ELECTROSTATICS 1

Electric Charge :
Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical
and magnetic effects. The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body gives the concept of charge.
1. Types of charge:
Positive charge: It is the deficiency of electrons as compared to proton.
Negative charge: It is the excess of electrons as compared to proton.
SI unit of charge: ampere second i.e. Coulomb, Dimension : [A T]
Practical units of charge are ampere hour (= 3600 C) and faraday (= 96500 C)
Millikan calculated quanta of charge by ‘Highest common factor’ (H.C.F) method and it is equal
to charge of electron.
1C = 3 109 stat coulomb, 1 Faraday = 96500 C.
2. Specific Properties of Charge :
Charge is a scalar quantity: It represents excess or deficiency of electrons,
Charge is transferable : If a charged body is put in contact with another body, then charge can be
transferred to another body.
Charge is always associated with mass: Charge cannot exist without mass though mass can
exist without charge. When body is given positive charge, its mass decreases and when body is
given negative charge its mass increases.
Charge is quantized : The quantization of electric charge is the property by virtue of which all
free charges are integral multiple of a basic unit of charge represented by e. Thus charge q of a
body is always given by q = ne, n = positive or negative integer
Note : Charge on a proton = (–) charge on an electron = 1.6 10–19C
Charge is conserved : In an isolated system, total charge does not change with time, though
individual charge may change i.e. charge can neither be created nor destroyed. Conservation of
charge is also found to hold good in all types of reactions either chemical (atomic) or nuclear.
No exceptions to the rule have ever been found.
Charge is invariant: Charge is independent of frame of reference, i.e. charge on a body does
not change whatever be its speed.
Accelerated charge radiates energy:

Attraction – Repulsion : Similar charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.
3. Methods of Charging
Friction : If we rub one body with other body, electrons are transferred from one body to the
other. Transfer of electrons takes places from lower work function body to higher work function
body.

1
Electrostatic induction :
If a charged body is brought near a metallic neutral body, the charged body will attract opposite
charge and repel similar charge present in the neutral body As a result of this one side of the
neutral body becomes negative while the other positive, this process is called ‘electrostatic
induction’. Charging a body by induction (in four successive steps)

Some important facts associated with induction-

• Inducing body neither gains nor loses charge
• The nature of induced charge is always opposite to that of inducing charge
• Induction takes place only in bodies (either conducting or non conducting) and not in particles.
Conduction:
The process of transfer of charge by contact of two bodies is known as conduction. If a charged
body is put in contact with uncharged body, the uncharged body becomes charged due to transfer
of electrons from one body to the other.
• The charged body loses some of its charge (which is equal to the charge gained by the uncharged
body)
• The charge gained by the uncharged body is always lesser than initial charge present on the
charged body.
• Flow of charge depends upon the potential difference of both bodies.
[No potential difference No conduction].
• Positive charge flows from higher potential to lower potential,while negative charge flows from
lower to higher potential.
Coulomb’s Law
The electrostatic force of interaction between two static point electric charges is directly
proportional to the product of the charges, inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them and acts along the straight line joining the two charges.
If two points charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r. Let F be the electrostatic force between
these two charges.
According to Coulomb’s law,

1
F q1q2 and F
r2

kq1q2 1 Nm 2
Fe where k 9 10 9 , k = coulomb’s constant or electrostatic force constant
r2 4 0 C2
Coulomb’s law in vector form

kq1 q2
F12 force on q1 due to q2 rˆ21
r2

kq1q2
F21 rˆ12 (here r̂12 is unit vector from q1 to q2)
r2

2
 Coulomb’s law in terms of position vector
kq1q2
F12 (r1 r2 )
| r1 r2 |3

Principle of superposition :
The force is a two body interaction, i.e., electrical force between two point charges is independent
of presence or absence of other charges and so the principle of superposition is valid, i.e., force on
a charged particle due to number of point charges is the resultant of forces due to individual point
charges, i.e., F1 F12 F13 ........
When a number of charges are interacting, the total force on a given charge is vector sum of the
forces exerted on it by all other charges individually.
Some important points regarding Coulomb’s law and Electric force :
The law expresses the force between two point charges at rest. The law is based on physical
observations and is not logically derivable from any other concept. Experiments till today reveal
its universal law.
m1m2
The law is analogous to Newton’s law of gravitation G with the difference that:
r2
(a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force, i.e., F E > > FG.
This is why when both FE and FG are present, we neglect FG.
(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive while gravitational force is always attractive.
(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges while gravitational force
does not.
(d) The force is an action-reaction pair, i.e., the force which one charge exerts on the other is equal
and opposite to the force which the other charge exerts on the first.
The force is conservative, i.e., work done in moving a point charge once round a closed path
under the action of Coulomb’s force is zero. The net Coulomb’s force on two charged particles
1 q1q2 F
in free space and in a medium filled up to infinity are F . So F '
4 r2
K , where K is
0 0

Dielectric constant of a medium and defined as numerically equal to the ratio of the force on
two point charges in free space to that in the medium filled upto infinity.
Net electric force on both particles change in the presence of dielectric but force due to one
charge particle on another charge particle does not depend on the medium between them. Electric
force between two charges does not depend on neighbouring charges.
Equilibrium of Charged Particles:
In equilibrium net electric force on every charged particle is zero. The equilibrium of a charged
particle, under the action of coulombic forces alone can never be stable.
Equilibrium of three point charges

KQ1q KQ2 q
Two charges must be of like nature as Fq x2 (r x) 2
0

KQ1Q2 KQ1q Q1
Third charge should be of unlike nature as FQ 0 , therefore x r and
1
r2 x2 Q1 Q2

3
 Q1Q2
q 2
r
Q1 Q2

Equilibrium of symmetric geometrical point charged system :

Value of Q at centre for the system to be in state of equilibrium
q q (2 2 1)
(i) For equilateral triangle Q (ii) For square Q
3 4
Equilibrium of suspended point charge system :
kQ 2 Fe kQ 2
For equilibrium position T cos mg and T sin Fe tan
x2 mg x 2 mg
If is small then tan
1
x x kQ 2 3 2kQ 2 Q2 3
sin x x
2 2 x 2 mg mg 2 0 mg

kq 2
If whole set up is taken into an artificial satellite ( g eff 0) then T Fe
4 2

Electric Field
In order to explain ‘action at a distance’, i.e., ‘force without contact’ between charges it is assumed
that a charge or charge distribution produces a field in space surrounding it. So the region
surrounding a charge (or charge distribution) in which its electrical effects are perceptible is
called the electric field of the given charge.
Electric field at a point is characterized either by a vector function of position E called
‘electric field intensity’ or by a scalar function of position V called ‘electric potential’. The
electric field in a certain space is also visualized graphically in terms of ‘lines of force.’ So
electric field intensity, potential and lines of force are different ways of describing the same
field.
Intensity of electric field due to point charge :
Electric field intensity is defined as force per unit infinitesimal test charge.
F kq kq
E lim rˆ r
q0 0 q0 r2 r3
Note : Test charge (q0) is a fictitious charge that exerts no force on nearby charges but experiences
forces due to them.
Properties of electric field intensity :
• It is a vector quantity. Its direction is the same as the force experienced by positive charge.
• Electric field due to positive charge is always away from it while due to negative charge always
towards it.
• Its unit is Newton/coulomb and its dimensional formula is [MLT–3A–1]
• Force on a point charge is in the same direction of electric field on positive charge and in
opposite direction on a negative charge. F qE
• It obeys the superposition principle that is the field intensity at a point due to a charge
distribution is vector sum of the field intensities due to individual charges.
Electric field intensities due to various charge distributions:
Due to discrete distribution of charge: Field produced by a charge distribution for discrete
distribution:

4
 kq
By principle of superposition intensity of electric field due to ith charge Eip r13
r1

kq
Net electric field due to whole distribution of charge E p r1
r13 1
Continuous distribution of charge
1 dq
Treating a small element as particle E 4 r3
r
0

d
Due to linear charge distribution E k r 2 [ = charge per unit length]

ds
Due to surface charge distribution E k r 2 [ = charge per unit area]
s

dv
Due to volume charge distribution E k r 2 [ = charge per unit volume]
v

Electric field strength at a general point due to a uniformly charged rod:

As shown in figure, if P is any general point in the
surrounding of rod, to find electric field strength at P, we
consider an element on rod of length dx at a distance x
from point O as shown in figure. Now if dE be the electric
field at P due to the element, then
kdq
dE
(x r2 ) ,
2

Q
Here dq dx
L
Electric field strength in x-direction due to dq at P is
kdq kQ sin
dE x dE sin sin dx
(x r2 )
2
L( x 2 r 2 )

Here we have x r tan and dx r sec 2 d

kQ r sec 2 d kQ
Thus dEx sin = sin d
L r 2 sec2 Lr
Net electric field strength due to dq at point P in x-direction is
Similarly, electric field strength at point P due to dq in y-direction is
kQdx
dE y dE cos cos
L(r 2 x 2 )
Again we have x r tan and dx r sec 2 d . Thus we have
kQ r sec 2 kQ
dE y cos d cos d
L r 2 sec 2 Lr
Net electric field strength at P due to dq in y-direction is
1
kQ kQ kQ
Ey dE y cos d [ sin ] 1
[sin 1 sin 2 ]
Lr 2
Lr 2
Lr

Thus electric field at a general point in the surrounding of a uniformly charged rod which
subtends angles 1 and 2 at the two comers of rod can be given as in x-direction :

5
 kQ kQ
Ex cos 2 cos 1 and in y-direction E y [sin 1 sin 2 ]
Lr Lr
Electric field due to a uniformly charged ring
Case -I: At its centre Here by symmetry we can say that electric field strength at centre due to every
small segment on ring is cancelled by the electric field at centre due to the segment exactly
opposite to it. The electric field strength at centre due to segment AB is cancelled by that due to
segment CD. This net electric field strength at the centre of a uniformly charged ring is E 0 = 0.

Case II: At a point on the axis of Ring

Here we’ll find the electric field strength at point P due to the ring which is situated at a distance
x from the ring centre. For this we consider a small section of length d on ring as shown. The
Q
charge on this elemental section is dq d [Q = total charge of ring]
2 R
Kdq
Due to element d , electric field strength dE at point P can begiven as dE
(R2 x2 )

The component of this field strength dE sin which is normal to the axis of ring will be cancelled
out due to the ring section opposite to d .The component of electric field strength along the axis
of ring dE cos due to all the sections will be added up. Hence total electric field strength at point
P due to the ring is
2 R 2 R 2 R
kdq x kQx kQx
EP dE cos d d
0 ( R x2 )
2
R2 x2 0 2 R( R 2 x 2 )3/ 2 2 R ( R 2 x 2 )3/ 2 0

kQx kQx
[2 R ]
2 R( R 2 x 2 )3/ 2 ( R 2 x 2 )3/ 2
Electric field strength due to a charged circular arc at its centre :
Figure shows a circular arc of radius R which subtend an angle at its centre. To find electric
field strength at C, we consider a polar segment on arc of angular width d at an angle from
the angular bisector XY as shown.The length of elemental segment is Rd , the charge on this
Q
element dq d

6
 kdq
Due to this dq, electric fild at centre of arc C is given as dE
R2

Now electric field component due to this segment dE sin which is perpendicular to the
angular bisector gets cancelled out in integration and net electric field at centre will be along

angular bisector which can be calculated by integrating dE cos within limits from to .
2 2
/2
Hence net electric field strength at centre C is EC dE cos .
/2

Electric field strength due to a uniformly surface charged disc :

If there is a disc of radius R, charged on its surface with surface charge density , we wish to
find electric field strength due to this disc at a distance x from the centre of disc on its axis at
point P shown in figure.To find electric field at point P due to this disc, we consider an
elemental ring of radius y and width dy in the disc as shown in figure. The charge on this
elemental ring dq 2 ydy [Area of elemental ring ds 2 y dy ]

Now we know that electric field strength due to a ring of radius R, charge Q. at a distance x
kQx
from its centre on its axis can be given as E
( x R 2 )3/2
2

Here due to the elemental ring electric field strength dE at point P can be given as
kdqx k 2 y dy x
dE
( x2 R 2 )3/2 ( x 2 y 2 )3/ 2
Net electric field at point P due to this disc is given by integrating above expression from 0 to R
as

7
 R
R R
k 2 xy dy 2 y dy 1 1 x
E dE k x 2k x 1
0
( x 2 y 2 )3/2 0
( x 2
y 2 )3/ 2 x x 2
y 2 2 0 x 2
R2
0

If R >> x; ve EP 2 0

Electric Lines Of Force

Electric lines of electrostatic field have following properties

• Imaginary
• Can never cross each other
• Can never be closed loops
• The number of lines originating or terminating on a charge is proportional to the magnitude of
charge. In rationalised
MKS system 1 / 0 electric lines are associated with unit charge, so if a body encloses a charge
q, total lines of force associated with it (called flux) will be q / 0 .
• Lines of force ends or starts normally at the surface of a conductor.
• If there is no electric field there will be no lines of force.
• Lines of force per unit area normal to the area at a point represents magnitude of intensity,
crowded lines represent
Strong field while distant lines weak field.
• Tangent to the line of force at a point in an electric field gives the direction of intensity.
Electric Flux
The word “flux” comes from a Latin word meaning “to flow” and you can consider the flux of a
vector field to be a measure of the flow through an imaginary fixed element of surface in the field.
Electric flux is defined as E E ! dA

This surface integral indicates that the surface in question is to be divided into infinitesimal
elements of area dA and the scalar quantity E ! dA is to be evaluated for each element and
summed over the entire surface.
Important points about electric flux
(i) It is a scalar quantity
(ii) Units (V-m) and N-m2/C
Dimensions : [ML3T–3A–1]
(iii) The value of does not depend upon the distribution of charges and the distance between
them inside the closed surface.
Electric Flux through a Circular Disc :
Figure shows a point charge q placed at a distance from a disc of radius R. Here we wish to
find the electric flux through the disc surface due to the point charge q. We know a point
charge q originates electric flux in radially outward direction. The flux originated in cone
shown in figure passes through the disc surface.

8
 To calculate this flux, we consider an elemental ring on disc surface of radius x and width dx as
shown, Area of this ring (strip) is dS 2 x dx . The electric field due to q at this elemental ring
kq
is given as E 2 2 If d Is the flux passing through this elemental ring, then
(x )
R R
q x dx q x dx q
d 2
1 cos ,
0
2 0( x 2 )3/ 2 2 0 0( 2
x 2 )3/ 2 2 o

where cos 2
R2
Electric flux through the lateral surface of a cylinder due to a point charge :
Figure shows a cylindrical surface of length L and radius R. On its axis at its centre a point
charge q is placed, Here we wish to find the flux coming out from the lateral surface of this
cylinder due to the point charge q. For this we consider an elemental strip of width dx on the
surface of cylinder as shown. The area of this strip is dS 2 R dx .

kq
The electric field due to the point charge on the strip can be given as E ( x 2 R 2 ) .

If d is the electric flux through the strip, then

kq R dx
d EdS cos 2 Rdx 2 KqR 2
( x R2 )
2
x 2
R 2 (x 2
R 2 )3/2
L/2
qR 2 dx q
Total flux through the lateral surface of cylinder d 2
2 0 L/2 (x
R 2 )3/ 2 o
2
4 R2
This situation can also be easily handled by using the concepts of Gauss’s law.
Gauss’s Law
It relates the total flux of an electric field through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by
that surface and according to it, the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1/ 0 times the
q
charge enclosed by the closed surface i.e., E ! ds .
S
0

9
Regarding Gauss’s law it is worth noting that
" Flux through Gaussian surface is independent of its shape.
" Flux through Gaussian surface depends only on charges present inside Gaussian surface.
" Flux through Gaussian surface is independent of position of charges inside Gaussian surface.
" Electric field intensity at the Gaussian surface is due to all the charges present (inside as well as
outside)
" In a close surface incoming flux is taken negative while outgoing flux is taken positive.
" In a Gaussian surface 0 does not imply E = 0 but E = 0 at all the points of the surface
implies 0 .
" Gauss’s law and Coulomb’s law are equivalent, i.e., if we assume Coulomb’s law we can prove
Gauss’s law and vice-versa. To prove Gauss’s law from Coulomb’s law consider a hypothetical
spherical surface [called Gaussian-surface] of radius r with point charge q at its centre as
1
shown in figure. By Coulomb’s law intensity at a point P on the surface will be, E 4 r3
r.
0

1 q
And hence electric flux linked with area ds E ds r ! ds , here direction of r and ds are
4 0 r3

1 q 1 q q
same, i.e., E ds ds (4 r 2 ) ,Which is the required result. Though here in
S 4 0 r2 S 4 0 r2 o

proving it we have assumed the surface to be spherical, it is true for any arbitrary surface
provided the surface is closed,
(a) If a enclosed surface (not enclosing any charge) is placed in an electric field (either uniform or
non- uniform) total flux linked with it will be zero.

(b) If an enclosed surface encloses a charge q, then total flux

q
linked with the body will be E ! ds
S
0

10
 From this expression it is clear that the flux linked with an enclosed surface is independent of the
shape and size of the body and position of charge inside it. [figure]
Note : So in case of enclosed symmetrical surface with charge at its centre, flux linked with each
1 q
half will be 2 ( E ) 2 0 and the symmetrical enclosed surface has n identical faces with point

E q
charge at its centre, flux linked with each face will be n n 0

" Gauss’s law is a powerful tool for calculating electric field intensity in case of symmetrical
charge distribution by choosing a Gaussian – surface in such a way that E is either parallel or
perpendicular to its various faces. As an example, consider the case of a plane sheet of charge
having charge density . To calculate E at a point P close to it consider a Gaussian surface in
the form of a ‘pill box’ of cross-section S as shown in figure.

The charge enclosed by the Gaussian-surface = S and the flux linked with the pill box

= ES + 0 + ES = 2ES (as E is parallel to curved surface and perpendicular to plane faces)

1 1
So from Gauss’s law, E (q ) , 2 ES ( S) E
0 0 2 0

" If E 0 , E ! ds 0 , so q = 0 but if q = 0, E ! ds 0 So E may or may not be zero.

If a dipole is enclosed by a closed surface then, q = 0, so E ! ds 0 , but E # 0 .

Note: If instead of plane sheet of charge, we have a charged conductor, then as shown in figure (B)
Ein 0 .

So E = ES and hence in this case E . This result can be verified from the fact that intensity
0

1 q
at the surface of a charged spherical conductor of radius R is, E 4 R2
with q 4 R 2 .So for
0

1
a point close to the surface of conductor, E 4 (4 R 2 )
0 R2 0

11
Electric field due to solid conducting or hollow sphere:
For outside point (r>R) :

$q
Using Gauss’s theorem E ! ds At every point on the Gaussian
0

$q
surface E || ds ; E ! ds E ds cos 0% E ds E ! ds [E is constant over the Gaussian surface]
0

q
For surface point r = R : ES 4 R2
0

For Inside point (r < R) ; Because charge inside the conducting sphere or hollow is zero,
(i.e. $q 0 )
$q
So E ! ds 0 Ein 0
0

Electric field due to solid non conducting sphere :

Outside (r > R)

$q q q
E ! ds E 4 r2 EP
0 4 0 r2

q
At surface (r = R) ES , Put r = R
4 0 r2

$q
Inside (r < R) : From Gauss’s theorem E ! ds Where $q charge contained within Gaussian
0

surface of radius r
$q $q
E (4 r 2 ) E ………… (i)
0 4 r2 0

As the sphere is uniformly charged, the volume charge density (charge/volume) is constant
q
throughout the sphere 4 charge enclosed in gaussian surface
R3
3

4 3 q 4 3 qr 3
$q r r $q ,
3 (4 / 3) R3 3 R3

12
 1 qr
put this value in equation (i) Ein 4 R3
0

Electric field due to an infinite line distribution of charge:

Let a wire of infinite length is uniformly charged having a constant linear charge density . P is
the point where electric field is to be calculated. Let us draw a coaxial Gaussian cylindrical
surface of length .
From Gauss’s theorem
q
E ! dS1 E ! dS 2 E ! dS3
s1 s2 s3 0

E & dS1 so E ! dS1 0 and E & dS 2 so E ! dS2 0

q
E 2 r E || dS3
0

Charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface

2k 1
q So E 2 r E
2 or E where k
0 0r r 4 0

Dielectric In Electric Field

Let E0 be the applied field, Due to polarization, electric field is EP . The resultant field is E .
For homogeneous and isotropic dielectric, the direction of EP is opposite to the direction of E0 .
So, Resultant field is E = E0 – EP

Electric Potential
Electric potential is a scalar property of every point in the region of electric field. At a point in
electric field potential is defined as the interaction energy of a unit positive charge. If at a point
in electric field a charge q0 has potential energy U, then electric potential at that point can be
U
given as V q0 joule/coulomb
Potential energy of a charge in electric field is defined as work done in bringing the charge
from infinity to the given point in electric field. Similarly we can define electric potential as
“work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to the given point against the
r

electric forces. So we can say that V E ! dr

'

Electric Potential due to a point charge in its surrounding

U
The potential at a point P at a distance r from the charge q VP q0 .

kqq0
Where U is the potential energy of charge q0 at point p, U .
r

13
 kq
Thus potential at point P is VP
r
Electric Potential due to a charge Rod :
Figure shows a rod of length L, uniformly charged with a charge Q. Due to this we’ll find electric
potential at a point P at a distance r from one end of the rod as shown in figure.

For this we consider an element of width dx at a distance x from the point P.Charge on this
element is
The potential dV due to this element at point P can be given by using the result of a point charge
kdq kQ
as dV dx
x Lx
r L
kQ kQ r L
Net electric potential at point P : V dV dx ln
r
Lx L r
Electric potential due to a charged ring :
Case-I : At Its centre
To find potential at the centre C of the ring, we first find potential dV at centre due to an elemental
kdq
charge dq on ring which is given as dV
R
kdq kQ
Total potential at C is V dV
R R

As all dq’s of the ring are situated at same distance R from the ring centre C, simply the potential
due to all dq’s is added as being a scalar quantity, we can directly say that the total electric
kQ
potential at ring centre is . Here we can also state that even if charge Q is non-uniformly
R
distributed on ring, the electric potential C will remain same.
Case-II : At a point on axis of ring

We find the electric potential at a point P on the axis of ring as shown, we can directly state the
result as here also all points of ring are at same distance x 2 R 2 the point P, thus the potential at
14
 kQ
P can be given as VP
R2 x2
Electric potential due to a uniformly charged disc :

Figure shows a uniformly disc of radius R with surface charge density coul/ m2. To find
electric potential at point P we consider an elemental ring of radius y and width dy, charge on
this elemental ring is dq 2 y dy . Due to this ring, the electric potential at point P can be
kdq k ! ! 2 y dy
given as dV x 2
y 2
x2 y2
Net electric potential at Point P due to whole disc can be given as
R
R y dy
V dV ! x2 y2 x2 R2 x
0 2 0 x2 y2 2 0
0 2 0

Potential Difference Between Two points in electric field:

Potential difference between two points in electric field can be defined as work done in displacing
a unit positive charge from one point to another against the electric forces.

If a unit +ve charge is displaced from a point A to B as shown work required can be given as
B
VB VA E ! dx
A

If a charge q is shifted from point A to B, work done against electric forces can be given as W = q
(VB – VA)
If in a situation work done by electric forces is asked, we use W = q (V A – VB)
If VB < VA, then charges must have tendency to move toward B (low potential point) it implies
that electric forces carry the charge from high potential to low potential points. Hence we can say
that in the direction of electric field always electric potential decreases.

Electric potential due to hollow or conducting sphere

At outside sphere
According to definition of electric potential, electric potential at point P
r r
q q
V E ! dr dr Eout
' '
4 0 r 2
4 0 r2

r r
q 1 q 1 q
V 2
dr
4 0 ' r
4 0 r ' 4 0 r
R R
q q
At surface : V E ! dr dr Eout
' '
4 0 r 2
4 0 r2

15
 R R
q 1 q 1 q
V dr
4 0 ' r2 4 0 r2 ' 4 0 R

dV q
Inside the surface Inside the surface E 0 V = constant so V 4 R
dr 0

Electric potential due to solid non conducting sphere

At outside sphere : Same as conducting sphere.
At Surface : Same as conducting sphere.
Inside the sphere
r R r

V E ! dr V E1dr E2 dr
' ' R

R r
R
kq
r
kqr 1 kq r 2
V dr dr V kq
'
r2 R
R3 r ' R3 2 R

1 r2 R2 kq
V kq V 3R 2 r2
R 2 R3 2 R3 2 R3
Equipotential Surfaces
For a given charge distribution, locus of all points having same potential is called ‘equipotential
surface’.
Equipotential surfaces can never cross each other (otherwise potential at a point will have two
values which is absurd)
Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to direction of electric field.
If a charge is moved from one point to the other over an equipotential surface then work done
WAB U AB q (VB VA ) 0 VB VA
Shapes of equipotential surfaces

The intensity of electric field along an equipotential surface is always zero.

Electric Potential Gradient
The maximum rate of change of potential at right angles to an equipotential surface in an
electric field is defined as potential gradient. E (V grad V
Note : Potential is a scalar quantity but the gradient of potential is a vector quantity
)V ˆ )V ˆ )V
In Cartesian co-ordinates (V )x
i
)y
j
)z
k

Electrostatic Potential Energy

Potential energy of a system of particles is defined only in conservative fields. As electric field is
also conservative, we define potential energy in it. Potential energy of a system of particles we
define as the work done in assembling the system in a given configuration against the interaction
forces of particles. Electrostatic potential energy is defined in two ways,

16
(i) Interaction energy of charged particles of a system
(ii) Self energy of a charged object
Electrostatic Interaction Energy :
Electrostatic interaction energy of a system of charged particles is defined as the external work
required to assemble the particles from infinity to the given configuration. When some charged
particles are at infinite separation, their potential energy is taken zero as no interaction is there
between them. When these charges are brought close to a given configuration, external work is
required if the force between these particles is repulsive and energy is supplied to the system,
hence final potential energy of system will be positive. If the force between the particle is attractive,
work will be done by the system and final potential energy of system will be negative.
Interaction Energy of a system of two charged particles :
Figure shows two + ve charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r. The electrostatic interaction
energy of this system can be given as work done in bringing q 2 from infinity to the given separation
from q1.
r r
kq1q2
It can be calculated as W F " dx 2
dx [–ve sign shows that x is decreasing]
' ' x

kq1q2
W= = U [ interaction energy]
r
kq1q2
If the two charges here are of opposite sign, the potential energy will be negative as U
r
Interaction Energy for a system of charged particles :
When more than two charged particles are there in a system, the interaction energy can be given
by sum of interaction energies of all the pairs of particles. For example if a system of three
particles having charges q1, q2 and q3 is given as shown in figure.The total interaction energy of
kq1q2 kq1q3 kq2 q3
this system can be given as U r3 r2 r1

Self Energy of charged object :

Electrostatic self energy of a charged object is defined as the external work required to assemble
the charge on the object bringing it from infinity.
Self energy of uniformly charged hollow sphere
Let at any time charge on sphere be ‘q’work done in bringing
a small charge dq from infinity and adding it to the sphere will be
kq
dW dq
R
Q
kq kQ 2
So total work required will be, W R
dq
2R
0

So self energy of uniformly charged hollow sphere is

17
 Self energy of uniformly charged solid sphere
Let at any time charge accumulated on sphere be ‘q’ upto
radius ‘r’work done in bringing a small charge dq from
infinity and adding it to the sphere will be,
kq k 4 r3
dW dq ( 4 r 2 dr ) ,
r r 3

Q
where 4 r3 (volume charge density)
3
So total work required will be,
R
k 4 r3 3kQ 2
W ( 4 r 2 dr )
0 r 3 5R

3kQ 2
So self energy of uniformly charged solid sphere is
5R
Electric Dipole
A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a certain distance is called electric
dipole, shown in figure. Every dipole has a characteristic property called dipole moment. It is
defined as the product of magnitude of either charge and the separation between the charges,
given as

In some molecules, the centres of positive and negative charges do not coincide. This results in
the formation of electric dipole. Atom is non-polar because in it the centres of positive and negative
charges coincide. Polarity can be induced in an atom by the application of electric field. Hence it
can be called as induced dipole.

Dipole Moment: Dipole moment p = q d

(i) Vector quantity , directed from negative to positive charge
(ii) Dimension : [LTA], Units ; coulomb metre (or C-m)
(iii) Practical unit is “debye” = Two equal and opposite point charges each having charge 10 –10
Frankline (= e) and separation of 1Ao then the value of dipole moment ( p ) is 1 debye.
20 C m 30
1 Debye = 10 10 10 10 Fr m 10 3.3 10 C m
3 109
Dipole Placed In Uniform Electric Field :
Figure shows a dipole of dipole moment p placed at an angle to the direction of electric
field. Here the charges of dipole experience force of magnitude qE in opposite direction as
shown. Fnet [qE ( q) E ] 0

18
 Thus we can state that when a dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, net force on the
dipole is zero. But as equal and opposite forces act with a separation in their line of action, they
produce a couple which tend to align the dipole along the direction of electric field. The
magnitude of torque due to this couple can be given as
* = Force separation between lines of actions of forces
= qE d sin pE sin

* r F d qE qd E p E
Work done In Rotation of a Dipole in Electric field :
When a dipole is placed in an electric field at an angle , the torque on it due to electric field is
* pE sin . Work done in rotating an electric dipole from 1 to 2 [uniform field]

dW *d so W dW *d and W 1 2
U 2
U 1
pE (cos 1 cos 2 )

Eg. W0 180 pE[1 ( 1)] 2 pE W0 90 pE (1 0) pE

If a dipole is rotated from field direction ( 0%) to then W pE (1 cos )

Electrostatic potential energy :

Electrostatic potential energy of a dipole placed in a uniform field is defined as work done in
rotating a dipole from a direction perpendicular to the field to the given direction i.e.,

W90% pE sin d pE cos p"E .

90%

E is a conservative field so whatever work is done in rotating a dipole from 1 to 2 is just

equal to change in electrostatic potential energy W U U pE (cos 1 cos 2 ) 1 2 2 1

Work done in rotating an electric dipole in an electric field :

Suppose at any instant, the dipole makes an angle with the electric field. The torque acting on
dipole.
* qEd (q ! 2 sin ) E pE sin
The work done in rotating dipole from 1 to 2

2 2

W *d pE sin d
1 1

W pE (cos 1 cos 2 )
U 2 U1 ( U pE cos )
Force on an electric dipole in Non-uniform electric field E :
If in a non-uniform electric field dipole is placed at a point where electric field is E, the
interaction energy of dipole at this point U p ! E . Now the force on dipole due to electric

+U
field F
+r

19
 dE
If dipole is placed in the direction of electric field then F p
dx
Electric Potential due to Dipole
At axial point
kq
Electric potential due to +q charge V1 (r )

kq
Electric potential due to –q charge V2 (r )

kq kq kq 2 kp
Net electric potential V V1 V2 (r ) (r ) (r 2 2 ) r2 2

kp
If r > > > V
r2
At equatorial point
kq
Electric potential of P due to +q charge V1
x
kq
Electric potential of P due to –q charge V2
x
kq kq
Net potential V V1 V2 0 V 0
x x

p cos p !r
At general point V
4 0r2 4 0r
3

Electric field due to an electric dipole :

Figure shows an electric dipole placed on x-axis at origin. Here we wish to find the electric
field and potential at a point O having coordinates (r , ) . Due to the positive charge of dipole
electric field at O is in radially outward direction and due to the negative charge it is radially
inward.
)V 2kp cos 1 )V kp sin
Er and E
)r r3 r) r3
Thus net electric field at point O,
kp
Enet Er2 E2 1 3cos 2
r3
If the direction of Enet is at an angle from radial direction, then
1 E 1
tan tan
Er 2

Thus the inclination of net electric field at point 0 is ( )

At a point on the axis of a dipole :
kq
Electric field due to +q charge E1 (r )2

kq
Electric field due to –q charge E2 (r )2

20
 kq kq kq 4r
Net electric field E E1 E2 (r ) 2
(r ) 2
(r 2 2 )2 [ p q 2 = Dipole moment]

2kp
If r >>> then E
r3
At a point on equitorial line of dipole
kq
Electric field due to +q charge E1 ;
x2
kq
Electric field due to –q charge E2
x2
Vertical component of E 1 and E2 will cancel each other and horizontal components will be added
So net electric field at P
E E1 cos E2 cos [ E1 E2 ]
2kq
E 2 E1 cos cos cos and x r2 2
x2 x
2kq 2kq kp
E
x3 (r 2 2 3/ 2
) (r 2 2 3/ 2
)

kp kp
If r ,,, , then E or E
r3 r3
Electrostatic Pressure :
Force due to electrostatic pressure is directed normally outwards to the surface.Force on small
2

element ds of charged conductordF = (Charge on ds) Electric field = ( ds ) 2 2

ds
0 0

Inside E1 E2 0 E1 E2 Just outside E E1 E2 2 E2 E2

2 (E1 is field due to point charge
ge
0

on the surface and E2 is field due to rest of the sphere).

The electric force acting per unit area of charged surface is defined as electrostatic pressure.
2
dF
Pelectrostatics
dS 2 0

Equilibrium of liquid charged surfaces (Soap bubble)

Pressure (forces) act on a charged soap bubble , due to
(i) Surface tension PT (inward)
(ii) Air outside the bubble Po (inward)
(iii) Electrostatic pressure Pe (outward)
(iv) Air inside the bubble P 1 (outward)
in state of equilibrium inward pressure = outward pressure P T + Po = P1 + Pe
Excess pressure of air inside the bubble (P ex) = P1 – Po = PT – Pe

21
Conductor And Its Properties [For Electrostatic Condition]
(i) Conductors are materials which contains large number of free electrons which can move freely
inside the conductor.
(ii) In electrostatics, conductors are always equipotential surfaces,
(iii) Charge always resides on surface of conductor.
(iv) If there is a cavity inside the conductor having no charge then charge will always reside only
on outer surface of conductor.
(v) Electric field is always perpendicular to conducting surface.

(vi) Electric field Intensity near the conducting surface is given by formula E nˆ
0

EA A
nˆ; EB B
nˆ and EC C
nˆ
0 0 0

(vii) When a conductor is grounded Its potential becomes zero.

(viii) When two conductors are connected there will be charge flow till their potential becomes
equal.
2
,
(ix) Electric pressure at the surface of a conductor is given by formula P where is the
2 0

local surface charge density.

Some other important results for a closed conductor
(i) If a charge q is kept in the cavity then –q will be induced on the inner surface and +q will
be induced on the outer surface of the conductor (it can be proved using gauss theorem)

(ii) If a charge q is kept inside the cavity of a conductor and conductor is given a charge Q then –q
charge will be induced on inner surface and total charge on the outer surface will be q + Q. (it can
be proved using gauss theorem)

(iii) Resultant field, due to q (which is inside the cavity) and induced charge on S 1 at any point outside
S1 (like B,C) is zero. Resultant field due to q + Q on S2 and any other charge outside S2, at any
point inside of surface S2 (like A, B) is zero

22
(iv) Resultant field in a charge free cavity in a closed conductor is zero. There can be charges
outside the conductor and on the surface also. Then also this result is true. No charge will be
induced on the inner most surface of the conductor.

(v) Charge distribution for different types of cavities in conductors

Using the result that in the conducting material should be zero and using result (iii) We can show that

Note : In all cases charge on inner surface S 1 = –q and on outer surface S2 = q. The distribution of
charge on S1 will not change even if some charges are kept outside the conductor (i.e. outside
the surface S2). But the charge distribution on S2 may change if some charges(s) is/are kept
outside the conductor.
Sharing of Charges :
Two conducting hollow spherical shells of radii R 1 and R2 having charges Q1 and Q2 respectively
and separated by large distance, are Joined by a conducting wire. Let final charges on spheres are
q1 and q2 respectively,

23
 Kq1 Kq2 q1 R1
Potential on both spherical shell become equal after Joining, therefore R ; ......(i)
1 R2 q2 R2
and q1 q2 Q1 Q2 ......(ii)
(Q1 Q2 ) R1 (Q1 Q2 ) R2
from (i) and (i i) q1 R1 R2 ; q2 R1 R2

q1 R1 1 4 R12 R1
ratio of charges q ; 2
2 R2 2 4 R2 R2

1 R1
ratio of surface charge densities R2
2

q1 R1
Ratio of final charges q R2
2

1 R2
Ratio of final surface charge densities. R1
2

Example 1. If a charged body is placed near a neutral conductor, will it attract the conductor or repel
it?
Solution :

If a charged body (+ve) is placed left side near a neutral conductor, (–ve) charge will
induce at left surface and (+ve) charge will induce at right surface. Due to positively
charged body –ve induced charge will feel attraction and the +ve induced charge will feel
repulsion. But as the –ve induced charge is nearer, so the attractive force will be greater
than the repulsive force. So the net force on the conductor due to positively charged body
will be attractive. Similarly, we can prove for negatively charged body also.
From the above example we can conclude that. “A charged body can attract a neutral
body.”
If there is attraction between two bodies then one of them may be neutral. But if there is
repulsion between two bodies, both must be charged (similarly charged).So “repulsion is
the sure test of electrification”.
Example 2. A positively charged body ‘A’ attracts a body ‘B’ then charge on body ‘B’ may be:
(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) can’t say
Answer : B, C
Example 3. Charge conservation is always valid. Is it also true for mass?
Solution : No, mass conservation is not always. In some nuclear reactions, some mass is lost and it
is converted into energy.

24
Example 4. What are the differences between charging by induction and charging by conduction ?
Solution : Major differences between two methods of charging are as follows :
(i) In induction, two bodies are close to each other but do not touch each other while in
conduction they touch each other. (Or they are connected by a metallic wire)
(ii) In induction, total charge of a body remains unchanged while in conduction it changes.
(iii) In induction, induced charge is always opposite in nature to that of source charge
while in conduction charge on two bodies finally is of same nature.
Example 5. Find out the electrostatic force between two point charges placed in air (each of +1 C) if
they are separated by 1m.
kq1q2 9 109 1 1
Solution : Fe = = = 9×109 N
r2 12

From the above result, we can say that 1 C charge is too large to realize. In nature, charge
is usually of the order of -C
Example 6. A particle of mass m carrying charge q1 is revolving around a fixed charge –q2 in a circular
path of radius r. Calculate the period of revolution and its speed also.
1 q1q2 4 2 mr
2
Solution : 4 = mr. = ’
0 r2 T2

(4 0 ) r 2 (4 2 mr ) 0mr
2
T = or T=4 r
q1q2 q1q2
and also we can say that
q1q2 mv 2 q1q2
4 0r 2 = r V= 4
0 mr

Example 7. A point charge qA = + 100 µc is placed at point A (1, 0, 2) m and another point charge
qB= +200µc is placed at point B (4, 4, 2) m. Find :
(i) Magnitude of electrostatic interaction force acting between them
(ii) Find FA (force on A due to B) and FB (force on B due to A) in vector form
Solution : (i)

(9 109 ) (100 10 6 ) (200 10 6 )

kq A qB 2
Value of F : F = (4 1) 2 (4 0) 2 (2 2) 2 = 7.2 N
r2
kq A qB
(ii) Force on , FB = | r |3 r

25
 (9 109 )(100 10 6 )(200 10 6 )
3
(4 1)iˆ (4 0) ˆj (2 2) kˆ 3ˆ 4 ˆ
= 2 2 2 = 7.2 i j N
(4 1) (4 0) (2 2) 5 5

3ˆ 4 ˆ
Similarly FA = 7.2N i j N
5 5
Action( FA )and Reaction ( FB ) are equal but in opposite direction.
Example 8. Three equal point charges of charge +q each are moving along a circle of radius R and a point
charge –2q is also placed at the centre of circle (as shown in figure). If charges are revolving
with constant and same speed in the circle then calculate speed of charges

2
mv 2 K (q ) (2q ) 2( Kq ) mv 2
Solution : F2 – 2F1 cos 30º = – cos 30 =
R R2 ( 3 R) 2 R

kq 2 1
/v 2
Rm 3
Example 9. Five point charges, each of value q are placed on five vertices of a regular hexagon of side
L. What is the magnitude of the force on a point charge of value –q coulomb placed at the
centre of the hexagon?
Solution : Method-I : If there had been a sixth charge +q at the remaining vertex of hexagon,
force due to all the six charges on –q at O would have been zero (as the forces due to
individual charges will balance each other), i.e., FR 0

26
 Now if f is the force due to sixth charge and F due to remaining five charges.
From F + f = 0 i.e. F = – f

1 q q 1 q2
or, |F| = | f | = 4 =
0 L2
4 0 L2

1 q2
FNet = FOD = 4 L2
along OD
0

Method-II :In the diagram, we can see that force due to charge A and D are opposite to
each other
FOF + FOC = 0 ....(i)
Similarly FOB + FOE = 0 ....(ii)
So FOF + FOB + FOC + FOD + FOE = FNet

1 q2
Using (i) and (ii) F = FOD = along OD.
Net 4 0 L2

Example 9 A thin straight rod of length l carrying a uniformly distributed charge q is located in vacuum.
Find the magnitude of the electric force on a point charge ‘Q’ kept as shown in the figure.

Solution : As the charge on the rod is not point charge, therefore, first we have to find force on
charge Q due to charge over a very small part on the length of the rod. This part, called
element of length dy can be considered as point charge.
q
Charge on element, dq = dy = dy
Electric force on ‘Q’ due to element

27
 K .dq.Q K .Q.q.dy
= 2 = y2 .
y

All forces are along the same direction,

F= dF . This sum can be calculated using integration,
a +l a
KQqdy KqQ 1 KQ.q 1 1 KQq
therefore, F = y 2 = = = =
y=a y a a a a(a )
Note : (1)The total charge of the rod cannot be considered to be placed at the centre
of the rod as we do in mechanics for mass in many problems.
KQq
Note : (2) If a >>l then,F =
a2
i.e.Behavior of the rod is just like a point charge.
Example 10. Two equal positive point charges ‘Q’ are fixed at points B(a, 0) and A(–a, 0). Another test
charge q0 is also placed at O(0, 0). Show that the equilibrium at ‘O’ is
(i) Stable for displacement along X-axis.
(ii) Unstable for displacement along Y-axis.
Solution : (i)

KQq0
Initially FAO + FBO = 0 | FAO | = | FBO | =
a2
When charge is slightly shifted towards + x axis by a small distance +x, then.

| FAO | < | FBO |

Therefore, the particle will move towards origin (its original position). Hence, the
equilibrium is stable.

28
 (ii) When charge is shifted along y axis:

After resolving components, net force will be along y axis So, the particle will not
return to its original position & it is unstable equilibrium. Finally, the charge will
move to infinity.
Example 11. A particle of mass m and charge q is located midway between two fixed charged
particles each having a charge q and a distance 2 apart. Prove that the motion of the
particle will be SHM if it is displaced slightly along the line connecting them and released.
Also find its time period.
Solution : Let the charge q at the mid-point is displaced slightly to the left. The force on the displaced
charge q due to charge q at A,
1 q2
F1 = 4
0 ( x)2
The force on the displaced charge q due to charge at B,
1 q2
F2 = 4
0 ( x) 2

Net restoring force on the displaced charge q.

1 q2 1 q2
F = F2 – F1 or F = 4 –
0 ( x) 2 4 0 ( x)2

q2 1 1 q2 4 x
or F= = 2
4 0 ( x)2 ( x)2 4 0 ( x 2 )2

q2 x q2 x
Since >> x, F= 4 or F = 3
0 0

Hence we see that F x and it is opposite to the direction of displacement. Therefore, the
motion is SHM.

29
 2
m q m 0 3
T =2 , (here k = 3 )T= 2
k 0 q2
Example 12. Find out mass of the charge Q, so that it remains in equilibrium for the given
configuration.
Solution :

4 Fcos = mg

KQq 4 KQqh
2 3/2 2 3/2
4× h 2 h = mg m= g h 2

2 2
Example 13. Electrostatic force experienced by –3-C charge placed at point ‘P’ due to a system ‘S’
of fixed point charges as shown in figure is F (21iˆ 9 ˆj ) µN.
(i) Find out electric field intensity at point P due to S.
(ii) If now, 2-C charge is placed and –3 -C is removed at point P then force experienced by it
will be.

N
Solution : (i) F qE (21iˆ 9 ˆj ) µN = –3µC ( E ) / E = – 7 î – 3 ˆj
C
(ii) Since the source charges are not disturbed the electric field intensity at ‘P’ will remain
same.
F 2-C = +2( E ) = 2(–7 î – 3 ˆj )= (–14 î – 6 ˆj ) -N
Example 14. Calculate the electric field intensity which would be just sufficient to balance the weight
of a particle of charge –10 -C and mass 10 mg. (Take g = 10 ms 2)
Solution : As force on a charge q in an electric field E is F q = q E
So, according to given problem:

[W = weight of particle]

30
 | Fq | |W | i.e., |q|E = mg
mg
i.e., E= = 10 N/C., in downward direction.
|q|
Example 15. Find out electric field intensity at point A (0, 1m, 2m) due to a point charge –20-C
situated at point B( 2 m, 0, 1m).
KQ KQ
Solution : E= 3
r = 2 rˆ / r = P.V. of A – P.V. of B (P.V. = Position vector)
|r | |r |

= – 2iˆ ˆj kˆ | r | = ( 2) 2 (1)2 (1)2 = 2

9 109 ( 20 10 6 ) ˆ ˆ ˆ
E= – 2iˆ ˆj kˆ = – 22.5 × 103 – 2i j k N/C.
8
Example 16. Two point charges 2-c and – 2-c are placed at points A and B as shown in figure. Find out
electric field intensity at points C and D. [All the distances are measured in meter].

Solution : Electric field at point C (EA, EB are magnitudes only and arrows represent directions).
Electric field due to positive charge is away from it while due to negative charge, it is
towards the charge. It is clear that EB> EA.
ENet = (EB – EA) towards negative X-axis

K (2 - c ) K (2 - c )
= towards negative X-axis = 8000 (– iˆ) N/C
( 2) 2 (3 2) 2
Electric field at point D :
Since magnitude of charges are same and also
AD = BD
So, EA = EB
Vertical components of EA and EB cancel each other while horizontal components are in
the same direction.
2.K (2 - c)
So, Enet = 2EA cos = cos45°
22

31
 6
K 10 9000 ˆ
= = i N/C.
2 2

Example 17. Six equal point charges are placed at the corners of a regular hexagon of side ‘a’. Calculate
electric field intensity at the centre of hexagon?

Answer : Zero (By symmetry)

Similarly electric field due to a uniformly charged ring at the centre of ring :

Example 18. Find out electric field intensity at the centre of a uniformly charged semicircular ring of
radius R and linear charge density .
Solution : = linear charge density.
The arc is the collection of large no. of point charges. Consider a part of ring as an element
of length Rd which subtends an angle d at centre of ring and it lies between and + d

dE = dEx iˆ + dEy ĵ ; Ex = dE x 0 (due to symmetry)

K sin .d = 2K
& Ey = dE y = dE sin =
0 R 0 R

32
Example 19. Positive charge Q is distributed uniformly over a circular ring of radius a. A point particle
having a mass m and a negative charge –q, is placed on its axis at a distance y from the
centre. Find the force on the particle. Assuming y << a, find the time period of oscillation
of the particle if it is released from there. (Neglect gravity)
Solution : When the negative charge is shifted at a distance x from the centre of the ring along its
axis then force acting on the point charge due to the ring :
KQy
FE = qE (towards centre) = q
(a y 2 )3/2
2

If a >> y thena2 + y2~ a2

1 Qqy
FE = 4 (Towards centre)
0 a3
Since, restoring force FE y, therefore motion of charge the particle will be
S.H.M.
Time period of SHM

m 1/ 2
3
m Qq 16 ma 3
0
T=2 =2 =
k 4 0 a3 Qq

Example 20. Calculate electric field at a point on axis, which at a distance x from centre of uniformly
charged disc having surface charge density /and R which also contains a concentric hole
of radius r.
Solution : Consider a ring of radius y (r < y < R)and width dy concentric with disc and in the plane
of the disc. Due to this ring, the electric field at the point P :

K (dq) x
dE =
[ X 2 Y 2 ]3/ 2

33
 R
Kx. (2 y )dy
Enet = [1dq = 2 ydy]
r
[ x 2 y 2 ]3/ 2
x2 R2
2 kx dt
Enet = , put x2 + y2 = t, 2y. dy = dt
2 x2 r 2
t 3/2

x 1 1
= 2 away from centre
0 x2 r 2 x2 R 2
Alternate method
We can also use superposition principle to solve this problem.
(i) Assume a disc without hole of radius R having surface charge density + .
(ii) Also assume a concentric disc of radius r in the same plane of first disc having charge
density – .
Now using derived formula in last example the net electric field at the centreis :
x 1 1
Enet = E R + Er = 2 2 away from centre.
2
r x 0R x2 2

Example 21. A point charge q is placed at a distance r from a very long charged thread of uniform linear
charge density l. Find out total electric force experienced by the line charge due to the point
charge. (Neglect gravity).
Solution : Force on charge q due to the thread,
2K
F= .q
r
By Newton’s III law, every action has equal
and opposite reaction So, force on the
2K
thread = .q (away from point
r
charge)
Example 22. Figure shows a long wire having uniform charge density/ /as shown in figure.
Calculate electric field intensity at point P.

37°
r
Solution : q1 = 90º and q2 = 360º – 37º So
K
Ex = [sinq1+sinq2] ;
r
K
Ey = [cosq2– cosq1]
r

34
Example 23. Find electric field at point A, B, C, D due to infinitely long uniformly charged wire with linear
charge density l and kept along z-axis (as shown in figure).Assume that all theparameters are
in S.I. units.

2K 2K
Solution : EA = (iˆ) EB = ( ˆj )
3 4

2K 2 2K 3iˆ 4 ˆj 2K 3iˆ 4 ˆj
EC = OC = ED = ED = EC
5 5 5 5 5
Example 24. An infinitely large plate of surface charge density + is lying in horizontal xy-plane. A
particle having charge –qo and mass m is projected from the plate with velocity u making
an angle with sheet. Find :

(i) The time taken by the particle to return on the plate..

(ii) Maximum height achieved by the particle.
(iii)At what distance will it strike the plate (Neglect gravitational force on the particle)
Solution :

Electric force acting on the particle Fe = qoE : Fe = (qo) 2 downward

o

Fe qo
So, acceleration of the particle : a= = 2 m = uniform
m o

This acceleration will act like ‘g’ (acceleration due to gravity)

So, the particle will perform projectile motion.

35
 2u sin u 2 sin 2
2 2
2u sin qo u sin
(i) T = = (ii) H = = 2 qo
g 2 om 2g 2 om

u 2 sin 2
2
u sin 2 qo
(iii) R = =
g 2 om
Example 25. If an isolated infinite sheet contains charge Q1 on its one surface and charge Q2 on its
other surface then prove that electric field intensity at a point in front of sheet will be
Q
2 A O , where Q = Q1 + Q2
Solution : Electric field at point P :

E = EQ1 EQ2
Q1 Q2
= 2 A nˆ + 2 A nˆ
0 0

Q1 Q2 Q
= 2 A nˆ = 2 A nˆ
0 0

[This shows that the resultant field due to a sheet depends only on the total charge of the
sheet and not on the distribution of charge on individual surfaces].
Example 26. Three large conducting parallel sheets are placed at a finite distance from each other as
shown in figure. Find out electric field intensity at points A, B, C & D.

Solution : For point A :

Q ˆi – 3Q ˆi 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
Enet EQ E3Q E–2Q = – 2A i – i
0 2A 0 2A 0 A 0

36
 For point B:

3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
Enet E3Q E–2 Q EQ = – 2 A i 2 A i 2 A i = 0
0 0 0
For point C :

Q ˆ 3Q ˆ Q ˆ 2Q ˆ
Enet EQ E3Q E–2Q = + 2 A i – 2 A i – 2 A i A 0
i
0 0 0
For point D :

Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ 2Q ˆ
Enet EQ E–2Q = + 2 A i 2 A i – 2 A i A i
E3Q
0 0 0 0
Example 27. Determine and draw the graph of electric field due to infinitely large non-conducting sheet of
thickness t and uniform volume charge density r as a function of distance x from its symmetry
plane.
t t
(a) x 3/ (b) x 4/
2 2
t
Solution : We can consider two sheets of thickness x
2
t
and x
2
Where the point P lies inside the sheet.

Now, net electric field at point P :

Q1 Q2
E = E1 – E2 = 2 A – 2 A [Q1 : charge of left sheet; Q2 : charge of right sheet.]
0 0

37
 t t
A x A x x
= 2 2 =
2A 0
0

For point which lies outside the sheet we can consider a complete sheet of
thickness t

Q
55 2A 0

tA t
E = 2A = 2
0 0

Alternate : We can assume thick sheet to be made of

large number of uniformly charged thin sheets. Consider
an elementary thin sheet of width dx at a distance x
from symmetry plane.
Charge in sheet = rAdx (A : assumed area of sheet)
Adx
Surface charge density, =
A
dx
so, electric field intensity due to elementary sheet : dE = 2
0

x t /2
t dx dx x
(a) When x < / ENet = 2 – 2 =
2 t /2 0 x 0 0

t /2
t dx t
(b) When x > ENet = 2 = 2
2 t /2 0 0

Example 28. Thin infinite sheet of width wcontains uniform charge distribution s. Find out electric
field intensity at following points :
(a) A point which lies in the same plane at a distance d from one of its edge.
(b) A point which is on the symmetry plane of sheet at a perpendicular distance d
from it.

38
Solution :
(a) Consider a thin strip of width dx. Linear charge density of strip : / / dx

So, electric field due to this strip at point P

2k dx
dE =
x
d w dx
Enet = d 2 x
0

d w
= n
2 0 d
(b) Consider a thin strip of width dx. Linear charge density of strip :
/ / dx
Ep = 2dE cos

w/ 2 dx d
or Ep= 2. .
0
2 0 d2 x2 d2 x2

d w /2 dx
= 0 d 2
x2 = tan–1
0 0

Example 29. Figure shows a uniformly charged sphere of radius R and total
charge Q. A point charge q is situated outside the sphere at a
distance r from centre of sphere. Find out the following
(i) Force acting on the point charge q due to the sphere.
(ii) Force acting on the sphere due to the point charge.
KQ
Solution : (i) Electric field at the position of point charge E rˆ
r2
KqQ KqQ
So, F 2
rˆ |F|
r r2
(ii) Since we know that every action has equal and opposite reaction so
KqQ
Fsphere rˆ
r2
KqQ
Fsphere
r2
Example 30. Figure shows a uniformly charged thin sphere of total charge
Q and radius R. A point charge q is also situated at the centre
of the sphere. Find out the following
(i) Force on charge q
(ii) Electric field intensity at A.
(iii) Electric field intensity at B.

39
Solution : (i) Electric field at the centre of the uniformly charged hollow sphere = 0
So force on charge q = 0
(ii) Electric field at A
Kq
E A = ESphere Eq = 0 + 2 ; r = CA
r
E due to sphere = 0 , because point lies inside the charged hollow sphere.
KQ Kq K (Q q )
(iii) Electric field EB at point B = ESphere Eq = .rˆ .rˆ = .rˆ ; r = CB
r2 r 2
r2

Example 31. Two concentric uniformly charged spherical shells of radius

R1 and R2 (R2> R1) have total charges Q1 and Q2 respectively.
Derive an expression of electric field as a function of r for
following positions.
(i) r < R1 (ii) R1 3/r < R2 (iii) r 4/R2
Solution : (i) For r < R1, therefore, point lies inside both the spheres
Enet = EInner + Eouter =0+0
(ii) For R1 3 r < R2, point lies outside inner sphere but inside outer sphere:
Enet = Einner + Eouter
KQ1 KQ1
2 r̂ + 0 = 2 rˆ
r r
(iii) For r 4/R2
point lies outside inner as well as outer sphere.
KQ1 KQ K (Q1 Q2 )
rˆ + 2 2 rˆ =
Therefore, ENet = Einner + Eouter =
2
rˆ
r r r2
Example 32. A spherical shell having charge +Q (uniformly distributed) and a point charge + q 0 are
placed as shown. Find the force between shell and the point charge(r >> R).

KQ
(i) Force on the point charge + q0 due to the shell = q E 0 shell = (q0) rˆ
r2
KQq0
= rˆ where r̂ , is unit vector along OP..
r2
From action - reaction principle, force on the shell due to the point charge will
KQq0 ˆ
also be :Fshell = ( r)
r2
Conclusion : To find the force on a hollow sphere due to outside charges, we can
replace the sphere by a point charge kept at centre.

40
Example 33. A Uniformly charged solid non-conducting
sphere of uniform volume charge density r and
radius R is having a concentric spherical cavity
of radius r. Find out electric field intensity at
following points, as shown
in the figure :
(i) Point A (ii) Point B (iii) Point C (iv) Centre of the sphere
Solution : Method-I :
(i) For point A :We can consider the solid part of sphere to be made of large number of
spherical shells which have uniformly distributed charge on its surface. Now, since
point A lies inside all spherical shells so electric field intensity due to all shells will be
zero.
EA = 0
(ii) For point B :All the spherical shells for which point B lies inside will make electric
field zero at point B. Soelectric field will be due to charge present from radius r to OB.
4
K (OB3 r 3 ) [OB3 r 3 ]
So, EB = 3 OB = 3 OB
OB 3 0 OB3

(iii)For point C, similarly we can say that for all the shell points C lies outside the
shell
K [ 43 ( R 3 r 3 )] R3 r 3
So, EC = OC = 3 [OC ]3 OC
[OC ]3 0

Method-II :We can consider that the spherical cavity is filled with charge density r and
also –r, thereby making net charge density zero after combining. We can consider two
concentric solid spheres: One of radius R and charge density r and other of radius r and
charge density –r. Applying superposition principle :

+ ®

(OA) [ (OA)]
(i) EA = E + E = + =0
3 0 3 0

4 3
(OB) K r ( )
(ii) EB = E + E = + 3
3 0 OB
(OB ) 3

r3 r3
= 3 OB = 1 OB
0 3 0 (OB)3 3 0 OB 3

41
 4 4 3
K R3 K r ( )
(iii) EC = E + E = 3 OC + 3 OC
OC 3 OC 3

= 3 (OC )3 [ R 3 r 3 ]OC
0

(iv) EO = E + E = 0 + 0= 0
Example 34. In above question, if cavity is not concentric and centered at point P then repeat all the
steps.
Solution : Again assume r and –r in the cavity, (similar to the previous example) :
(i) E A = E + E

[OA] ( ) PA
= +
3 0 3 0

3 [ OA – PA ] = 3 [OP ]
0 0

Note :Here, we can see that the electric field intensity at point A is independent of position
of point Ainside the cavity. Also the electric field is along the line joining the centres of
the sphere and the spherical cavity.
(OB) K [ 43 r 3 ( )]
(ii) EB = E + E = + PB
3 0 [ PB ]3

K [ 43 R 3 ] K [ 43 r 3 ( )]
(iii) EC = E + E = +
[OC ]3 OC [ PC ]3 PC

K [ 43 r 3 ( )]
(iv) EO = E + E = 0 + PO
[ PO]3
Example 35. A non-conducting solid sphere has volume charge density that varies as r = r 0 r, where r0 is
a constantand r is distance from centre. Find out electric field intensities at following
positions.
(i) r < R (ii) r/4 R
Solution : Method I :
(i) For r< R :
The sphere can be considered to be made of large number of spherical shells. Each
shell has uniform charge density on its surface. So the previous results of the spherical
shell can be used. Consider a shell of radius x and thickness dx as an element. Charge
on shell dq = (4px2dx)r0x.
Kdq
Electric field intensity at point P due to shell, dE =
x2
Since all the shell will have electric field in same direction

42
 R r R

// E dE = dE + dE
0 0 r

Due to shells which lie between region r < x 3 R, electric field at point P will be
zero.
r r r
Kdq K .4 x 2 dx 0 x 4 K x4 0 r2
E 0 = =
0
=
0
r2 0
r2 r2 4 0
4 0

R R
K .4 x 2 dx 0 x R4 0
(ii) For r 4 R, E = dE = r2 = rˆ
0 0 4 0r 2
Method II :
(i) The sphere can be considered to be made of large number of spherical shells. Each
shell has uniform charge density on its surface. So the previous results of the spherical
shell can be used. we can say that all the shells for which point lies inside will make
electric field zero at that point,
r
K (4 x 2 dx) 0 x 0 r2
So E( r 6 R ) = 0 = rˆ
2 4 0
r
(ii) Similarly, for r/4 R, all the shells will contribute in electric field.Therefore :
R
K (4 x 2 dx) 0 x R4 0
E( r 6 R ) = 0 = rˆ
4 0r 2
r2
Example 36 A charge 2-C is taken from infinity to a point in an electric field, without changing
its velocity. If work done against electrostatic forces is –40-J, then find the potential
at that point.
Wext 40 - J
Solution : V= = = –20 V
q 2- C

Example 37 When charge 10-C is shifted from infinity to a point in an electric field, it is found that
work done by electrostatic forces is –10-J. If the charge is doubled and taken again from
infinity to the same point without accelerating it, then find the amount of work done by
electric field and against electric field.
Solution : Wext)' p = –wel)'/ p = wel)p ' = 10 -J
because DKE = 0
(Wext ) ' p 10 - J
Vp = = = 1V
20 - C 10 - C
So, if now the charge is doubled and taken from infinity then
wext )' p
1= or Wext)'/ = 20 -J
20 - C P

Wel )'/ P
= –20 -J

43
Example 38 A charge 3-C is released from rest from a point P where electric potential is 20 V then its
kinetic energy when it reaches infinity is :
Solution : Wel = DK = Kf – 0
Wel)P /' = qVP = 60 mJ So, Kf = 60 -J
Example 39. A rod of length l is uniformly charged with charge q. Calculate potential at point P.

Solution : Take a small element of length dx, at a distance x from left end. Potential due to this small element

x
K (dq) kdq
dV = Total potential ///// V= x
x x 0

q
q x r K dx Kq r
Where dq = dx V= = log e
r
x r x
Example 40. Figure shows two rings having charges Q and – 5 Q. Find Potential difference between A
and B i.e. (VA– VB).

K 5Q K Q
KQ K 5Q
Solution : VA = + 2 2 ; VB = + 2 2
R 2R R 2R R R
From above, we can easily find VA – VB.

Example 41. Two concentric spherical shells of radius R1 and R2 (R2> R1) are having uniformly
distributed charges Q1 and Q2 respectively. Find out potential

(i) at point A
(ii)at surface of smaller shell (i.e. at point B)
(iii)at surface of larger shell (i.e. at point C)

44
 (iv) at r 3 R1
(v) at R13/r 3/R2
(vi) at r/4/R2
Solution : Using the results of hollow sphere.
KQ1 KQ2
(i) VA = R + R
1 2

KQ1 KQ2
(ii) VB = R + R
1 2

KQ1 KQ2
(iii) VC = R + R
2 2

KQ1 KQ2
(iv) for r £ R1,V = R1 + R2

KQ1 KQ2
(v) for R1£ r £ R2,V = + R
r 2

KQ1 KQ2
(vi) for r ³ R2 ,V = +
r r
Example 42. 1-C charge is shifted from A to B and it is found that work done by an external force is
40-J in doing so against electrostatic forces, then find potential difference V A – VB
Solution : (WAB)ext = q(VB – VA) 40 mJ = 1-C (VB – VA) / VA – VB = – 40 V
Example 43. A uniform electric field is present in the positive x-direction. If the intensity of the field is
5N/C then find the potential difference (VB –VA) between two points A (0m, 2 m) and
B(5 m, 3 m)
Solution : VB – VA = – E . AB = – (5 iˆ ).(5 iˆ + ĵ ) = –25V..
+V
The electric field intensity in uniform electric field, E =
+d
Where DV = potential difference between two points.
Dd = effective distance between the two points.
(projection of the displacement along the direction of electric field.)
Example 44. Find out following

(i)VA – VB (ii)VB – VC (iii)VC – VA (iv)VD – VC

(v) VA – VD (vi)Arrange the order of potential for points A, B, C and D.
Solution : (i) +VAB Ed = 20 × 2 × 10–2 = 0.4 so, VA – VB = 0.4 V
because In the direction of electric field potential always decreases.
45
 (ii) +VBC Ed = 20 × 2 × 10–2 = 0.4 so, VB – VC = 0.4 V

(iii) +VCA Ed = 20 × 4 × 10–2 = 0.8 so, VC – VA = – 0.8 V

because In the direction of electric field potential always decreases.
(iv) +VDC Ed = 20 × 0 = 0 so, VD – VC = 0
because the effective distance between D and C is zero.
(v) +VAD Ed = 20 × 4 × 10–2 = 0.8 so, VA – VD = 0.8 V
because In the direction of electric field potential always decreases.
(vi) The order of potential is :VA> VB> VC = VD.
Example 45. Some equipotential surfaces are shown in figure. What can you say about the magnitude
and the direction of the electric field ?

Solution : Here, we can say that the electric will be perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.
+V
Also, | E | =
+d
Where, DV = potential difference between two equipotential surfaces.
Dd = perpendicular distance between two equipotential surfaces.
60
So | E | = = 1000 V/m
(10sin 37º ) 10 2
Now there are two perpendicular directions: either direction 1 or direction 2 as shown in
figure, but since we know that in the direction of electric field, electric potential decreases, so
the correct direction is direction 2.
Hence E = 1000 V/m, making an angle 127° with the x-axis

Example 46. Figure shows some equipotential surfaces produce by some charges. At which point, the
value of electric field is greatest?

Solution : E is larger where equipotential surfaces are closer. ELOF are & to equipotential surfaces.
In the figure, we can see that for point B, they are closer so E at point B is maximum
Example 47. A proton moves from a large distance with a speed u m/s directly towards a free proton originally
at rest. Find the distance of closest approach for the two protons in terms of mass of proton m
and its charge e.

46
Solution : As here the particle at rest is free to move, when one particle approaches the other, due to
electrostatic repulsion other will also start moving and so the velocity of first particle will
decrease while of other will increase and at closest approach, both will move with same
velocity. So, if v is the common velocity of each particle at closest approach, then by
‘conservation of momentum’ of the two proton system.
1
mu = mv + mv i.e., v= u
2
1 1 1 1 e2
And by conservation of energy, mu2 = mv2 + mv2 + 4
2 2 2 0 r
2
1 u 1 e2 u
mu2 – m = 4 [as v = ]
2 2 0 r 2
2
1 e e2
mu2 = r=
4 4 0r m 0u 2

Example 48. Figure shows an arrangement of three point charges. The total potential energy of this
q
arrangement is zero. Calculate the ratio .
Q

1 qQ ( q)( q ) Q ( q)
Solution : Usys = 4 =0
0 r 2r r

q q q 4
–Q + –Q=0 or 2Q = or = .
2 2 Q 1
Example 49. Three equal charges q each are placed at the corners
of an equilateral triangle of side a.
(i) Find out potential energy of charge system.
(ii) Calculate work required to decrease the side of
triangle to a/2.
(iii)If the charges are released from the shown position and each of them has same mass m
then find the speed of each particle when they lie on triangle of side 2a.
Solution : (i) Method I (Derivation)
Assume all the charges are at infinity initially.
Work done in putting charge q at corner A
W1 = q(vf – vi) = q(0 – 0)
Since potential at A is zero in absence of charges, work done in putting q at corner B
in presence of charge at A :
Kq
0 Kq 2
W2 = q=
a a
Similarly work done in putting charge q at corner C in presence of charge at A and B.

47
 Kq Kq 2
W3 = q(vf – vi) = q 0 = 2Kq
a a a

Kq 2 2Kq 2 3Kq 2
So, net potential energy PE = W1 + W2 + W3 = 0 + + =
a a a
Method II (using direct formula):
Kq 2 Kq 2 Kq 2 3Kq 2
U = U12 + U13 + U23= + + =
a a a a
3Kq 2 3Kq 2 3Kq 2
(ii) Work required to decrease the sides W = Uf – Ui = – = Joules
a/2 a a
(iii) Work done by electrostatic forces = Change is kinetic energy of particles.
3Kq 2 3Kq 2 1 2
Kq 2
Ui – Uf = Kf – Ki Þ – = 3( mv ) – 0 Þ v =
a 2a 2 am
Example 50. A spherical shell of radius R with uniform charge q is expanded to a radius 2R. Find the
work performed by the electric forces and external agent against electric forces in this
process.
q2 q2 q2
Solution : Wext = Uf – Ui = – =–
16 0 R 8 0 R 16 0 R

q2 q2 q2
Welec = Ui – Uf = – =
8 0 R 16 0 R 16 0 R
Example 51. Two non-conducting hollow uniformly charged spheres of radii R 1 and R2 with charge Q1
and Q2 respectively are placed at adistance r. Find out total energy of the system.

Q22 Q12Q1Q2
Solution : Utotal = Uself + UInteraction = + + 4 r
8 0 R1 8 0 R2 0
Example 52. Find out energy stored in an imaginary cubical volume of side a in front of a infinitely
large non-conducting sheet of uniform charge density s.
1 2
Solution : Energy stored : U= 0 E dV ; where dV is small volume
2
1 2
U = 0 E dV E is constant .
2
2 2
1 a3
3
U= 0 2 . a .=
2 4 0 8 0

Example 53. Find out energy stored inside a solid non-conducting sphere of total charge Q and radius
R. [Assume charge is uniformly distributed in its volume.]
Solution : We can consider solid sphere to be made of large number of concentric spherical shells.
Also electric field intensity at the location of any particular shell is constant.

48
 1 2
R
Uinside = 0 E dV
2 0

Consider an elementary shell of thickness dx and radius x.

Volume of the shell = (4px2dx)
2
R 1 KQx 1 K 2Q 2 4 R
Uinside= 0 .4px2 dx = 0 x 4 dx
0 2 R3 2 R6 0

2
4 0 Q R5 Q2 KQ 2
= 2 . = = .
2R 6 (4 0 ) 5 40 0 R 10 R
Example 54. V = x2 + y. Find E .
)V )V )V
Solution : c = 2x, 1 and 0
)x )y )z

ˆ )V ˆj )V kˆ
)V
E = – i )x )y )z
= –(2x iˆ + ĵ )

/Electric field is non-uniform.

Example 55. For given E = 2 xiˆ 3 yjˆ , find the potential at (x, y) if V at origin is 5 volts.
x y
v
Solution : dV E ! dr = – Ex dx – E y dy
0 0
5

2x2 3 y 2 2x2 3 y2
V–5=– V=– + 5.
2 2 2 2
Example 56. The electric field due to a short dipole at a distance r, on the axial line, from its mid
point is the same as that of electric field at a distance r’, on the equatorial line, from its
r
mid-point. Determine the ratio .
r´
1 2p 1 p 2 1 r3 r
Solution : 4 0 r 3 = 4 0 r' 3 or 3 = 3 or 3 = 2 or, = 21/3
r r´ r´ r´
Example 57. (i) Find potential at point A and B due to the small charge - system fixed near
origin.(Distance between the charges is negligible).
(ii) Find work done to bring a test charge q0 from point A to point B, slowly. All parameters
are in S.I. units.

Solution : (i) Dipole moment of the system is P = (qa) iˆ + (qa) ĵ

Potential at point A due to the dipole

49
 ( P ·r ) K [(qa)iˆ ( qa) ˆj ]·(4iˆ 3 ˆj ) k (qa)
VA = K = = 7
r3 53 125

K (qa)iˆ (qa) ˆj · 3iˆ 4 ˆj K (qa )

VB = 3 =
(5) 125

K (qa) K (qa)(7)
(ii) WA ® B = UB – UA = q0 (VB – VA) = q0
125 125
– Kqq0 a
WA B
= (8)
125
Example 58. Two point masses of mass m and equal and opposite charge of magnitude q are attached
on the corners of a non-conducting uniform rod of mass m and the system is released
from rest in uniform electric field E as shown in figure from = 53°

(i) Find angular acceleration of the rod just after releasing

(ii) What will be angular velocity of the rod when it passes through stable
equilibrium.
(iii)Find work required to rotate the system by 180°.
Solution : (i) tnet = PE sin53° = I

4
(q ) E
5 48qE
= 2 2 2
m 35 m
m m
12 2 2
(ii) From energy conservation : Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
1 2
0 + (– PE cos 53°) = Iw + (–PE cos 0°)
2
2 2
m 2 7m 2
where I = +m +m =
12 2 2 12
1 2 2
Iw = PE (1– 3/5) = PE
2 5
1 7m 2 2 48 qE
× ×w2 = qlE or w=
2 12 5 35 m
(iii) Wext = Uf – Ui
Wext = (–PE cos(180° + 53°)) – (–PEcos 53°)

50
 3 3 6
or Wext = (ql)E + (ql)E /Wext = qlE
5 5 5
Example 59. Find force on short dipole P2 due to short dipole P1 if they are placed at a distance r a part
as shown in figure.

Solution : Force on P2 due to P1

dE1
F2 = (P2)
dr

d 2 kP1 6KP1P2
\ F2 = (P2) or F2 = –
dr r3 r4
Here – sign indicates that this force will be attractive (opposite to r)

Example 60. Find force on short dipole P2 due to short dipole P1 if they are placed a distance r apart as
shown in figure.

Solution :

Fnet = q2 E (x + dx) - q2 E (x)

E ( x dx) E ( x)
Fnet = q2 dx
dx
dE
or Fnet = (P2)
dx

(Usually this formula is valid when the dipole is placed along E . However, in this case
also, we are getting the same formula)

51
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]

1. What kind of charges are produced one ach, when (i) a glass rod is rubbed with silk and (ii) an
ebonite rod is rubbed with wool ?
2. Given two point charges q1 and q2, such that q1q2 < 0. What is the nature of force between them ?
3. Electrostatic force between two charges is called central force. Why ?
4. The test charge used to measure electric field at a point should be vanishingly small. Why ?
5. Two point electric charges of unknown magnitude and sign are placed a distance apart. The elec-
tric field intensity is zero at a point not between the charges but on the line joining them. Write
two essential conditions for this to happen.
6. Why two electric lines of force cannot intersect each other ?
7. Write a relation between electric field at a point and its distance from a short dipole.
8. Does an electric dipole always experience a torque, when placed in a uniform electric field ?
9. When is the torque acting on an electric dipole maximum, when placed in uniform electric field?
10. A charged particle is free to move in an electric field. Will it always move along an electric line of
force?
11. Define electric flux.
Or
What do you understand by electric flux ?
12. Suppose a gaussian surface does not include any net charge. Does it necessarily mean that E is
equal to zero for all points on the surface ?
13. What is the use of gaussian surface ?
14. How does electric field at a point charge with distance r from an inifinte thin sheet of charge ?
15. Two infinite parallel planes have uniform charge densities ± . What is the electric field
(a) in the region between the planes and
(b) outside the plates ?
In what way does the infinite extension of the planes simplify your derivation ?
16. What would be the work done, if a point charge +q is taken from a point a to a point B on the
circumference of a circle drawn with another point charge +q at the centre ?

17. If a point charge +q is taken first from A to C and then from C to B of a circle drawn with another
point charge +q as centre [fig.], then along which path more work will be done ?

52
18. How is electric field at a point related to potential gradient ?
19. Why the electric field is always at right angles to the equipotential surface ? Give reason.

Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

20. Why can one ignore quantization of electric charge, when dealing with macroscopic i.e., large
scale charges?
21. Can two balls having same kind of charge on them attract each other ? Explain.
22. Fig. shows tracks of three charged particles crossing a uniform electrostatic field with same ve-
locities along horizontal. Give the signs of the three charges. Which particle has the highest
charge to mass ratio?

23. What is electric line of force ? What is its importance ?

24. Electric field intensity within a conductor is always zero. Why ?
25. A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is located at the centre of a spherical cavity in a large
uncharged metal sphere as shown in the fig.

Use Gauss’ theorem to find electric field at points P 1 and P2.

26. If a conductor with a cavity having charge Q. Now another charge q is inserted into the cavity
show that the total charge on the outside surface of the conductor is Q + q.
27. Explain the term electrostatic shielding. Or
What is the principle of electrostatic shielding ?
28 Is it possible to transfer all the charge from a conductor to another insulated conductor ?
29. work done in moving a test charge between two points in an electric field is independent of the
path followed comment.
30. Figure (a) and (b) show the field lines of a single positive and negative charge respectively :
(i) Given the sign of the potential difference Vp – VQ and VB – VA .
(ii) Give the sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge between the
points Q and P; A and B.
(iii) Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small positive charge from point
Q to P.
(iv) Give the sign of the work done by an external agency in moving a small negative charge
from point B to A.

53
 (v) Does the kinetic energy of a small negative charge increase or decrease in going from
point B to A?

Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each]

31. Explain the terms : (i) quantization of charge(ii) conservation of charge (iii) additive nature of
charge.
32. State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. Express it in vector form. What is importance of express-
ing it in vector form ?
33. Find the electric field intensity at any point on the axis of a uniformly charged ring or hoop. What
happens, if ring is far away from the point ?
34. Give important properties of electric lines of force .
35. Explain the terms electric dipole and dipole moment. Derive a relation for the intensity of electric
field at an equatorial point of an electric dipole.
36. Show that in a uniform electric field, a dipole experiences only a torque but no net force. Derive
expression for the torque.
37. Distinguish between linear, surface and volume charge density. Obtain expression for force on a
charge q due to continuous distribution of charge over a volume.
38. State Gauss’ theorem in electrostatics. Apply this theorem to calculate the electric field due to a
solid sphere of charge at a point (a) outside the sphere (b) on the sphere and (c) inside the sphere.
39. Define electric potential at a point. Derive an expression for the potential at a point due to a point
charge.
40. What do you mean by potential energy of the configuration of two electric charges ? Derive
expression for a system of two point charges lying at distance r.
41. Obtain expression for potential energy of the configuration of three charges. Hence, generalise
the result for a system of n point charges.

54
PROPERTIES OF CHARGE AND COULOMB'S LAW
1. Relative permittivity of mica is :
(A) one (B) less than one (C) more then one (D) infinite
2. Two identical metallic sphere are charged with 10 and -20 units of charge. If both the spheres
are first brought into contact with each other and then are placed to their previous positions,
then the ratio of the force in the two situations will be :-
(A) -8 : 1 (B) 1 : 8 (C) -2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2
3. Two equal and like charges when placed 5 cm apart experience a repulsive force of 0.144 newton.
The magnitude of the charge in microcoloumb will be :
(A) 0.2 (B) 2 (C) 20 (D) 12
4. Two charges of +1 C & + 5 C are placed 4 cm apart, the ratio of the force exerted by both
charges on each other will be -
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 5 (C) 5 : 1 (D) 25 : 1
5. A negative charge is placed at some point on the line joining the two +Q charges at rest. The
direction of motion of negative charge will depend upon the :
(A) position of negative charge alone
(B) magnitude of negative charge alone
(C) both on the magnitude and position of negative charge
(D) magnitude of positive charge.
6. A body has 80 microcoulomb of charge. Number of additional electrons on it will be :
(A) 8 x 10–5 (B) 80 x 1015 (C) 5 x 1014 (D) 1.28 x 10–17
7 Coulomb’s law for the force between electric charges most closely resembles with :
(A) Law of conservation of energy (B) Newton’s law of gravitation
(C) Newton’s 2nd law of motion (D) The law of conservation of charge
8. A charge Q1 exerts force on a second charge Q2. If a 3rd charge Q3 is brought near, the force
of Q1 exerted on Q2.
(A) Will increase
(B) Will decrease
(C) Will remain unchanged
(D) Will increase if Q3 is of the same sign as Q1 and will decrease if Q3 is of opposite sign
9. A charge particle q1 is at position (2, - 1, 3). The electrostatic force on another charged
particle q2 at (0, 0, 0) is :
q1 q2 q1 q 2
(A) 56 (2 î ĵ 3 k̂ ) (B) 56 14 (2 î ĵ 3 k̂ )
0 0
q1 q2 q1 q 2
(C) 56 ( ĵ 2 î 3 k̂ ) (D) 56 14 ( ĵ 2 î 3 k̂ )
0 0
10. Three charge +4q, Q and q are placed in a straight line of length l at points distance 0, l/2 and
l respectively. What should be the value of Q in order to make the net force on q to be zero?
(A) –q (B) –2q (C) –q/2 (D) 4q
11. Two point charges placed at a distance r in air exert a force F on each other. The value of
distance R at which they experience force 4F when placed in a medium of dielectric constant
K = 16 is :
(A) r (B) r/4 (C) r/8 (D) 2r

55
11. Using mass (M), length (L), time (T) and current (A) as fundamental quantities, the dimension of
permittivity is:
(A) ML–2T2A (B) M–1L–2T4A2 (C) MLT–2A (D) ML2T–1A2
12. Two point charges +9e and +e are kept 16 cm. apart from each other. Where should a third charge q
be placed between them so that the system is in equilibrium state :
(A) 6 cm from + 9e (B) 12 cm from +9e (C) 6 cm from +e (D) 12 cm from +e
13. The ratio of the forces between two small spheres with constant charge (a) in air (b) in a medium of
dielectric constant K is
(A) 1 : K (B) K : 1 (C) 1 : K2 (D) K2 : 1
14. A total charge Q is broken in two parts Q1 and Q2 and they are placed at a distance R from each other.
The maximum force of repulsion between them will occur, when
Q Q Q 2Q
(A) Q2 , Q1 Q (B) Q2 , Q1 Q
R R 4 3

Q 3Q Q Q
(C) Q2 , Q1 (D) Q1 , Q2
4 4 2 2
15. Three charges 4q, Q and q are in a straight line in the position of 0, l/2 and l respectively. The resultant
force on q will be zero, if Q =
q
(A) – q (B) –2q (C) (D) 4q
2
16. ABC is a right angled triangle in which AB = 3cm and BC = 4 cm. And ABC . The three
2
charges +15. + 12 and -20 e.s.u. are placed respectively on A, B and C. The force acting on B is
(A) 125 dynes (B) 35 dynes (C) 25 dynes (D) Zero
17. Two similar spheres haying +q and -q charge are kept at a certain distance, F force acts between the
two. If in the middle of two spheres; another similar sphere having +Q charge is kept, then it experience
a force in magnitude and direction as
(A) Zero having no direction (B) 8F towards +q charge
(C) 8F towards -q charge (D) 4F towards +q charge
18. Two particle of equal mass m and charge q are placed at a distance of 16 cm. They do not
q
experience any force. The value of is
m

0
G
(A) l (B) (C) 4 (D) 4 0 G
G 0

ELECTRIC FIELD
1. If an electron is placed in a uniform electric field, then the electron will :
(A) experience no force.
(B) moving with constant velocity in the direction of the field.
(C) move with constant velocity in the direction opposite to the field.
(D) accelerate in direction opposite to field.
2. If Q = 2 coloumb and force on it is F = 100 newton, then the value of field intensity will be
(A) 100 N/C (B) 50 N/C (C) 200 N/C (D) 10 N/C
3. Two infinite linear charges are placed parallel at 0.1 m apart. If each has charge density of 5
C/m, then the force per unit length of one of linear charges in N/m is :
(A) 2.5 (B) 3.25 (C) 4.5 (D) 7.5

56
4. The electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged sphere is zero :
(A) at the centre (B) at infinity
(C) at the centre and at infinite distance (D) on the surface
5. Two spheres of radii 2 cm and 4 cm are charged equally, then the ratio of charge density on
the surfaces of the spheres will be -
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 8 : 1 (D) 1 : 4
6. Total charge on a sphere of radii 10 cm is 1 C. The maximum electric field due to the sphere
in N/C will be -
(A) 9 x 10–5 (B) 9 x 103 (C) 9 x 105 (D) 9 x 1015
7. A charged water drop of radius 0.1 mm is under equilibrium in some electric field. The
charge on the drop is equivalent to electronic charge. The intensity of electric field is (g = 10
m/s 2)-
(A) 1.61 NC–1 (B) 26.2 NC–1 (C) 262 NC–1 (D) 1610 NC–1
8. Two large sized charged plates have a charge density of + and - . The resultant force on the
proton located midway between them will be -
(A) e/ 0 (B) e/2 0 (C) 2 e / 0 (D) zero
9. Two parallel charged plates have a charge density + and - . The resultant force on the proton
located outside the plates at some distance will be -
(A) 2 e / 0 (B) e / 0 (C) e / 2 0 (D) zero
2
10. The charge density of an insulating infinite surface is (e/ ) C/m then the field intensity at a
nearby point in volt/meter will be -
(A) 2.88 x 10–12 (B) 2.88 x 10–10 (C) 2.88 x 10–9 (D) 2.88 x 10–19
11. There is a uniform electric field in x-direction. If the work done by external agent in moving a
charge of 0.2 C through a distance of 2 metre slowly along the line making an angle of 60º with
x-direction is 4 joule, then the magnitude of E is:
(A) 3 N / C (B) 4 N/C (C) 5 N/C (D) 20 N/C
12. A simple pendulum has a length l, mass of bob m. The bob is given a charge q coulomb. The
pendulum is suspended in a uniform horizontal electric field of strength E as shown in
figure, then calculate the time period of oscillation when the bob is slightly displace from its
mean position is :

2
2
2 2 2 qE
(A) g (B) g
qE (C) g
qE (D) g2
m m m

57
13. Charge 2Q and –Q are placed as shown in figure. The point at which electric field intensity is
zero will be:

(A) Somewhere between –Q and 2Q

(B) Somewhere on the left of –Q
(C) Somewhere on the right of 2Q
(D) Somewhere on the right bisector of line joining –Q and 2Q
14. The maximum electric field intensity on the axis of a uniformly charged ring of charge q and
radius R will be :
1 q 1 2q 1 2q 1 3q
(A) 4 2 (B) 4 (C) 4 2 (D) 4
0 3 3R 0 3R 2
0 3 3R 0 2 3R 2
15. A charged particle of charge q and mass m is released from rest in an uniform electric field E.
Neglecting the effect of gravity, the kinetic energy of the charged particle after time ‘t’ seconds
is
Eqm E 2 q2 t 2 2E 2 t 2 Eq 2m
(A) (B) (C) (D)
t 2m mq 2t 2
16. Figures below show regular hexagon, the charges are placed at the vertices. In which of the
following cases the electric field at the centre is zero.

(A) IV (B) III (C) I (D) II

17. A solid metallic sphere has a charge +3Q. Concentric with this sphere is a conducting spherical shell
having charge –Q. The radius of the sphere is a and that of the spherical shell is b(b > a). What is the
electric field at a distance R(a < R < b) from the centre ?
4Q 3Q 3Q Q
(A) 2 R 2 (B) 4 R 2 (C) 2 R 2 (D) 2 R 2
0 0 0 0

18. Two charge particles A and B kept in air, electric force between them is 100 N. If they are placed in
medium having dielectric constant k = 5, at same separation then magnitude of electric force on one
of the charge particle due to medium is.
(A) 20N (B) 100N (C) 80N (D) 500N
19. Find the electric field at centre of semicircular ring shown in figure (charge distribution is uniform)

4kq ˆ 2kq ˆ kq ˆ
(A) i (B) i (C) i (D) None of these
R2 R2 R2

58
20. The linear charge density on upper half of a segment of ring is and at lower half, it is . The
direction of electric field at centre O of ring is :

(A) along OA (B) along OB (C) along OC (D) along OD

21. The given figure gives electric lines of forces due to two charges q1 and q2. What are the signs of the
two charges?

(A) Both are negative (B) Both are positive

(C) q1 is positive but q2 is negative (d) q1 is negative but q2 is positive
22. A rod of length L has a total charge Q distributed uniformly along its length. It is bent in the shape of
a semicircle. Find the magnitude of the electric field at the centre of curvature of the semicircle.
Q 2Q Q
(A) 2 L2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) None of these
0 0L 0L

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

1. If we move in a direction opposite to the electric lines of force :
(A) electrical potential decreases. (B) electrical potential increases.
(C) electrical potential remains uncharged (D) nothing can be said.
2. The distance between two plates is 2 cm, when an electric potential of 10 volt is applied to
both the plates, then the value of electric field will be -
(A) 20 N/C (B) 500 N/C (C) 5 N/C (D) 250 N/C
3. Two objects A and B are charged with equal charge Q. The potential of A relative to B will
be -
(A) more (B) equal (C) less (D) indefinite
4. In electrostatics the potential is equivalent to -
(A) temperature in heat (B) height of levels in liquids
(C) pressure in gases (D) all of the above
5. The potential due to a point charge at distance r is -
(A) proportional to r. (B) inversely proportional to r.
2
(C) proportional to r . (D) inversely proportional to r2
6. The dimensions of potential difference are -
(A) ML2T–2Q–1 (B) MLT–2Q–1 (C) MT–2Q–2 (D) ML2T–1Q–1
7. An object is charged with positive charge. The potential at that object will be -
(A) positive only (B) negative only
(C) zero always (D) may be positive, negative or zero.
8. Two points (0, a) and (0, -a) have charges q and -q respectively then the electrical potential
at origin will be-
(A) zero (B) kq/a (C) kq/2a (D) kq/4a2

59
9. The charges of same magnitude q are placed at four corners of a square of side a. The value
of potential at the centre of square will be -
(A) 4kq/a (B) 4 2kq / a (C) 4kq 2a (D) kq / a 2
10. Three equal charges are placid at the three corners of an isosceles
triangle as shown in the figure. The statement which is true for
electric potential V and the field intensity E at the centre of the
triangle -
(A) V = 0, E = 0 (B) V = 0, E 0
(C) V 0, E = 0 (D) V 0, E 0
11. The potential at 0.5 Å from a proton is -
(A) 0.5 volt (B) 8m volt (C) 28.8 volt (D) 2 volt
12. A wire of 5 m length carries a steady current. If it has an electric field of 0.2 V/m, the potential
difference across the wire in volt will be -
(A) 25 (B) 0.04 (C) 1.0 (D) none of the above
13. An infinite number of charges of equal magnitude q, but alternate charge of opposite sign are
placed along the x-axis at x = 1, x = 2, x = 4, x =8,... and so on. The electric potential at the
point x = 0 due to all these charges will be -
(A) kq/2 (B) kq/3 (C) 2kq/3 (D) 3kq/2
14 The electric potential inside a uniformly positively charged non conducting solid sphere
has the value which -
(A) increase with increases in distance from the centre.
(B) decreases with increases in distance from the centre.
(C) is equal at all the points.
(D) is zero at all the points.
15. Two metallic spheres which have equal charges, but their radii are different, are made to touch
each other and then separated apart. The potential the spheres will be -
(A) same as before (B) more for bigger (C) more for smaller (D) equal
16. Two spheres of radii R and 2R are given source equally positive charged and then connected
by a long conducting wire, then the positive charge will
(A) flow from smaller sphere to the bigger sphere.
(B) flow from bigger sphere to the smaller sphere
(C) not flow.
(D) oscillate between the spheres.
17. The potential difference between two isolated spheres of radii r 1 and r2 is zero. The ratio of their
charges Q1/Q2 will be-
(A) r1/r2 (B) r2/r1 (C) r12/r22 (D) r13/r23
18. The potential on the conducting spheres of radii r 1 and r2 is same, the ratio of their charge densities
will be-
(A) r1/r2 (B) r2/r1 (C) r12/r22 (D) r22/r12
19. 64 charged drops coalesce to from a bigger charged drop. The potential of bigger drop will be
times that of smaller drop -
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D) 8
20. The electric potential outside a uniformly charged sphere at a distance ‘r’ is (‘a’ being the radius
of the sphere)-
(A) directly proportional to a3 (B) directily proportional to r.
(C) inversely proportional to r. (D) inversely proportional to a 3.

60
21. A conducting shell of radius 10 cm is charged with 3.2 x 10 –19 C. The electric potential at a
distance 4cm from its centre in volt be -
(A) 9 x 10–9 (B) 288 (C) 2.88 x 10–8 (D) zero
22. At a certain distance from a point charge the electric field is 500 V/m and the potential is
3000 V. What is the distance ?
(A) 6 m (B) 12 m (C) 36 m (D) 144 m
23. Figure represents a square carrying charges +q, +q, –q, –q at its
four corners as shown. Then the potential will be zero at points
(A) A, B, C, P and Q
(B) A, B and C
(C) A, P, C and Q
(D) P, B and Q
24. Two equal positive charges are kept at points A and B. The electric potential at the points
between A and B (excluding these points) is studied while moving from A to B. The potential
(A) continuously increases (B) continuosly decreases
(C) increases then decreases (D) decreases than increases
25. A semicircular ring of radius 0.5 m is uniformly charged with a total charge of 1.5 × 10–9
coul. The electric potential at the centre of this ring is :
(A) 27 V (B) 13.5 V (C) 54 V (D) 45.5 V
26. The kinetic energy which an electron acquires when accelerated (from rest) through a potential
difference of 1 volt is called :
(A) 1 joule (B) 1 electron volt (C) 1 erg (D) 1 watt
27. The potential difference between points A and B in the given
uniform electric field is :
(A) Ea
(B) E (a 2 b2 )
(C) Eb
(D) (Eb / 2 )
28. A particle of charge Q and mass m travels through a potential difference V from rest. The
final momentum of the particle is :
mV 2QV
(A) Q (B) 2Q mV (C) 2m QV (D)
m
29 If a uniformly charged spherical shell of radius 10 cm has a potential V at a point distant 5
cm from its centre, then the potential at a point distant 15 cm from the centre will be :
V 2V 3
(A) (B) (C) V (D) 3V
3 3 2
30. Uniform electric field of magnitude 100 V/m in space is directed parallel to the line y = 3 + x.
Find the potential difference between point A(3, 1) & B(1, 3):
(A) 100 V (B) 200 2 V (C) 200V (D) 0
31. The figure below shows two equipotential lines in XY plane for an electric field. The scales are
marked. The X-component Ex and Y-component Ey of the electric field in the space between
these equipotential lines are respectively:

(A) +100 V/m, –200 V/m (B) +200 V/m, +100 V/m
(C) –100 V/m, +200 V/m (D) –200 V/m, –100 V/m

61
32. Which of the following is true for the figure showing electric lines of force ?
(E is magnitude of electrical field, V is potential)

(A) EA > EB (B) EB > EA (C)VA >VB (D) None of these

33. There are 27 identical drops of a conducting fluid. Each has a radius r and they are charged to a
potential V0. They are then combined to form a bigger drop. Find its potential.
(A) 9 V0 (B) 5V0 (C) 3V0 (D) None of these
34. Three charges 2q, –q, –q are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. At the centre of the
triangle
(A) The field is zero but potential is non-zero (B) The field is non-zero but potential is zero
(C) Both field and potential are zero (D) Both field and potential are non-zero
35. A particle A has charge +q and a particle B has charge +4q with each of them having the same
mass m. When allowed to fall from rest through the same electric potential difference, the ratio of
A
their speed will become
B

(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1

36. A charge 3 coulomb experiences a force 300 N when placed in a uniform electric field. The
potential difference between two points separated by a distance of 10 cm along the field line is :
(A)10V (B) 90V (C) 1000 V (D) 9000 V
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A PARTICLE
1 A nucleus has a charge of + 50e. A proton is located at a distance of 10 -12 m. The potential at
this point in volt will be -
(A) 14.4 x 104 (B) 7.2 x 104 (C) 7.2 x 10–12 (D) 14.4 x 108
2 Under the influence of charge, a point charge q is carried along
different paths from a point A to point B, then work done will be
(A) maximum for path four.
(B) maximum for path one.
(C) equal for all paths
(D) minimum for path three.
3 An electron moving in a electric potential field V1 enters a higher electric potential field V2,
then the change in kinetic energy of the electron is proportional to -
(V 2 V1 )
(A) (V2 — V1)1/2 (B) V2 — V1 (C) (V2 — V1)2 (D) V2
4 In the electric field of charge Q, another charge is carried from
A to B. A to C, A to D and A to E, then work done will be -
(A) minimum along path AB.
(B) minimum along path AD.
(C) minimum along path AE.
(D) zero along all the paths.
62
5. The work done to take an electron from rest where potential is – 60 volt to another point where
potential is – 20 volt is given by -
(A) 40 eV (B) –40 eV (C) 60 eV (D) –60 eV
6. If a charge is shifted from a low potential region to high potential region. the electrical potential
energy:
(A) Increases (B) Decreases
(C) Remains constant (D) May increase or decrease.
7. Three point charges 1C, 2C and 3C are placed at the comers of an equilateral triangle of side 1m.
The work required to move these charges to the comers of a smaller equilateral triangle of side
0.5m in two different ways as in fig. (A) and fig. (B) are W a and Wb then:

(A) Wa > Wb (B) Wa < Wb (C) Wa = Wb (D) Wa = 0 and Wb = 0

8. Two isolated spherical shell having charges Q1 and Q2 and radii r1 and r2 are kept at very large
separation. If they are joined by a conducting wire, then choose incorrect statement:
(A) Electrostatic potential energy of system must decrease.
(B) Electrostatic potential energy of system may decrease.
(C) If Q1r2 Q2 r1 , then no charge flow through the conducting wire.
(D) If Q1r2 Q2 r1 , then electrostatic potential energy of system already minimum.
9. Consider the configuration of a system of four charges each of value +q. Find the work done by
external agent in changing the configuration of the system from figure (i) to figure, (ii) very
slowly.

Kq 2 Kq 2 Kq 2
(A) (3 2) (B) ( 3 2) (C) ( 3 2) (D) None of these
a a a
10. Three charges +q, –q, and +2q are placed at the vertices of a right angled triangle (isosceles
triangle) as shown. The net electrostatic energy of the configuration is

Kq 2 Kq 2 Kq 2
(A) ( 2 1) (B) ( 2 1) (C) ( 2 1) (D) None of these
a a a

63
 Xq
11. You are given an arrangment of three point charges q, 2q and separated by equal finite
3
distances so that electric potential energy of the system is zero. Calculate the value of x.
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) None of these
12. A sphere of radius 1cm has potential of 8000 V, then energy density near its surface will be
(A) 64 105 J/m3 (B) 8 103 J/m3 (C) 32 J /m3 (D) 2.83J/m3
13. In the rectangle, shown below, the two corners have charges q1 5 C and q2 2.0 C . The
work done in moving a charge 3.0 C from B to A is (take 1/ 4 0 =1010N-m2/C2)

(A) 2.8 J (B) 3.5J (C) 4.5 J (D) 5.5J

14. A charge (-q) and another charge (+Q) are kept at two points A and B respectively. Keeping the charge
(+Q) fixed at B, the charge (–q) at A is moved to another point C such that ABC forms an equilateral
triangle of side l. The net work done in moving the charge (-q) is
1 Qq 1 Qq 1
(A) 4 (B) 4 2 (C) 4 Qql (D) Zero
0 l 0 l 0

15. A sphere of radius 1 cm has potential of 8000 V. The energy density near the surface of
sphere will be:
(A) 64 × 105 J/m 3 (B) 8 × 103 J/m 3 (C) 32 J/m3 (D) 2.83 J/m3
16. If ' n ' identical water drops assumed spherical each charged to a potential energy U coalesce
to a single drop, the potential energy of the single drop is(Assume that drops are uniformly
charged):
(A) n 1/3 U (B) n 2/3 U (C) n 4/3 U (D) n 5/3 U
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGE
1 In H atom, an electron is rotating around the proton in an orbit of radius r. Work done by an
electron in moving once around the proton along the orbit will be -
(A) ke/r (B) ke2/r2 (C) 2pre (D) zero
2 You are given an arrangement of three point charges q, 2q and xq separated by equal finite
distances so that electric potential energy of the system is zero. Then the value of x is :
2 1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 2

RELATION BETWEEN E AND V :

1. A family of equipotential surfaces are shown. The direction of the electric field at point A is along

(A) AB (B) AC (C) AD (D) AF

64
2. Some equipotential surfaces are shown in the figure.
The magnitude and direction of the electric field is-
(A) 100 V/m making angle 1200 with the x-axis
(B) 100 V/m making angle 600 with the x-axis
(C) 200 V/m making angle 1200 with the x-axis
(D) none of the above
3. The variation of potential with distance r from a fixed point is shown in Figure. The electric
field at r = 5 cm, is :

(A) (2.5) V/cm (B) (–2.5) V/cm (C) (–2/5) cm (D) (2/5) V/cm
4 The electric field and the electric potential at a point are E and V respectively
(A) If E = 0, V must be zero (B) If V = 0, E must be zero
(C) If E ¹ 0, V cannot be zero (D) None of these
5. The electric field in a region is directed outward and is proportional to the distance r from the
origin. Taking the electric potential at the origin to be zero, the electric potential at a distance r :
(A) is uniform in the region (B) is proportional to r
2
(C) is proportional to r (D) increases as one goes away from the origin.
DIPOLE
1. If an electric dipole is kept in a non-uniform electric field, then it will experience -
(A) only torque (B) no torque
(C) a resultant force and a torque (D) only a force
2. The force on a charge situated on the axis of a dipole is F. If the charge is shifted to double
the distance, the acting force will be -
(A) 4F (B) F/2 (C) F/4 (D) F/8

3. A dipole of dipole moment p, is placed in an electric field E and is in stable equilibrium. The
torque required to rotate the dipole from this position by angle q will be -
(A) pE cos q (B) pE sin q (C) pE tan q (D) –pE cosq
4. The electric potential at a point due to an electric dipole will be -

k( p. r ) k p r k p r
(A) (B) k ( p 2. r ) (C) (D)
r3 r r r2
5. The ratio of electric fields due to an electric dipole on the axis and on the equatorial line at
equal distance will be -
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 1
6. An electric dipole is made up of two equal and opposite charges of 2 x 10 –6 coulomb at a distance
of 3 cm. This is kept in an electric field of 2 105 N/C, then the maximum torque acting on
the dipole -
(A) 12 10–1 Nm (B) 12 10–3 Nm (C) 24 10–3 Nm (D) 24 10–1 Nm

65
7. The distance between two singly ionised atoms is 1Å. If the charge on both ions is equal and
opposite then the dipole moment in coulomb-metre is -
(A) 1.6 × 10–29 (B) 0.16 × 10–29 (C) 16 × 10–29 (D) 1.6 × 10–29/ 4pe0
8. The electric potential in volt at a distance of 0.01 m on the equatorial line of an electric dipole
of dipole moment p is -
(A) p / 4 0 10 4 (B) zero (C) 4 0 p 10 4 (D) 4 0 /p 10 4
9. The electric potential in volt due to an electric dipole of dipole moment 2 x 10 –8 C-m at a distance
of 3m on a line making an angle of 600 with the axis of the dipole is -
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 40
10 A dipole of electric dipole moment P is placed in a uniform electric field of strength E. If
is the angle between positive directions of P and E, then the potential energy of the electric
dipole is largest when is :
(A) zero (B) /2 (C) (D) /4
11. The work done in rotating an electric dipole of dipole moment p in an electric field E through an angle
0 from the direction of electric field, is :
(A) pE(1 – cos ) (B) pE (C) zero (D) –pEcos
12. An electric dipole moment p (2.0iˆ 3.0 ˆj ) C is placed in a uniform electric field
E (3.0iˆ 2.0kˆ) 105 NC–1.
(A) The torque that exerts on P is ( 0.6iˆ 0.4 ˆj 0.9kˆ )Nm.
(B) The potential energy of the dipole is 0 J.
(C) The potential energy of the dipole is 0.6 J.
(D) None of these
13. The dipole moment of a system of charge +q distributed uniformly on an arc of radius R
subtending an angle / 2 at its centre where another charge -q is placed is :
2 2qR 2qR qR 2qR
(A) (B) (C) (D)
14. A large sheet carries uniform surface charge density . A rod of length 2l has a linear charge
ge
density on one half and on the second half. The rod is hinged at mid point O and makes
an angle with the normal to the sheet. The torque experienced by the rod is
(A) 0
l2
(B) 2 sin
0

l2
(C) sin
0

l
(D) 2
0

15. For the situation shown in the figure below (assume r > > length of dipole) mark out the correct
statement(s).
(A) Force acting on the dipole is zero
pQ
(B) Force acting on the dipole is 4 3 and is acting upward
0r

pQ
(C) Torque acting on the dipole is 4 2 in anti-clockwise direction
0r

(D) None of these

66
16. An electric dipole consisting of two opposite charges of 2 10 6 C each separated by a distance of 3
cm is placed in an electric field 2 105 N/C. The maximum torque on the dipole will be
(A) 12 10 1 Nm (B) 12 10 3 Nm (C) 24 10 1 Nm (D) 24 10 3 Nm
17. An electric dipole of moment p is placed normal to the lines of force of electric intensity E , then
the work done in deflecting it through an angle of 180° is
(A) pE (B) + 2pE (C) –2pE (D) Zero
18. The distance between the two charges +q and –q of a dipole is r. On the axial line at a distance d from
the centre of dipole, the intensity is proportional to
q qr q qr
(A) (B) (C) (D)
d2 d2 d3 d3
FLUX CALCULATION AND GAUSS'S LAW
1 For an electrostatic system which of the statement is always true :
(a) electric lines are parallel to metallic surface.
(b) electric field inside a metallic surface is zero.
(c) electric lines of force are perpendicular to equi-potential surface.
(A) (a) and (b) only (B) (b) and (c) only
(C) (a) and (c) only (D) (a), (b) and (c)
2. Total flux coming out of some closed surface is :
(A) q / 0 (B) 0 /q (C) q 0 (D) q/ 0
–6 –6 –6
3. Three charges q1 = 1 × 10 , q2 = 2 × 10 , q3 = –3 × 10 C have been placed, as shown in
figure, in four surfaces S1, S2, S 3 and S 4 electrical flux emitted from the surface S 2 in N–m 2/
C will be -

(A) 36p × 103 (B) –36p × 103 (C) 36p × 109 (D) –36p × 109
4. The intensity of an electric field at some point distant r from the axis of infinite long pipe having
charges per unit length as q wil be :
(A) proportional to r2 (B) proportional to r3
(C) inversely proportional to r. (D) inversely proportional to r 2.
5. Eight charges, 1 C,. -7 C, -4 C, 10 C, 2 C, -5 C, -3 C and 6 C are situated at the eight corners
of a cube of side 20 cm. A spherical surface of radius 80 cm encloses this cube. The centre of the
sphere coincides with the centre of the cube. Then the total outgoing flux from the spherical
surface (in unit of volt meter) is-
(A) 36 x 103 (B) 684 x 103 (C) zero (D) none of the above
6. A closed cylinder of radius R and length L is placed in a uniform electric field E, parallel to the
axis of the cylinder. Then the electric flux through the cylinder must be -
(A) 2 R2E (B) (2 R2 + 2 RL)E (C) 2 RLE (D) zero

67
7. A sphere of radius R and charge Q is placed inside an imaginary sphere of radius 2R whose centre
coincides with the given sphere. The flux related to imaginary sphere is:
Q Q 4Q 2Q
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
0 0 0 0

8. The length of each side of a cubical closed surface is . If charge q is situated on one of the vertices
of the cube as shown then find the flux passing through shaded face of the cube.

q q 24q
(A) 24 (B) 4 (C) (D) None of these
0 0 0

9. Electric charges are distributed in a small volume. The flux of the electric field through a spherical
surface of radius 10 cm surrounding the total charge is 25 V-m. The flux over a concentric sphere of
radius 20 cm will be
(A) 25 V-m (B) 50 V-m (C) 100 V-m (D) 200 V-m.
10. A charge q is placed at the centre of the open end of a cylindrical vessel (figure). The flux of the
electric field through the surface of the vessel is

(A) zero (B) q / 0 (C) q/2 0 (D) 4q / 0

11. Mark the correct options:
(A) Gauss’s law is valid only for symmetrical charge diatriburions.
(B) Gauss’s law is valid only for charges placed in vacuum.
(C) The electric field calculated by Gauss’s law is the field due to the charges inside the Gaussian
surface.
(D) The flux of the electric field through a closed surface due to all the charges is equal to the flux due
to the charges enclosed by the surface.
12. A positive point charge Q is brought near an isolated metal cube.
(A) The cube becomes negatively charged.
(B) The cube becomes positively charged.
(C) The interior becomes positively charged and the surface becomes negatively charged.
(D) The interior remains charge free and the surface gets nonuniform charge distribution.
13. A cylinder of radius R and length L is placed in a uniform electric field E parallel to the cylinder
axis. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is given by
(A) 2 R 2 E (B) R 2 / E (C) ( R 2 R) / E (D) Zero
CONDUCTOR, IT'S PROPERTIES & ELECTRIC PRESSURE
1 The electric field near the conducting surface of a uniform charge density will be -
(A) / 0 and parallel to surface. (B) 2 / 0 and parallel to surface.
(C) / 0 and perpendicular to surface. (D) 2 / 0 and perpendicular to surface.
2 An uncharged conductor A is brought close to another positive charged conductor B,
then the charge on B -
(A) will increase but potential will be constant.
(B) will be constant but potential will increase
(C) will be constant but potential decreases
. (D) the potential and charge on both are constant.
68
3 The fig. shows lines of constant potential in a region in which an electric field is present. The
value of the potential are written in brackets of the points A, B and C, the magnitude of the
electric field is greatest at the point -

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) A & C

4 The electric charge in uniform motion produces -
(A) an electric field only (B) a magnetic field only
(C) both electric and magnetic fields (D) neither electric nor magnetic fields
5 Which of the following represents the correct graph for electric field intensity and the distance
r from the centre of a hollow charged metal sphere or solid metallic conductor of radius R :

(A) (B) (C) (D)

6 A neutral metallic object is placed near a finite metal plate carrying a positive charge. The
electric force on the object will be :
(A) towards the plate (B) away from the plate
(C) parallel to the plate (D) zero
7 Figure shows a thick metallic sphere. If it is given a charge +Q,
then
electric field will be present in the region
(A) r < R1 only
(B) r > R1 and R 1 < r < R 2
(C) r R 2 only
(D) r R 2 only
8 An uncharged sphere of metal is placed in a uniform electric field produced by two large
conducting parallel plates having equal and opposite charges, then lines of force look like

(A) (B) (C) (D)

9 You are travelling in a car during a thunder storm, in order to protect yourself from lightening
would you prefer to :
(A) Remain in the car (B) Take shelter under a tree
(C) Get out and be flat on the ground (D) Touch the nearest electrical pole

69
10 The amount of work done in Joules in carrying a charge +q along the closed path PQRSP
between the oppositely charged metal plates is (where E is electric field between the plates)

(A) zero (B) q (C) qE (PQ + QR + SR + SP) (D) q / 0

11 Figure shows a closed surface which intersects a conducting sphere. If a positive charge is
placed at the point P, the flux of the electric field through the closed surface

(A) will remain zero (B) will become positive

(C) will become neagative (D) will become undefined
12. A solid conducting sphere having a charge Q is surroundsd by an uncharged concentric conducting
hollow spherical shell, Let the potential difference between the surface of the solid sphere and that of
the outer surface of the hollow shell be V, If the shell is now given a charge of -3Q, the new potential
difference between the same two surfaces is ;
(A)V (B) 2V (C) 4V (D) –2V
13. A cube of metal is given a charge (+ Q), which of the following statements is true
(A) Potential at the surface of cubt is zero
(B) Potential within the cube is zero
(C) Electric field is normal to the surface of the cube
(D) Electric field varies within the cube
14. A hollow closed conductor of irregular shaps is given some charge, Which of the following statements
are correct?
(A) The entire charge will appear on its outer surface.
(B) All points on its surfaee will have the same charge density.
(C) All points near its surface and outside it will have the same electric intensity.
(D) None of these
15. Two large thin conducting plates with small gap in between are placed in a uniform electric field ‘E’
perpendicular to the plates). Area of each plate is A and charges +Q and –Q are given to these plates as
shown in the figure. If points R,S and T as shown in the figure are three points in space, then the

(A) field at point R is E (B) field at point S is E

Q Q
(C) field at point T is E (D) field at point S is E
0A 0A

70
16. A positive point charge Q is kept (as shown in the figure) inside a neutral condueting shell whose
centre is at C. An external uniform electric field E is applied. Then :

(A) Force on Q due to E is zero

(B) Net force on Q is zero
(C) Net force acting on Q and conducting shell considered as a system Is zero
(D) Net force acting on the shell due to E is zero.
17. For the situation shown in the figure below, mark out the correct statement (s)

q
(A) Potential of the conductor is 4
0 d
( R)

q
(B) Potential of the conductor is 4 d
0

(C) Potential of the conductor can’t be determined as nature of distribution of induced charges is
not known
(D) None of these
18. A charge +q is placed at a distance ‘d’ from the centre of the uncharged metallic cube of side ‘a’,
The electric field at the centre of the cube due to induced charges on the cube will be

q
q q 2
( ˆj )
(A)zero (B) 4 ( ˆj ) (C) 4 ( ˆj ) (D) 4 a
d2 d2 0 d
0 0
2
19. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow spheres of radii r and R (R > r) such that the
surface densities are equal. Find the potential at the common centre.
Q( R r ) Q( R r ) 4 Q(R r )
(A) 4 ( r 2 R 2 ) (B) ( r 2 R 2 ) (C) (r 2 R 2 ) (D) None of these
0 0 0

20. Two thin conducting shells of radii R and 3R are shown in figure.The outer shell carries a charge
+Q and the inner shell is neutral. The inner shell is earthed with the help of switch S. Find the
charge attained by the inner shell.

Q Q Q
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 7 4

71
PROPERTIES OF CHARGE AND COULOB’S LAW :
1. Force between two charges, when placed in free space is 10 N. If they are in a medium of relative
permittivity 5, the force between them will be
(A) 2N (B) 50 N (C) 0.5 N (D) none of these
2. Two charges of 2 C and 5 C are placed 2.5 cm apart. The ratio of the Coulomb’s force experienced
by them is
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 5 (C) 2 : 5 (D) 4 : 25
3. The dielectric constant of an insulator cannot be
(A) 1.5 (B) 3 (C) 4.5 (D)
4. A cylindrical conductor is placed near another positively charged conductor. The net charge acquired
by the cylindrical conductor will be
(A) positive only (B) negative only
(C) zero (D)either positive or negative depending upon the distance
5. The electric force between two charges each equal to 3 C , when placed in vacuum is 12 N. What will
be the force between them, if the charges are embedded in a medium of dielectric constant 6?
(A) 36 N (B) 18 N (C)2 N (D) 1 N
6. A charge q is distributed over two spheres of radii R and r such that their surface densities are equal.
What is the ratio of the charges on the spheres ?
r r2 r3 r4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
R R2 R3 R4
7. Three charges 4q, Q and q are in a straight line in the positions 0, l / 2 and l respectively. Resultant
force at q will be zero if Q =
(A) -q (B) -2q (C) -q/2 (D) 4q
8. Mid way between the two equal and similar charges, we place the third equal and similar charge. Which
of the following statements is correct ?
(A) The third charge experiences a net force inclined to the line joining the charges
(B) The third charge is in stable equilibrium
(C) The third charge is in unstable equilibrium
(D) The third charge experiences a net force perpendicular to the line joining the charges.
9. Two charges q1 and q2 repel each other with a force of 0.1 N. What will be the force exerted by q1
on q2 , when a third charge is placed near them ?
(A) Less then 0.1 N
(B) More than 0.1 N
(C) 0.1 N
(D) Less than 0.1 N if q1 and q2 are similar and more than 0.1 N if q1 and q2 are dissimilar
10. A charge q is placed at the mid point of the line joining two similar and equal charges each equal to
2 C . The system will be in equilibrium if q
(A) 0.5 C (B) 1.0 C (C) 1.0 C (D) 0.5 C
11. The charge Q is placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square. A charge q is placed at each of
the other two opposite corners. The charges Q are in equilibrium, what is the value of q?
Q Q Q Q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2 4

72
12. Three equal and similar charges are placed at ( a,0,0), (0,0,0) and ( a,0,0) . What is the nature of
equilibrium of the charge at the origin ?
(A) stable when moved along the Y-axis (B) stable when moved along Z-axis
(C) stable when moved along X-axis (D) unstable in all of the above cases.
13. Figure shows two charges. If both the charge q and Q are in equilibrium, then what is the ratio Q/q ?

1 1
(A) 4 (B) 4 (C) (D)
4 4
14. Given that q1 q2 q . For what ratio q / q1 , will be force between q1 & q2 is maximum ?
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D)2
15. Six charges each equal to +Q are placed at the corners of a regular hexagon of each side x. What is the
electric field at the intersection of its diagonals ?
1 36Q 1 6Q 1 Q
(A) 4 2 (B) 4 2 (C) 4 (D) zero
0 x 0 x 0 x2
16. Positive charges of 2 C and 8 C are placed 15 cm apart. At what distance from the smaller charge ge
the electric field due to them will be zero ?
(A) 3 cm (B)5 cm (C) 7 cm (D) 10 cm
17. Two positively charged particles X and Y are initially far away from each other and at rest. X begins to
move towards Y with some initial velocity. The total momentum and energy of the system are p and E.
(A) If Y is fixed, both p and E are conserved.
(B) If Y is fixed, E is conserved, but not p.
(C) If both are free to move, p is conserved but not E.
(D) If both are free, E is conserved, but not p.
18. Two particles X and Y, of equal mass and with unequal positive charges, are free to move and are initially
far away from each other. With Y at rest, X begins to move towards it with initial velocity u. After a long
time, finally
(A) X will stop, Y will move with velocity u.
(B) X and Y will both move with velocities u/2 each.
(C) X will stop, Y will move with velocity < u.
(D) both will move with velocities < u/2.

19. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD, as shown. The
force on a +ve charge kept at the centre of the square is
(A) zero (B) along diagonal AC
(C) along diagonal BD (D) perpendicular to the side AB

20. Two free positive charges 4q and q are a distance l apart. What charge Q is needed to achieve equilibrium
for the entire system and where should it be placed form charge q?
4 l 4 l
(A) Q = q (negative) at (B) Q = q (positive) at
9 3 9 3
l l
(C) Q = q (positive) at (D) Q = q (negative) at
3 3

73
21. Six charges are placed at the corner of a regular hexagon as shown. If an electron
is placed at its centre O, force on it will be:
(A) Zero (B) Along OF
(C) Along OC (D) None of these

ELECTRIC FIELD :
1. The electric field strength at a distance x from a charge Q is E. What will be electric field strength if the
distance of the observation point is increased by 2 x ?
(A) E / 2 (B) E / 3 (C) E / 4 (D) none of the above
2. A one coulomb charge is placed on an insulated stand at the centre of a spherical conductor of radius
1m. The sphere is given a charge of 1C. The electrostatic force experienced by the charge at the centre
will be
(A) zero (B) 1 N (C) 9 109 N (D) none of the above
3. A charged spherical conductor has potential of 6V and its radius is 2m. The electric field intensity at its
centre is
1 1
(A) zero (B) 3 NC (C) 12 NC (D) none of the above
4. An electron moves with a velocity v in an electric field E . If the angle between v and E is neither 0
nor , the path followed by the electron is
(A) straight line (B) circle (C) ellipse (D)parabola
5. A charged spherical conductor of radius R carries a charge Q. A point test charge q0 is placed at a
distance x from the surface of the conductor . The force experienced by the test charge will be propor-
tional to
1 1
(A) ( R x ) 2 (B) 2 (C) ( R x ) 2 (D) 2
(R x) (R x)
6. The electric field strength due to a ring of radius R at a distance x from its centre on the axis of ring
1 Qx
carrying charge Q is given by E 2 2 3/ 2
4 0 (R x )
At what distance from the centre will the electric field be maximum ?
(A) x R (B) x R / 2 (C) x R / 2 (D) x 2R
7. A ring of radius R is carrying uniformly distributed charge +Q. A test charge q0 is placed on its axis at
a distance 2R from the centre and released. The motion of the particle on the axis will be
(A) Periodic (B) Non periodic (C) Simple Harmonic (D) Random
8. Five equal and similar charges are placed at the corners of a regular hexagon as shown in the fig. What
is the electric field and potential at the centre of the hexagon ?
5
q 5 q 1 q 5 q
(A) 4 , 2 (B) 4 ,
0 l 4 0 l 0 l 4 0 l2
5 q 1 q 1 q 1 q
(C) 4 , 2 (D) 4 ,
0 l 4 0 l 0 l2 l 4 0
9. Two point charges Q and -3Q are placed certain distance apart. If the electric field at the location of Q
be E , then that at the location of -3Q will be
(A) 3 E (B) 3E (C) E / 3 (D) E / 3

74
10. A small particle of mass m and charge –q is placed at point P and released. If R >> x, the particle will
undergo oscillations along the axis of symmetry with an angular frequency that is equal to
qQ qQx
(A) 4 mR 3 (B) 4 mR 4
0 0

qQ qQx
(C) 4 mR 3 (D) 4 mR 4
0 0

11. A point charge 50mC is located in the XY plane at the point of position vector r0 2i 3 j . What is the
electric field at the point of position vector r 8i 5 j
(A) 1200V/m (B) 0.04V/m (C) 900V/m (D) 4500 V/m
12. A point charge q is placed at origin. Let E A , E B and E C be the electric field at three points
A (1, 2, 3), B (1, 1, – 1) and C (2, 2, 2) due to charge q. Then
[i] E A < E B [ii] | E B | = 4 | E C |
select the correct alternative
(A) only [i] is correct (B) only [ii] is correct
(C) both [i] and [ii] are correct (D) both [i] and [ii] are wrong
13. Two identical point charges are placed at a separation of L P is a point on the line joining the charges, at
a distance x from any one charge. The field at P is E. E is plotted against x for values of x from close to
zero to slightly less than l. Which of the following best represents the resulting curve?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

14. A particle of mass m and charge Q is placed in an electric field E which varies with time t as
E = E0 sin t. It will undergo simple harmonic motion of amplitude

QE 02 QE 0 QE 0 QE0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
m 2 m 2 m 2 m
15. The charge per unit length of the four quadrant of the ring is 2 – 2 and – respectively. The
electric field at the centre is

2
(A) – 2 î (B) 2 ĵ (C) î (D) None
0R 0R 4 0R

16. The direction ( ) of E at point P due to uniformly charged finite rod will be
(A) at angle 300 from x-axis
(B) 450 from x - axis
(C) 600 from x-axis
(D) none of these

75
17. Two equal negative charges are fixed at the points [0, a ] and [0, –a] on the y-axis. A positive charge Q
is released from rest at the points [2a, 0] on the x-axis . The charge Q will
(A) execute simple harmonic motion about the origin
(B) move to the origin and remain at rest
(C) move to infinity
(D) execute oscillatory but not simple harmonic motion.
18. A charged particle having some mass is resting in equilibrium at a height H above the centre of a uniformly
charged non-conducting horizontal ring of radius R. The force of gravity acts downwards. The equilibrium
of the particle will be stable

R R R
(A) for all values of H (B) only if H > (C) only if H < (D) only if H =
2 2 2
19. Find the force experienced by the semicircular rod charged with a charge
q, placed as shown in figure. Radius of the wire is R and the line of
charge with linear charge density l is passing through its centre and
perpendicular to the plane of wire.
q q q q
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2
(D)
2 0R 0R 4 4 R
0R 0

20. An equilateral triangle wire frame of side L having 3 point charges at its vertices
is kept in x-y plane as shown. Component of electric field due to the configuration
in z direction at (0, 0, L) is [origin is centroid of triangle]

9 3 kq 9 kq
(A) (B) zero (C) (D) None
8 L2 8 L2
21. A and B are two points on the axis and the perpendicular bisector respectively of an electric dipole. A
and B are far away from the dipole and at equal distance from it. The field at A and B are E A and E B .
(A) E A EB (B) E A 2E B
1
(C) E A 2E B (D) | E B |
| E | , and E B is perpendicular to E A
2 A
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
1. Electric potential V due to a dipole is related to the distance r of the observation point as
1
(A) V r (B) V r (C) V r2 (D) V r 2

2. Two identical metallic balls carry charges of 20 C and 10 C . They are put in contact and again
separated to the same distance as before. What will be the ratio of initial to final force between them ?
Ignore the nature of force.
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 (C)8 : 1 (D) 16 : 1
3. A conductive sphere of radius r is given a charge Q. Another uncharged sphere of radius R is put in
contact with it and after they have shared the charge, they are separated. What should be the value of
R so that the force between the two charged spheres be the maximum ?
(A) R 2r (B) R 2r (C) x R / 2 (D) R r 2

76
4. In the above case if the initial potential of the first sphere be V, then what will be the potential after the
sharing of charges ?
(A) V/2 (B) V / 2 (C) V/3 (D) V / 3
5. The electric potential at a certain distance from a source charge is 600 V and electric field strength at
that point is 150 N/C. What is the distance of the observation point from the source charge ?
(A) 2 m (B) 3 m (C)4 m (D)6 m
6. Which of the following is a volt :
(A) Erg per cm (B) Joule per coulomb
(C) Erg per ampere (D) Newton / (coulomb x m2)
7. n small drops of same size are charged to V volts each. If they coalesce to form a signal large drop, then
its potential will be
(A) V/n (B) Vn (C) Vn1/3 (D) Vn2/3
8. 1000 identical drops of mercury are charged to a potential of 1 V each. They join to form a single drop.
The potential of this drop will be
(A) 0.01 V (B) 0.1 V (C) 10 V (D) 100 V
9. Potential difference between centre & the surface of sphere of radius R and uniform volume
charge density within it will be :

R2 R2 R2
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D)
6 0 4 0 2 0

10. When a negative charge is released and moves in electric field, it moves toward a position of
(A) lower electric potential and lower potential energy
(B) lower electric potential and higher potential energy
(C) higher electric potential and lower potential energy
(D) higher electric potential and higher potential energy
11. A solid sphere of radius R is charged uniformly. At what distance from its surface is the electrostatic
potential half of the potential at the centre?
(A) R (B) R/2 (C) R/3 (D) 2R
12. In a uniform electric field, the potential is 10V at the origin of coordinates, and 8V at each of the points
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). The potential at the point (1, 1, 1) will be
(A) 0 (B) 4 V (C) 8 V (D) 10 V
13. A charge 3 coulomb experiences a force 3000 N when placed in a uniform electric field. The potential
difference between two points separated by a distance of 1 cm along the field lines is
(A) 10 V (B) 90 V (C) 1000 V (D) 9000V

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF PARTICLES

1. The electrostatic potential energy of a charge of 5 C at a point in the electrostatic field is 50 J. The
potential at that point is
(A) 0.1 V (B) 5 V (C)10 V (D) 250 V
2. What is the electric potential at the centre of a charged shell of radius 0.1m if the potential at its
surface is 10 V
(A) 10 V (B) 1 V (C) 0.1 V (D) zero

77
3. A mass of 1g carrying charge q falls through a potential difference V. The kinetic energy acquired by
it is E. When a mass of 2g carrying the charge q falls through a potential difference V, what will be
the kinetic energy acquired by it ?
(A) 0.25 E (B) 0.50 E (C) 0.75 E (D) E
4. A mass of 1kg carrying a charge of 2 C falls through a potential of 1V. What will be the velocity
acquired by it ?
1 1 1 1
(A) 2 ms (B) 2 ms (C) (1/ 2 ) ms (D) (1/ 2) ms
5. An -particle is shot at the uranium nucleus. Its distance of closest approach is 9.6nm. What is the
maximum value of repulsion experienced by the -particle ?
(A) 0.46 10 9 N (B) 0.92 10 9 N (C) 9.6 10 10
N (D) 9.2 10 10
N

6. A charge of 5 C is placed at the corner A of an equilateral triangle ABC of each side 1m. What will
be the work done in moving a charge of 1 C from B to C ?
3 3 3
(A) 45 10 J (B) 22.5 10 J (C) 11.25 10 J (D)none of the above
7. A charged particle is released from rest and moves under the combined influence of electric and
gravitational fields. Which of the following quantities connected with the particle must increase ?
(A) Electric potential energy (B) Kinetic energy
(C) Gravitational potential energy (D) Total energy
8. An electron carrying charge -e is located at O and another charge q is located at P. The electron is
moved from O to Q such that OPQ is an equilateral triangle. What is the work done in doing so ?

1 eq 1 e2 1 q2
(A) zero (B) 4 (C) (D)
0 OQ 4 0 OQ 4 0 OQ

9. A ring of radius R carries a charge +q. A test charge q0 is released on its axis at a distance 3R
from its centre. How much kinetic energy will be acquired by the test charge when it reaches the
centre of the ring ?
1 qq0 1 qq0 1 qq0 1 qq0
(A) 4 R (B) 4 2R (C) 4 (D) 4 3R
0 0 0 3R 0

10. Two identical rings of radii 0.1 m are placed co-axially at a distance 0.5 m apart. The charges on the
rings are 2 C and 4 C respectively. The work done in transferring 5 C charge from the centre of
one ring to that of the other will be nearest to
(A) 0.50 J (B) 0.75 J (C) 1.00 J (D) 1.50 J
11. A ring of radius 6 cm is given a charge 10 C . How much work will be done in transporting a
charge of 6 C from its centre to a point 8 cm along its axis ?
(A) 63 J (B) 84 J (C) 105 J (D)126 J
RELATION BETWEEN E & V :
1. A uniform electric field E is directed along +ve x-axis. If the potential V is zero at x 0 , then the
potential at a point +x will be
2 2
(A) xE (B) x E (C) x E (D) xE

78
2. A point charge q is rotated along a circle in the electric field generated by another point charge Q. The
work done by the electric field on the rotating charge in one complete revolution is
(A) zero
(B) positive
(C) negative
(D) zero if the charge Q is at the centre and nonzero otherwise
3. What is the angle between maximum value of potential gradient and the equipotential surface?
(A) zero (B) / 4 (C) / 2 (D)
4. A uniform electric field of 400 V/m is directed at 45° above the x-axis as shown in the figure. The
potential difference VA VB is given by
(A) 0
(B) 4V
(C) 6.4 V
(D) 2.8V

5. The variation of electric potential with distance from a fixed point is shown in the figure. What is the
electric field at x 3 ?

(A) 5/3 (B) 5/2 (C) 5 (D)zero

6. An infinite nonconducting sheet of charge has a surface charge density of 10–7 C/m2. The separation
between two equipotential surfaces near the sheet whose potential differ by 5V is
(A) 0.88 cm (B) 0.88 mm (C) 0.88 m (D) 5 × 10–7 m
7. A bullet of mass m and charge q is fired towards a solid uniformly charged
sphere of radius R and total charge + q. If it strikes the surface of sphere with
speed u, find the minimum speed u so that it can penetrate through the sphere.
(Neglect all resistance forces or friction acting on bullet except electrostatic forces)

q q q 3q
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D)
0 mR 4 0 mR 8 0 mR 4 0 mR

8. In a regular polygon of n sides, each corner is at a distance r from the centre. Identical charges are
placed at (n – 1) corners. At the centre, the intensity is E and the potential is V. The ratio V/E has
magnitude.
(A) r n (B) r (n – 1) (C) (n – 1)/r (D) r(n – 1)/n

79
9. The equation of an equipotential line in an electric field is y = 2x, then the electric field strength vector at
(1, 2) may be
(A) 4 i 3 j (B) 4 i 8 j (C) 8 i 4 j (D) 8 i 4 j
10. The electric field in a region is given by : E = 4axy z î 2ax 2 z ˆj ax 2 / z k̂ , where a is a
positive constant. The equation of an equipotential surface will be of the form
(A) z = constant / [x3y2] (B) z = constant / [xy2]
(C) z = constant / [x4y2] (D) None
11. A uniform electric field having strength E is existing in x-y plane as
shown in figure. Find the p.d. between origin O & A(d, d, 0)
(A) Ed (cos + sin ) (B) –Ed (sin – cos )

(C) 2 Ed (D) none of these

12. In a certain region of space, the potential is given by : V = k[2x2 – y2 + z2]. The electric field at the point
(1, 1, 1) has magnitude =

(A) k 6 (B) 2k 6 (C) 2k 3 (D) 4k 3

13. Uniform electric field of magnitude 100 V/m in space is directed along the line y = 3 + x. Find the
potential difference between point A (3, 1) & B (1, 3)
(A) 100 V (B) 200 2 V (C) 200 V (D) 0
14. A, B, C, D, P and Q are points in a uniform electric field. The potentials
a these points are V (A) = 2 volt. V (P) = V (B) = V (D) = 5 volt.
V (C) = 8 volt. The electric field at P is
(A) 10 Vm–1 along PQ (B) 15 2 V m–1 along PA
(C) 5 V m–1 along PC (D) 5 V m–1 along PA
15. Four equal positive charges are fixed at the vertices of a square of side L. Z-axis is perpendicular to the
plane of the square. The point z = 0 is the point where the diagonals of the square intersect each other.
The plot of electric field due to the four charges, as one moves on the z-axis.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

16. A nonconducting ring of radius R has uniformly distributed positive charge Q. A small part of the ring, of
length d, is removed (d << R). The electric field at the centre of the ring will now be
(A) directed towards the gap, inversely proportional to R3.
(B) directed towards the gap, inversely proportional to R2.
(C) directed away from the gap, inversely proportional to R3.
(D) directed away from the gap, inversely proportional to R2.
17. Four equal charges +q are placed at four corners of a square with its centre at origin and lying in yz
plane. The electrostatic potential energy of a fifth charge +q’ varies on x-axis as:

(A) (B) (C) (D)

80
18. Two identical thin rings, each of radius R meter are coaxially placed at distance R meter apart. If
Q1 and Q2 coulomb are respectively the charges uniformly spread on the two rings, the work done in
moving a charge q from the centre of one ring to that of the other is

(A) zero (B) q(Q1 Q2 )( 2 1) / ( 2 4 0 R)

(C) q 2(Q1 Q2 ) / 4 0 R (D) q(Q1 Q2 )( 2 1) / ( 2 4 0 R)

19. A circular ring of radius R with uniform positive charge density per unit length is located in the y-z
plane with its centre at the origin O. A particle of mass m and positive charge q is projected from the
q
point P(R 3 , O, O) on the positive x-axis directly towards O, with an initial kinetic energy 4 .
0
(A) The particle crosses O and goes to infinity.
(B) The particle returns to P.
(C) The particle will just reach O.
(D) The particle crosses O and goes to –R 3 .
20. In space of horizontal EF (E = (mg)/q) exist as shown in figure and a
mass m attached at the end of a light rod. If mass m is released from the
position shown in figure find the angular velocity of the rod when it
passes through the bottom most position

g 2g 3g 5g
(A) (B) (C) (D)
l l l l
21. Two identical particles of mass m carry a charge Q each. Initially one is at rest on a smooth horizontal
plane and the other is projected along the plane directly towards first particle from a large distance with
speed n. The closed distance of approach be
1 Q2 1 4Q 2 1 2Q 2 1 3Q 2
(A) (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
4 0 m 4 0 m 4 0 m 4 0 m
22. The diagram shows a small bead of mass m carrying charge q. The bead can
freely move on the smooth fixed ring placed on a smooth horizontal plane. In the
same plane a charge +Q has also been fixed as shown. The potential atthe point
P due to +Q is V. The velocity with which the bead should projected from the
point P so that it can complete a circle should be greater than

6qV qV 3qV
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
m m m
23. Electric field given by the vector E x î yˆj is present in the XY plane.
A small ring carrying charge +Q, which can freely slide on a smooth non
conducting rod, is projetced along the rod from the point (0, L) such
that it can reach the other end of the rod. What minimum velocity should
be given
to the ring?(Assume zero gravity)
(A) (QL2/m)1/2 (B) 2(QL2/m)1/2
(C) 4(QL /m)2 1/2 (D) (QL2/2m)1/2

81
24. A unit positive point charge of mass m is projected with a velocity V inside the
tunnel as shown. The tunnel has been made inside a uniformly charged non
conducting sphere. The minimum velocity with which the point charge should be
projected such it can it reach the opposite end of the tunnel, is equal to
(A) [ R2/4m 0]1/2
(B) [ R2/24m 0]1/2
(C) [ R2/6m 0]1/2
(D) zero because the initial and the final points are at same potential.
1
25. A particle of mass 1 kg & charge mC is projected towards a
3
non conducting fixed spherical shell having the same charge
uniformly distributed on its surface. Find the minimum initial
velocity of projection required if the particle just grazes the shell.
2 2 2
(A) m/s (B) 2 m/s (C) m/s (D) none of these
3 3 3
26. The diagram shows three infinitely long uniform line charges placed on
the X, Y and Z axis. The work done in moving a unit positive charge
from (1, 1, 1) to (0, 1, 1) is equal to
(A) (l ln 2) / 2 0 (B) (l ln 2) / 0
(C) (3l ln 2) / 2 0 (D) None

27. A charged particle of charge Q is held fixed and another charged particle of mass m and charge q (of the
same sign) is released from a distance r. The impulse of the force exerted by the external agent on the
fixed charge by the time distance between Q and q becomes 2r is
Qq Qqm Qqm Qqm
(A) 4 mr (B) 4 0r (C) r (D) 2 0r
0 0

28. Two point charges of +Q each have been placed at the positions ( –a /2, 0, 0) and (a / 2, 0, 0). The locus
of the points where –Q charge can be placed such the that total electrostatic potential energy of the
system can become equal to zero, is represented by which of the following equations?
(A) Z2 + (Y–a)2 = 2a (B) Z2 + (Y–a)2 = 27a2/4
(C) Z2 + Y2 = 15a2 /4 (D) None
29. Figure shows equi-potential surfaces for a two charges
system. At which of the labeled points point will an
electron have the highest potential energy?
(A) Point A (B) Point B
(C) Point C (D) Point D

DIPOLE
1. An electric dipole of moment p placed in a uniform electric field E has minimum (maximum negative)
potential energy when the angle between p and E is
(A) / 2 (B)zero (C) (D) 3 / 2
2. What is the angle between the electric dipole moment and the electric field strength due to it on the axial
line
(A) 0° (B) 90° (C) 180° (D)none of the above

82
3. Electric field strength E due to a short dipole at a distance r from it are related as
1 2 3 4
(A) E r (B) E r (C) E r (D) E r
4. An electric dipole when placed in a uniform electric field will have minimum potential energy. The angle
between dipole moment and electric field is
(A) zero (B) / 2 (C) (D) 3 / 2
19
5. If the radius of the hydrogen atom be 50 pm and the charge on the electron or proton be 1.6 10 C,
what will be the dipole moment of the hydrogen atom in the ground state ?
(A) 160 10 7 Cm (B) 80 10 7 Cm (C) 40 10 7 Cm (D)zero
6. A wheel having mass m has charges +q and –q on diametrically opposite points.
It remains in equilibrium on a rough inclined plane in the presence of uniform
vertical electric field E =
mg mg mg tan
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
q 2q 2q
7. Figure shows the electric field lines around an electric dipole. Which
of the arrows best represents the electric field at point P ?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
8. A dipole consists of two particles one with charge +1mC and mass 1kg and the other with charge
–1mC and mass 2kg separated by a distance of 3m. For small oscillations about its equilibrium position,
the angular frequency, when placed in a uniform electric field of 20kV/m is
(A) 0.1rad/s (B) 1.1 rad/s (C) 10 rad/s (D) 2.5rad/s
9. The dipole moment of a system of charge +q distributed uniformly on an arc of radius R subtending an
angle p/2 at its centre where another charge -q is placed is :

2 2qR 2qR qR 2qR

(A) (B) (C) (D)

10. An electric dipole is kept on the axis of a uniformly charged ring at distance R 2 from the centre of the
ring. The direction of the dipole moment is along the axis. The dipole moment is P, charge of the ring is Q
and radius of the ring is R. The force on the dipole is nearly
4kPQ 4kPQ 2kPQ
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) (D) zero
3 3R 3 3R 3 3 R3
11. A large sheet carries uniform surface charge density . A rod of length
2l has a linear charge density on one half and – on the second half.
The rod is hinged at mid point O and makes an angle with the
normal to the sheet. The torque experienced by the rod is
l2
(A) 0 (B) 2 sin
0

l2 l
(C) sin (D) 2
0 0

83
12. Two short electric dipoles are placed as shown. The energy of electric
interaction between these dipoles will be
2 kP1P2 cos 2kP1P2 cos 2kP1P2 sin 4kP1P2 cos
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D)
r r r r3
13. Point P lies on the axis of a dipole. If the dipole is rotated by 90° anticlock wise, the electric field vector
E at P will rotate by
(A) 90° clock wise (B) 180° clock wise (C) 90° anti clock wise (D) none
14. 4 charges are placed each at a distance 'a' from origin. The dipole moment of
configuration is
(A) 2qaĵ (B) 3qaĵ (C) 2aq[î ĵ] (D) none

15. Two identical positive charges are fixed on the y-axis, at equal distances from the origin O. A particle
with a negative charge starts on the x-axis at a large distance from O, moves along the + x-axis, passes
through O and moves far away from O. Its acceleration a is taken as positive along its direction of
motion. The particle’s acceleration a is plotted against its x-coordinate. Which of the following best
represents the plot?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

ELECTRIC FLUX & GAUSS

1. The number of lines of force radiating outward from 1 coulomb of positive charge is
(A) 0 (B)1 / 0 (C) infinite (D) negligible
2. A cylinder of radius r and length l is placed in a uniform electric field E parallel to the axis of the cylinder..
What is the total electric flux through the surface of the cylinder ?
(A) 2 r l E (B) r 2 E (C) ( 2 r l r 2 ) E (D)zero
3. Two thin and infinite parallel plates have uniform densities of charge and . What is the electric
field in the space between them ?
2
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) zero
0 0 0

4. Electric flux through a surface of area 100 m2 lying in the xy plane is (in V-m) if E î 2 ĵ 3k̂
(A) 100 (B) 141.4 (C) 173.2 (D) 200

5. A n infinite, uniformly charged sheet with surface charge density cuts through a spherical Gaussian
surface of radius R at a distance x from its center, as shown in the figure. The electric flux through the
Gaussian surface is
R2 2 R2 x2
(A) (B)
0 0
2 2
R x R x2
(C) (D)
0 0

84
CONDUCTOR AND ITS PROPERTIES :
1. A charge of 10 coulombs is moved along an equipotential surface having a potential of 2 volts. The
work done is
(A) 10 J (B)zero (C) 2J (D) 20 J
2. An external agency carries 5C of charge from infinity to a point in an electrostatic field and performs
100 Joules of work. The potential at the given point is
(A) + 10 V (B) - 10 V (C) + 20 V (D)- 20 V
3. The electric field at a distance R due to charge q is E. If the same charge is placed on the copper sphere
of radius R, the electric field strength at the surface of the conductor will be
(A) E / 4 (B) E / 2 (C)E (D) 2 E
4. The surface density on the copper sphere is . The electric field strength on the surface of the sphere
is
(A) (B) / 2 (C) / 0 (D) / 2 0
5. A circle has been drawn round a point positive charge (+q) on its centre. The work done in taking a unit
positive charge once round it is
(A) 1 J (B) 2 q J (C) q J (D) zero
6. Three charges Q, +q and +q are placed at the vertices of a right-angled isosceles
triangle as shown in the figure. The net electrostatic energy of the configuration
is zero if Q is equal to

q 2q
(A) (B) (C) 2q (D) q
1 2 2 2

7. A spherical charged conductor has as the surface density of charge. The electric field on its surface
is E. If the radius of the sphere is doubled keeping the surface density of charge unchanged, what will be
the electric field on the surface of the new sphere ?
(A) E/4 (B) E/2 (C)E (D) 2E
8. A test charge q0 is placed at the centre of a spherical conductor of radius R. A charge Q is placed on
the spherical conductor. What will be the electrostatic force on the conductor due to q0 .
1 Qq0 1 Qq0 1 Qq0
(A) zero (B) 4 2 (C) 4 2 (D) 4
0 R 0 2R 0 4R 2
9. The surface density of a spherical conductor is 1 and the electric field on its surface is E1 . The surface
density of an infinite cylindrical conductor is 2 and the electric field on its surface is E2 . Which of the
following relations is correct ?
(A) E1 2 E2 1 (B) E1 1 E 2 2 (C) E1 2 E 2 1 (D) E1 1 E2 2
10. A charge is distributed over two concentric hollow spheres of radii R and r, where R>r, such that the
surface densities of charges are equal ( ) . What is the potential at their common centre?

(A) (R r) (B) (R r) (C) R (D) r

0 0 0 0

11. Two conducting spheres of radii r1 and r2 are charged such that they have the same electric field on
their surfaces. The ratio of the electric potential at their centres is
(A) r1 / r2 (B) r1 / r2 (C) r12 / r22 (D) none of the above

85
12. An uncharged metallic hollow sphere is placed in uniform external electric field. The path of the electric
field lines in and around the conductor is represented by

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

13. The energy density in the electric field created by a point charge decreases wih the distance from the
point charge as
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r r2 r3 r4
14. The dimension of 1 2 o E2 ( o : permittivity of free space; E: electric field) is
2 1
(A) MLT 1 (B) ML2T 2 (C) MLT 2 (D) ML T
15. Two identical conducting spheres, having charges of opposite sign, attract each other with a force of
0.108 N when separated by 0.5 m. The spheres are connected by a conducting wire, which is then
removed, and thereafter, they repel each other with a force of 0.036 N. The initial charges on the
spheres are
(A) ± 5 ×10-6 C and 15 × 10-6 C (B) ± 1.0 × 10-6 C and 3.0 × 10-6 C
(C) ± 2.0 × 10-6 C and 6.0 × 10-6 C (D) ± 0.5 × 10-6 C and 1.5 × 10-6 C
16. An uncharged sphere of metal placed inside a charged parallel plate capacitor. The lines of force look
like

(A) (B) (C) (D)

17. If the electric potential of the inner metal sphere is 10 volt & that of the
outer shell is 5 volt, then the potential at the centre will be :
(A) 10 volt (B) 5 volt (C) 15 volt (D) 0

18. Three concentric metallic spherical shell A, B and C or radii a, b and c (a < b < c) have surface charge
densities – , + , and – respectively. The potential of shell A is :
(A) 0 [a + b – c] (B) 0 [a – b + c]

(C) 0 [b – a – c] (D) none

19. An infinite number of concentric rings carry a charge Q each alternately positive
and negative. Their radii are 1, 2, 4, 8...... meters in geometric progression as
shown in the figure. The potential at the centre of the rings will be

Q Q Q
(A) zero (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 6
0 0 0
20. A hollow metal sphere of radius 5 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 10 V. The
potential at the centre of the sphere is
(A) 0 V
(B) 10 V
(C) same as at point 5 cm away from the surface out side sphere.
(D) same as a point 25 cm away from the surface.

86
21. Both question (i) and (ii) refer to the system of charges as shown in the figure. A spherical shell with an
inner radius 'a' and an outer radius 'b' is made of conducting material. A point charge +Q is placed at the
centre of the spherical shell and a total charge – q is placed on the shell.

(i). Charge – q is distributed on the surfaces as

(A) – Q on the inner surface, – q on outer surface
(B) – Q on the inner surface, – q + Q on the outer surface
(C) +Q on the inner surface, –q – Q on the outer surface
(D) The charge –q is spread uniformly between the inner and outer surface.
(ii). Assume that the electrostatic potential is zero at an infinite distance from the spherical shell. The electrostatic
potential at a distance R (a < R < b) from the centre of the shell is
KQ Q q Q q 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) K (D) K (where K = )
a R b 4 0
22. Two spherical, nonconducting, and very thin shells of uniformly distributed positive charge Q and radius
d are located a distance 10d from each other. A positive point charge q is placed inside one of the shells
at a distance d/2 from the center, on the line connecting the centers of the two shells, as shown in the
figure. What is the net force on the charge q?
qQ qQ
(A) 361 d 2 to the left (B) 361 d 2 to the right
0 0

362qQ 360qQ
(C) 361 2 to the left (D) 361 2 to the right
0d 0d
23. A positive charge q is placed in a spherical cavity made in a positively charged sphere. The centres of
sphere and cavity are displaced by a small distance l . Force on charge q is :
(A) in the direction parallel to vector l
(B) in radial direction
(C) in a direction which depends on the magnitude of charge density in sphere
(D) direction can not be determined.
24. There are four concentric shells A, B, C and D of radii a, 2a, 3a and 4a respectively. Shells B and D are
given charges +q and –q respectively. Shell C is now earthed. The potential difference VA – VC is :
Kq Kq Kq Kq
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2a 3a 4a 6a

1. Five balls numbered 1 to 5 are suspended using separate threads. Pairs (1,2), (2,4) and (4,1) show
electrostatic attraction while pairs (2,3) and (4,5) show repulsion. Therefore ball 1 must be
(A) positively charged (B) negatively charged (C) neutral (D) made of metal
2. A negative point charge placed at the point A is
(A) in stable equilibrium along x-axis
(B) in unstable equilibrium along y-axis
(C) in stable equilibrium along y-axis
(D) in unstable equilibrium along x-axis

87
3. Two fixed charges 4Q (positive) and Q (negative) are located at A and B, the distance AB being 3 m.

(A) The point P where the resultant field due to both is zero is on AB outside AB.
(B) The point P where the resultant field due to both is zero is on AB inside AB.
(C) If a positive charge is placed at P and displaced slightly along AB it will execute oscillations.
(D) If a negative charge is placed at P and displaced slightly along AB it will execute oscillations.
4. Two identical charges +Q are kept fixed some distance apart. A small particle P with charge q is placed
midway between them. If P is given a small displacement D, it will undergo simple harmonic motion if
(A) q is positive and D is along the line joining the charges.
(B) q is positive and D is perpendicular to the line joining the charges.
(C) q is negative and D is perpendicular to the line joining the charges.
(D) q is negative and D is along the line joining the charges.
5. A charged cork of mass m suspended by a light string is placed in uniform
electric filed of strength E = ( î ˆj) × 105 NC–1 as shown in the fig. If in equilibrium
2mg
position tension in the string is then angle ‘ ’ with the vertical is
(1+ 3)
(A) 60° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 18°
6. Which of the following is true for the figure showing electric lines of force?
(E is electrical field, V is potential)
(A) EA > EB (B) EB > EA
(C) VA > VB (D) VB > VA

7. A particle of mass m and charge q is thrown in a region where uniform gravitational field and electric field
are present. The path of particle
(A) may be a straight line (B) may be a circle
(C) may be a parabola (D) may be a hyperbola
8. Four charges of 1 C, 2 C, 3 C, and – 6 C are placed one at each corner of the square of side 1m.
The square lies in the x-y plane with its centre at the origin.
(A) The electric potential is zero at the origin.
(B) The electric potential is zero everywhere along the x-axis only of the sides of the square are parallel
to x and y axis.
(C) The electric potential is zero everywhere along the z-axis for any orientation of the square in the x-
y plane.
(D) The electric potential is not zero along the z-axis except at the origin.
9. Two point charges Q and – Q/4 are separated by a distance x. Then
(A) potential is zero at a point on the axis which is x/3 on the right side of the charge – Q/4
(B) potential is zero at a point on the axis which is x/5 on the left side of the charge – Q/4
(C) electric field is zero at a point on the axis which is at a distance x on the right side of the charge – Q/4
(D) there exist two points on the axis where electric field is zero.

88
10. At distance of 5cm and 10cm outwards from the surface of a uniformly charged solid sphere, the
potentials are 100V and 75V respectively . Then
(A) potential at its surface is 150V.
(B) the charge on the sphere is (5/3) × 10-10C.
(C) the electric field on the surface is 1500 V/m.
(D) the electric potential at its centre is 225V.
11. Three point charges Q, 4Q and 16Q are placed on a straight line 9 cm long. Charges are placed in such
a way that the system has minimum potential energy. Then
(A) 4Q and 16Q must be at the ends and Q at a distance of 3 cm from the 16Q.
(B) 4Q and 16Q must be at the ends and Q at a distance of 6 cm from the 16Q.
(C) Electric field at the position of Q is zero.
Q
(D) Electric field at the position of Q is .
4 0
12. Potential at a pointAis 3 volt and at a point B is 7 volt , an electron is moving towardsAfrom B.
(A) It must have some K.E. at B to reach A
(B) It need not have any K.E. at B to reach A
(C) to reach A it must have more than or equal to 4 eV K. E. at B.
(D) when it will reach A, it will have K.E. more then or at least equal to 4 eV if it was released from rest at B.
13. Two infinite sheets of uniform charge density +s and –s are parallel to each other as shown in the figure.
Electric field at the
(A) points to the left or to the right of the sheets is zero.
(B) midpoint between the sheets is zero.
(C) midpoint of the sheets is s / e0 and is directed towards right.
(D) midpoint of the sheet is 2s / e0 and is directed towards right.
14. A thin-walled, spherical conducting shell S of radius R is given charge Q. The same amount of charge is
also placed at its centre C. Which of the following statements are correct?
Q
(A) On the outer surface of S, the charge density is .
2 R2
(B) The electric field is zero at all points inside S.
(C) At a point just outside S, the electric field is double the field at a point just inside S.
(D) At any point inside S, the electric field is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from C.
15. A hollow closed conductor of irregular shape is given some charge. Which of the following statements
are correct?
(A) The entire charge will appear on its outer surface.
(B) All points on the conductor will have the same potential.
(C) All points on its surface will have the same charge density.
(D) All points near its surface and outside it will have the same electric intensity.
16. A conducting sphere A of radius a, with charge Q, is placed concentrically inside
a conducting shell B of radius b. B is earthed. C is the common centre of the A
and B.
1 Q
(A) The field is a distance r from C, where a r b is .
4 0 r2
1 Q
(B) The potential at a distance r from C, where a r b, is 4 .
0 r
1 1 1
(C) The potential difference between A and B is Q
4 0 a b
1 1 1
(D) The potential at a distance r from C, where a r b, Q .
4 0 r b

89
17. Two thin conducting shells of radii R and 3R are shown in the figure. The outer shell carries a charge +
Q and the inner shell is neutral. The inner shell is earthed with the help of a switch S.
(A) With the switch S open, the potential of the inner sphere is equal to that of the outer.
(B) When the switch S is closed, the potential of the inner sphere becomes zero.
(C) With the switch S closed, the charge attained by the inner sphere is – q/3.
(D) By closing the switch the capacitance of the system increases.
18. X and Y are large, parallel conducting plates closed to each other. Each face has an area A. X is given a
charge Q. Y is without any charge. Points A, B and C are as shown in figure.
Q
(A) The field at B is 2 A
0
Q
(B) The field at B is A
0
(C) The fields at A, B and C are of the same magnitude.
(D) The field at A and C are of the same magnitude, but in opposite directions.
Question No. 19 to 21 (3 questions)
An empty thick conducting shell of inner radius a and outer radius b is shown in
figure. If it is observed that the inner face of the shell carries a uniform charge
density – and the surface carries a uniform charge density ' '
19. If a point charge qA is placed at the center of the shell, then choose the correct statement(s)
(A) The charge must be positive
(B) The charge must be negative
(C) The magnitude of charge must be 4 a2
(D) The magnitude of charge must be 4 (b2 – a2)
20. Choose the correct statement related to the potential of the shell in absence of qB
(A) Potential of the outer surface is more than that of the inner surface because it is positively charged
(B) Potential of the outer surface is more than that of the inner surface because it carries more charge
(C) Both the surfaces have equal potential
b
(D) The potential of the outer surface is
0
21. If the inner surface of the shell is earthed, then identify the correct statement(s)
(A) The potential of both the inner and outer surface of the shell becomes zero
(B) Charge on the outer surface becomes zero
(C) Charge on the inner surface decreases
(D) Positive charge flows from the shell to the earth
22. An electric dipole moment p (2.0î 3.0ˆj) mC. m is placed in a uniform electric field
E (3.0 î 2.0k̂ ) × 105 N C–1.
(A) The torque that E exerts on p is (0.6 î 0.4ˆj 0.9k̂ ) Nm.
(B) The potential energy of the dipole is –0.6 J.
(C) The potential energy of the dipole is 0.6 J.
(D) If the dipole is rotated in the electric field, the maximum potential energy of the dipole is 1.3 J.

90
23. Three points charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of
side L as shown in the figure.
(A) The potential at the centroid of the triangle is zero.
(B) The electric field at the centroid of the triangle is zero.
(C) The dipole moment of the system is 2 qL
(D) The dipole moment of the system is 3 qL .
24. An electric dipole is placed at the centre of a sphere. Mark the correct answer
(A) the flux of the electric field through the sphere is zero
(B) the electric field is zero at every point of the sphere.
(C) the electric potential is zero everywhere on the sphere.
(D) the electric potential is zero on a circle on the surface.
25. If we use permittivity 0, resistance R, gravitational constant G and voltage V as fundamental physical
quantities, then
(A) [angular displacement] = 0R0G0V0 (B) [Velocity] = –1R–1G0V0
(C) [dipole moment] = 1R0G0V1 (D) [force] = 1R0G0V2
26. An electric field converges at the origin whose magnitude is given by the expression
E = 100rNt/Coul, where r is the distance measured from the origin.
(A) total charge contained in any spherical volume with its centre at origin is negative.
(B) total charge contained at any spherical volume, irrespective of the location of its centre, is negative.
(C) total charge contained in a spherical volume of radius 3 cm with its centre at origin has magnitude
3 ×10–13C.
(D) total charge contained in a spherical volume of radius 3 cm with its centre at origin has magnitude
3 × 10–9 Coul.

PARAGRAPH-1
A solid, conducting sphere of radius 6 cm carries a charge 3nC.
This sphere is located centrally inside a thick, conducting sphere
with an inner radius of 18 cm and an outer radius of 27 cm. The
hollow sphere is also given a charge 3nC. Three points A, B and C
are marked on the surfaces as shown.

1. Which one of the following figures shows a qualitatively accurate sketch of the electric field lines in
and around this system ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

91
2. Suppose VA,VB and VC are potentials at points A,B and C respectively then values of potential
differences VC – VB and VB – VA respectively are :
(A) 0 V and – 300 V (B) 0 V and o 300 V
(C) 450 V and o 150 V (D) 0 V and o – 150 V
3. Suppose the shell is given additional charge 3nC. The potential difference V B – VA will become :
(A) –100 V (B) –200 V (C) 300 V (D) –300 V
PARAGRAPH-2
The sketch below shows cross-sections of equipotential surfaces between two charged conductors
that are shown in solid black. Some points on the equipotential surfaces near the conductors are
marked as A,B,C,........ The arrangement lies in air. (Take 0 = 8.85 × 10–12 C 2/N m 2]

4. Surface charge density of the plate is equal to

(A) 8.85 × 10–10 C/m 2 (B) –8.85 × 10–10 C/m2
(C) 17.7 × 10–10 C/m 2 (D) –17.7 × 10–10 C/m 2
5. A positive charge is placed at B. When it is released :
(A) no force will be exerted on it. (B) it will move towards A.
(C) it will move towards C. (D) it will move towards E.
6. How much work is required to slowly move a – 1mC charge from E to D ?
(A) 2 × 10–5 J (B) –2 × 10–5 J (C) 4 × 10–5 J (D) –4 × 10–5 J
PARAGRAPH-3
A charged particle is suspended at the centre of two thin concentric spherical charged shells, made
of non conducting material. Figure A shows cross section of the arrangement. Figure B gives the net
flux f through a Gaussian sphere centered on the particle, as a function of the radius r of the sphere.

7. What is the charge on the central particle ?

(A) 0.2 mC (B) 2 mC (C) 1.77 mC (D) 3.4 mC
8. What is the charge on shell A ?
(A) 5.31 × 10–6 C (B) – 5.31 × 10–6 C (C) – 3.54 × 10–6 C (D) – 1.77 × 10–6 C
9. In which range of the values of r is the electric field zero ?
(A) 0 to rA (B) rA to rB
(C) for r > rB (D) for no range of r, electric field is zero.

92
PARAGRAPH-4
An uncharged ball of radius R is placed at a point in space and the region out side (from R to ) the
C
ball is non uniformly charged with a charge density = coul/m3 where ‘C’ is a positive constant.
r3

10. Electric potential at the centre of the ball is :

(A) Directly proportional to R (B) Directly proportional to R 2
(C) Inversely proportional to R (D) Inversely proportional to R 2
11. Electric field intensity at a distance x from centre of the ball (x > R) is :

C x C x R C C x
(A) 2
n (B) 2 2
n (C) 2 (R 2 – x 2) (D)
2 2
n
0 R R 0 R R 0 R 0 x R

12. As we move away from ball’s surface, electric potential :

(A) decreases. (B) increases.
(C) decreases then increases. (D) increases then decreases.

PARAGRAPH-5
In a certain region, there are non-uniform electrical potential (Ve) as well as gravitational potential
(Vg).
The electrical potential varies only with x as shown in figure (i), and the gravitational potential varies
only with y as shown in figure (ii).

Consider a particle of mass 200 kg and charge 20 mC in this field.

13. If the particle is released from point (5cm, 15 cm), it will try to move toward
(A) +x direction and +y direction (B) +x direction and – y direction
(C) – x direction, +y direction (D) – x direction, – y direction
14. What will be acceleration of the particle at point (25, 35)

(A) ( 2 î ĵ ) × 10–2 m/sec2 (B) (2 î ĵ ) × 10–2 m/sec2

(C) ( 2 î ĵ ) × 10–2 m/sec2 (D) (3 î 2 ĵ ) × 10–2 m/sec2

15. Minimum work required to bring the particle from (5, 15) to (25, 35) is :
(A) 0.2 J (B) 0.1 J (C) – 0.2 J (D) – 0.1 J

93
1. Two conducting plates are placed parallel to each other at certain separation in the uniform electric
field (E0) as shown.
Column I Column II
(A) Charge on surface A (P) must be positive value
(B) Charge on surface B (Q) must be negative value
(C) Charge on surface C (R) may be positive value
(D) Charge on surface D (S) may be negative value

2 Column II lists the dependence of electric field along centroidal axis on the distance r from the centre of
the given uniform charge distribution arrangemen t in Column I.
Column I Column II
(A) Ring of radius R (r >> R) (P) r

1
(B) Infinite line of charge (Q)
r

1
(C) Infinite sheet of charge (R)
r2
(D) Uniformly charged non-conducting shell (r > R) (S) None of these
of radius ‘a’ at the point r < a.

3. Column I are the uniform charge distribution arrangements and column II are the standard value of the
potential due to them at any point in space. (Symbols have there usual meaning)
Column I Column II

KQ
(A) Ring along the axis ( r 0) (P)
R

KQ
(B) Hemispherical shell at the centre (Q)
r2 R 2

KQ
(C) Spherical shell on the surface (R) 3
(3R 2 r 2 )
2R

3KQ
(D) Solid non-conducting sphere (r < R) (S)
2R

94
4 Column II corresponds to the graph of electric field versus distance from centre of charge distribution
in column I.
Column I Column II

(A) Ring along its axis (P)

(B) Solid non conducting sphere (Q)

(C) Spherical shell (R)

(D) Combination of charge +Q and –Q (S)

at the perpendicular bisector

5 Two charged parallel conducting plates X and Y are kept close to each other, are given charge Q1 and
Q2 respectively.
(A) charge on surface A (P) zero
Q1 Q 2
(B) charge on surface B (Q)
2
Q1 Q 2
(C) charge on surface C (R)
2
Q 2 Q1
(D) charge on surface D (S)
2

1. A thin circular wire of radius r has a charge Q. If a point charge q is placed at the centre of the ring, then
find the increase in tension in the wire.
2. A negative point charge 2q and a positive charge q are fixed at a distance l apart. Where should a
positive test charge Q be placed on the line connecting the charge for it to be in equilibrium? What is the
nature of the equilibrium with respect to longitudinal motions?Q
3. A charge + 10-9 C is located at the origin in free space & another charge Q at (2, 0, 0). If the X-component
of the electric field at (3, 1, 1) is zero, calculate the value of Q. Is the Y-component zero at (3, 1, 1)?
4. A simple pendulum of length l and bob mass m is hanging in front of a large nonconducting sheet having
surface charge density . If suddenly a charge +q is given to the bob & it is released from the position
shown in figure. Find the maximum angle through which the string is deflected from vertical.

95
5. A clock face has negative charges - q, - 2q, - 3q, ........., - 12q fixed at the position of the corresponding
numerals on the dial. The clock hands do not disturb the net field due to point charges. At what time
does the hour hand point in the same direction is electric field at the centre of the dial.
6. A cavity of radius r is present inside a solid dielectric sphere of radius R, having
a volume charge density of The distance between the centres of the sphere
and the cavity is a . An electron e is kept inside the cavity at an angle = 45°
as shown . How long will it take to touch the sphere again?

7. Two identical balls of charges q1 & q2 initially have equal velocity of the same magnitude and direction.
After a uniform electric field is applied for some time, the direction of the velocity of the first ball changes
by 60º and the magnitude is reduced by half . The direction of the velocity of the second ball changes
there by 90º. In what proportion will the velocity of the second ball changes ?
8. A solid non conducting sphere of radius R has a non-uniform charge distribution of volume charge
r
density, 0 R , where 0 is a constant and r is the distance from the centre of the sphere. Show that:

(a) the total charge on the sphere is Q = 0 R3 and

KQr 2
(b) the electric field inside the sphere has a magnitude given by, E = .
R4
9. A particle of mass m and negative charge q is thrown in a gravity free space with
speed u from the point A on the large non conducting charged sheet with surface
charge density as shown in figure. Find the maximum distance from A on sheet
where the particle can strike.

E0x
10. The electric field in a region is given by E i . Find the charge contained inside a cubical volume
l
bounded by the surfaces x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0 and z = a. Take E0 = 5 × 103N/C, l = 2cm and
a = 1cm.
11 There are 27 drops of a conducting fluid. Each has radius r and they are charged to a potential V0. They
are then combined to form a bigger drop. Find its potential.
12. A charge + Q is uniformly distributed over a thin ring with radius R. A negative point charge – Q and
mass m starts from rest at a point far away from the centre of the ring and moves towards the centre.
Find the velocity of this particle at the moment it passes through the centre of the ring.
13. A point charge + q & mass 100 gm experiences a force of 100 N at a point at a distance 20 cm from a
long infinite uniformly charged wire. If it is released find its speed when it is at a distance 40 cm from wire
14. Two identical particles of mass m carry charge Q each. Initially one is at rest on a smooth horizontal
plane and the other is projected along the plane directly towards the first from a large distance with
an initial speed V. Find the closest distance of approach.
15. Three charges 0.1 coulomb each are placed on the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 1 m. If the
energy is supplied to this system at the rate of 1 kW, how much time would be required to move one of
the charges onto the midpoint of the line joining the other two?
16. A circular ring of radius R with uniform positive charge density per unit length is fixed in the Y-Z plane
with its centre at the origin O. A particle of mass m and positive charge q is projected from the point P on
the positive X-axis directly towards O, with initial velocity v . Find the smallest value of the speed v such
that the particle does not return to P.

96
17. Two concentric rings of radii r and 2r are placed with centre at origin. Two
charges +q each are fixed at the diametrically opposite points of the rings
as shown in figure. Smaller ring is now rotated by an angle 90° about Z-axis
then it is again rotated by 90° about Y-axis. Find the work done by
electrostatic forces in each step. If finally larger ring is rotated by 90° about
X-axis, find the total work required to perform all three steps.

18. The figure shows three infinite non-conducting plates of charge perpendicular
to the plane of the paper with charge per unit area + , + 2 and – . Find the

ratio of the net electric field at that point A to that at point B.

19. Two thin conducting shells of radii R and 3R are shown in figure. The outer shell carries
a charge +Q and the inner shell is neutral. The inner shell is earthed with the help of
switch S. Find the charge attained by the inner shell.

20. Consider three identical metal spheres A, B and C. Spheres A carries charge + 6q and sphere B carries
charge – 3q. Sphere C carries no charge. Spheres A and B are touched together and then separated.
Sphere C is then touched to sphere A and separated from it. Finally the sphere C is touched to sphere B
and separated from it. Find the final charge on the sphere C.
21. A spherical balloon of radius R charged uniformly on its surface with surface density . Find work done
against electric forces in expanding it upto radius 2R.
22. Six charges are placed at the vertices of a regular hexagon as shown in the
figure. Find the electric field on the line passing through O and perpendicular
to the plane of the figure as a function of distance x from point O.
(assume x >> a)

23. In the figure shown S is a large nonconducting sheet of uniform charge density s. A
rod R of length l and mass ‘m’ is parallel to the sheet and hinged at its mid point. The
linear charge densities on the upper and lower half of the rod are shown in the figure.
Find the angular acceleration of the rod just after it is released.

24. A dipole is placed at origin of coordinate system as shown in figure, find

the electric field at point P (0, y).

p
25. Two point dipoles p k̂ and k̂ are located at (0, 0, 0) and (1m, 0, 2m) respectively. Find the resultant
2
electric field due to the two dipoles at the point (1m, 0, 0).

97
PROPERTIES OF CHARGE AND COULOMB’S LAW :

ELECTRIC FIELD :

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE :

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF PARTICLES

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGE

RELATION BETWEEN E & V :

DIPOLE :

FLUX CALCULATION AND GAUSS'S LAW :

CONDUCTOR AND ITS PROPERTIES :

98
PROPERTIES OF CHARGE AND COULOMB’S LAW :

ELECTRIC FIELD :

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE :

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF PARTICLES

RELATION BETWEEN E & V :

DIPOLE :

FLUX & GAUSS :

CONDUCTOR AND ITS PROPERTIES :

99
 3/ 2
$3!
(1.) a = l(1 + 2 ), stable (2.) – " 3 × 10–9 C (3.) 0
#11
qQ 3
(4.) 0 (5.) 2 2 (6.)
8 0r 2m 0
2
–1
q0 2kQ 2 R3
(7.) 2 tan (8.) (9.)–
2 0 mg mR 0

Q2
(10.) 20 ln2 (11.) 9V0 (12.)
m 0 V2

2 0 u 2m
(13.) (14.) 1.8 ´ 105 sec (15.) –Q/3
q
kP 7
(16.) 1.125 q (17.) ( i 2 j) (18.) kp k̂
2 y3 8
2
q
(19.) 9.30 (20.) (21.) H2 = h1 + h2 - g
2 0m V

8 4 Kq 2 6 2mr 0
(22.)Wfirst step = , Wsecond step = 0, Wtotal = 0 (23.)
3 5 r e a

v
(24.) (25.) 2.2 × 10–12C
3

100