kg. If the missile can accelerate from 300 m s-1 to 700 m
s-1 in 6 s, what is the average force exerted on the missile?
Answer: acceleration = v-u /t
Acceleration of missile, 700-300 /6

= 66.7m s-2

By Newton’s Second Law, F = ma = 86.5 *66.7

= 5770 N
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

‘EVERY ACTION HAS AN EQUAL AND

OPPOSITE REACTION’

When object A exerts a force on

object B, then the object B
exerts an equal and opposite
force on object A.
 Action Force Roaction Force

(Swimmer pushes the (Water Exerts a Force

Water in the Backward Direction) on the Swimmer)
EVERY ACTION HAS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION.

Push of hot
gases

Push of
rocket
 Conditions to be the pair of Action and Reaction

1. Must be equal and opposite.

2. Must act on different bodies.
(Action on A reaction on B , Action on B reaction
on A)
3.They must have same nature or type.
4.Action and reaction forces act in opposite
directions.
 Key Ideas

1.The change in motion of an object is caused by unbalanced forces acting on

it.
2.Forces acting on an object are balanced if the resultant force is zero.
3. Forces acting on an object are unbalanced if the resultant force is not zero.
4.Newton’s First Law states that every object will continue in its state of rest
or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it to
change its state.
What stops the golf ball?
What is the direction of friction?
Which surface will have greater friction?
 FRICTION
Friction is a force that opposes one surface moving, or trying to move, over
another.
Or
Friction is a force that opposes sliding motion of one surface on another.

pull

Friction depends on:

1. Nature of surface
2. Normal reaction (push)
 What causes FRICTION
Friction is caused due to the irregularities on the
two surfaces in contact. Even the smoothest
surfaces have minute irregularities in them and these
irregularities of the two surfaces interlock into each
other and create friction. Larger the irregularities
more is the friction
Friction can be reduced by adding lubricants.
Irregularities
 A d v a n t a g e s of F r i c t i o n D i s a d v a n t a g e s of F r i c t i o n
Due t o friction, t h e o b j e c t s c a n b e Due t o friction, t h e r e i s w e a r a n d tear of
p l a c e d at p o s i t i o n a n d s h a p e d . objects. Lubrication is used to allow the
parts to move easier & to prevent wear
a n d tear. Greasing is done in the moving
p a r t s of Bicycle.
Frictional forces help to move the object F r i c t i o n m a k e s it m o r e difficult w h e n
by friction. It helps in running, walking. o n e h a s to m o v e t h e object. E x c e s s
Frictional f o r c e h e l p s t o m o v e t h e o b j e c t f r i c t i o n c a n m a k e it d i ff i c u l t t o s l i d e a
with high speed. For example:- Spikes box across the floor, walk through deep
are u s e d by t h e athletes t o run fast. snow.
S t u d s in s o c c e r .

With the help of friction, the ridges of In the roller Skating, Rolling Shoes and
skin of our fingers a n d o u r palm e n a b l e s m o o t h surface are u s e d to minimize
u s to g r a b a n d hold o b j e c t s . For friction. Wo o d e n floor u s e d for cycling
example- In badminton the players u s e
g r i pt oh o l dit.
▪ Test Yourself
A force F of 50 N is needed to keep a trolley of
mass 60 kg moving at a uniform velocity of 2 m
s-1. What is the frictional force f on the trolley?
Acc=0

F=50N

Friction?
 FRICTION
Answer
Since the trolley is moving at uniform velocity, this
means that acceleration a= 0. The resultant force is thus
zero. Hence the pushing force F is equal to the friction
force f.

f = F= 50 N
Can you lean against a wall if frictional forces are absent?

No. When you lean against the wall, the frictional force between your
body and the wall, as well as the frictional force between your feet and
the floor, keep you from slipping

How can you reduce the effect of friction on the motion of a body?

Using wheels, ball bearings and lubrication.

If the road is having smooth surface, the frictional
force will be less.
Effect of friction on motion of a
vehicle.

1. Tyre surface
2. Road condition
3. Braking force
4. Thinking distance
5. Braking distance
6. Stopping distance
Road surface

If the road is having rough surface, the frictional force will be more.
If the road is having smooth surface, the frictional force will be less.

Tyre surface
If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, then the frictional force acting
on it will be more.
If the tyre surface of vehicle is less, then the frictional force on it will be
less.
 Thinking Distance

Distance travelled during reaction time of a driver (before

brakes applied)
The thinking distance is the distance travelled
while the driver is reacting before applying the
brakes.
 Braking Distance

Distance over which brakes applied before

vehicle brought to rest.

In order to bring a moving car to rest,

the brakes must be applied over a certain
distance known as braking distance.
 Stopping Distance

Total distance travelled in the time it takes to stop a

vehicle ; equals thinking distance + braking distance.

stopping distance= thinking distance+braking distance

Free-body diagram

Diagram showing the relative magnitude and direction of the forces

acting on an object.

Block diagrams with arrows used to represent forces acting on a

body are called free body diagrams.
Free-body diagram