Reviewer on Oral Communication for 2.

Restriction in communication
2nd Quarter refers to the limitations that you
have as a speaker.
Communication Strategy
Restrictions are set by people who
Communication strategy is a well-
have more power in a communication
planned series of actions aimed at
situation. These people may include your
achieving certain objectives through
parents at home, a teacher in a
the use of communication methods,
classroom, the principal or administrator
techniques, and approaches. It serves
of a school, or the barangay captain in
as a blueprint in expressing information
your community. Age and position can
related to a specific event, situation, or
become essential factors in deciding the
audience to the parties involved in the
person who can impose restrictions in a
communication situation. This aims to
communication situation. Sometimes, it
facilitate a healthy and effective
is through influence that a person, in
exchange of messages.
spite of age and position, can control
Types of Communication Strategies communication situations.

1. Nomination is the strategy that a For instance, the teacher divides the
speaker uses to invite other class into groups and instructs them
participants in a communication to discuss about their lesson. At the start
situation. The speaker attempts to of the activity, the teacher sets some
collaborate or participate by restrictions such as, ideas should be
opening a topic or by asking his or expressed in English; each group
her fellow participants to member should be given an equal
communicate and share their ideas chance and time to share; and one
about a certain topic. member should present the summary of
the group’s discussion in front of the
The word nomination denotes the act of
class so that the other groups can ask
choosing someone as a candidate for a
questions. By following the given
position, an office, or as a recipient of an
restrictions, the communication process
award or a recognition. In your class or
can be facilitated effectively in order to
school, you may have nominated a
achieve the goal of the communication
student to become an officer of your
situation as required by the teacher.
class or of the student government.
Thus, restrictions help people identify
When you nominate a person, you put
what to do and what not to do during a
your trust into him or her and “invite”
communication situation.
other people to do the same and choose
your nominee. In return, the nominee 3. Turn-taking pertains to the order
acknowledges the trust you accorded by which people who engage in a
him or her and proves that he or she is conversation speak. Ideally, you
worthy of your trust. wait for your turn to speak by
listening to the person you are
Situations where you hear people say,
conversing with and waiting for him
“Do you have anything to say?” “Did
or her to finish talking. However,
you catch the latest episode of our
there are times when both parties
favorite TV show?” “Now, it’s your turn.
in a conversation speak
Let us hear from you.” and “Does that
simultaneously. These instances
make sense to you?” are all examples of
usually happen when both parties
how nomination is used to initiate
are excited or eager to share their
and pursue communication between
thoughts and opinions or when
or among individuals. Initiation
both are emotional. Notice how two
prompts people to achieve their
angry people talk to each other.
communication goals, which are to
When a person fails to wait for his
establish relationships with others, to get
or her turn to speak,
to know other people more, and to
misunderstanding and arguments
achieve mutual understanding.
are likely to occur as a result,
 especially in situations where both • I’d like to remind our panelists to keep
parties are emotionally charged. to the discussion . . .
You may have been reminded many • I’d like to appeal to our panelists to
times before to wait for your turn to avoid incendiary remarks, please . . .
speak, especially when you were younger
5. Topic shifting is the strategy
or prone to interrupting others’
that requires listening intently to
conversations. This reminder holds true
the person or people you are
in most speaking situations because it is
conversing with. If a topic is
considered impolite to talk while another
unpleasant to or uncomfortable
person is still talking. When interrupted,
for any one of you, one of you
a person might object and say, “Let me
should bring up another topic
finish!” or “I’m not yet finished!”
instead of risking a
Hence, it is important to wait for your
communication breakdown. Topic
turn to speak so as not to offend or
shifting also applies when you
irritate the person speaking. Thus, turn-
want a more interesting or more
taking as a communication strategy is
pleasant topic to talk about
highly encouraged.
instead.
4. Topic control is the strategy that
limits the coverage of a discussion
or conversation to things that are
acceptable to the people involved
in the communication process. If
you are close to the person you are
talking to and would not want to
unduly irritate him or her, you
avoid topics that he or she might
not be interested in or keen on
hearing about. Take, for example, a
guest in a talk show who is asked
by the host of questions that are
not about the agreed-upon topic.
If such is the case, the guest
might feel uncomfortable, leading
6. Repair is the communication
him or her to give winding, even
strategy for recouping lost
incoherent, answers. At worst, the
rapport between or among
guest might even walk out.
communicators in a conversation.
Some common verbal cues used to Saying “sorry” is the most common
control topics in everyday repair strategy. Taking back what
conversations include the following: one has said is another, so is
restating one’s message. In such
• This might not be the best venue for
instances, the following phrases
such a discussion . .
are commonly used:
• Perhaps that is an issue for another
discussion..
• Let’s not talk about that right now . . .
• Maybe we should reserve that topic for Repair is also done when a mistake is
another time . . . committed, such as mispronouncing a
word or using the wrong term. In such
• This is not the right time to talk about instances, you will most likely try to
that . . correct yourself to avoid being
In more structured situations, like misunderstood or laughed at. You might
small group discussions, the following say, “Actually, it’s (correct
verbal cues are usually used: term/pronunciation)” or “My bad, I meant
to say (correct term/pronunciation).
 7. As a communication strategy, aids and actual objects the speaker
terminating or ending an demonstrates how to cook
interaction is useful in avoiding dinuguan or the different ways of
conflicts or in diffusing creatively tying your shoelaces to
arguments. However, it must be the viewers.
done as politely as possible. The 3. There are speeches that are meant
following tips may prove useful in to affect the beliefs of the
instances where you need to audience. A persuasive speech is
terminate a conversation. delivered for the speaker to
reinforce beliefs, change the
audience's beliefs, or move them
into taking an action. Persuasive
speakers use facts to inform the
audience about what is good and
what is bad. They also use logic
and reasoning to persuade. For
some persuasive speakers,
Types of Speeches According to charisma and reputation can help
Purpose in changing the beliefs, attitude,
and behavior of the audience into
Any worthwhile endeavor, such as a
something that favors the speaker.
speech, has a purpose. You speak to
4. According to O'Hair et al. (2007),
inform, to argue, to persuade, to
speeches for special occasions
entertain, and to express emotions,
are prepared for a specific purpose
among others. Identifying your purpose
dictated by a given occasion. The
and being conscious of it allows you to
speech can be informative,
better choose your words, your
persuasive, or both, depending on
supporting material, the organization of
the kind of occasion where it is
your message, and your delivery.
delivered. Joyous occasions require
1. Some speeches are meant to speeches to be entertaining, so
provide interesting and useful that the audience will listen and
information to the audience. An pay attention. Special occasion
informative speech mainly speeches are delivered to
serves this function. The goal of welcome the audience to an event,
informative speech is to impart to introduce a speaker, to give
knowledge to the audience based tribute through roast or toast
on the expertise of the speaker. speeches (or a combination of
Thus, it would be difficult for you to both), and to commemorate special
be an informative speaker if you events or people. The important
are not familiar with a given topic. consideration in speeches for
You either have to be an expert on special occasions is that you should
the topic or you should have done be familiar with the occasion being
thorough research so that you will celebrated or the person being
be able to say something honored. Again, research is
substantial to your audience. essential so that you can say the
2. A demonstrative speech can fall right things to the right people at
under informative speech given the right occasion.
that its main purpose is still to
Types of Speeches According to
inform. However, what makes
Delivery
demonstrative speech unique is
that the step-by-step process of Speech delivery refers to how your
doing or producing something message, ideas, thoughts, and feelings
is shown and explained to the are expressed in spoken words. There
audience. Examples of are at least four types of speech
demonstrative speeches are the according to the manner they are
how-to videos that you watch delivered: read, memorized,
online. For example, using visual extemporaneous, and impromptu.
Read Speech prominent and busy persons such as
state leaders and highly successful
As the name implies, this type of
businesspeople. A manuscript is then
speech is read by a speaker from a
brought to the podium and read by the
manuscript prepared by him or her or by
speaker or the speaker commits to
someone commissioned to write it. As
memorize the speech that was written
long as you read the speech, it is
beforehand.
classified as a read speech. But so as not
to sound too stiff and to increase the
opportunity for eye contact and
interaction with the audience, the
speaker is advised to practice delivery
beforehand.
Read speeches could become
ineffective when the speaker tends to
focus only on the written speech that he
or she is reading. Also, while eye contact
and interaction help, being able to
understand what you are reading is
ultimately important.
Memorized Speech
Like the read speech, a memorized
speech is also written in advance by the
speaker himself or herself or by the
person commissioned to write it.
Oratorical and declamation pieces are
examples of memorized speeches.
While memorized speeches provide a
speaker with an opportunity to showcase
his or her ability to memorize well these Written language tends to be more
speeches are not very effective in formal than spoken language. Therefore,
communicating a message because they when writing a speech that is meant to
are usually ready-made and are not be read or memorized, read aloud what
tailor-made to the purpose of the you have written to make sure the
speaker. language is suitable.
Both read and memorized speeches are Extemporaneous Speech
organized and written down word for
word. They are useful for speeches that The extemporaneous speech is
require exactness of information or data delivered by speakers who have an
(eg. figures, name technical concepts). expert knowledge on a particular topic
Their main difference is that one is read, and are therefore able to deliver an
while the other is memorized. In a read entire speech using an outline of ideas
speech, however your interaction and written on cue cards. Although an
eye contact with the audience tend to be extemporaneous speech is no less
limited. Hence there is a need to practice prepared and organized than a read or
your delivery to still sound conversational memorized speech, it is not written
and to connect with the audience. entirely word for word and there is no
manuscript to read from. This allows for a
The read and memorized speeches more conversational and interactive
may also be classified according to delivery.
the amount of preparation involved.
These two speech types allow a speaker
ample time to prepare. They are written
either by the speaker himself or herself
or by a speech writer, as in the case of
 1. Know your audience so that you
can appropriate the language and
content of your speech according to
their age, gender, educational
attainment, cultural background, needs,
and inclination.
2. Organize your ideas logically so
that your audience will be able to
follow the flow of your speech from
beginning to end. Choose an
Impromptu Speech organizational method that suits your
The impromptu speech is delivered speech objectives: chronological, spatial,
with little to no preparation. This is done topical, cause-and-effect, or problem-
at events such as a wedding or a victory solution order. If it is a short speech, it is
party. Because of this, an impromptu best to limit the main ideas to three at
speech is usually short and casual. When most. If it is a long speech, outline the
you are asked by your teacher to share ideas into main ideas and supporting
your reflections on a material that the points, and use appropriate transition
class has viewed or read, you give an devices between each. Some transition
impromptu speech. Similarly, you devices you can use are ordinal numbers
deliver an impromptu speech when you (first, second, third, and so on), short
are called to say a few words after being previews of what you are about to
surprised with an award or a gift; when discuss, and short summaries of what
you are asked to share something about you have just discussed followed by a
the newlyweds or a birthday celebrant; preview of the next section of your
when you would like to say your well speech.
wishes for whoever is leaving; or when 3. Keep in mind the length and
you deliver eulogy in the funeral of a duration of your speech. Is there a
deceased loved one. time limit? How long are you expected to
For impromptu speeches, instead of speak? How long will you be able to keep
preparing an outline, you will need to the attention of your audience?
keep in mind a few key words about the 4. Mind your word choice. What
person or the event to help you focus language will you use? Will you use
on your message. formal or informal language? Will you
use technical terms, jargons, or slang?
Your language and word choice will
depend on your audience and the
context of your speech. For instance, if
you are speaking before your peers in a
graduation ball, you may use informal
language and words that your fellow
students can relate to. If you are
speaking to grade school pupils, then you
must use simple, easy-to-understand,
Principles of Speech Writing and age-appropriate words.

Principles of Speech Writing 5. Check your grammar. An effective

speech should have no errors in grammar
A good speech often comes from good and word usage. So, make sure you
writing. Speech writing is an important proofread and edit your speech several
stage where the speech is developed and times to ensure that there are no such
organized in order to craft and transform errors. Remember, every lapse in
a speaker’s message into a speech that grammar can lessen your overall
appeals to his or her audience. Bear the credibility as a speaker.
following in mind when writing a speech:
Principles of Speech Writing
To craft an effective and relevant speech, even thousands of people. For instance,
the following principles of speech writing when speaking to a smaller audience,
can serve as your guide: you might use more intimate and casual
language; but if you are speaking to a
1. audience profile
larger audience, you might be inclined to
2. choosing a topic use formal language. Knowing your
audience profile or characteristics helps
3. sourcing information
you plan your speech in terms of topic,
4. outlining and organizing the content word choice, examples, language, and
duration.
5. logical organization
Choosing a Topic
6. duration
If you are allowed to choose a topic for
7. word choice your speech, go for a topic that you know
8. grammatical correctness or are interested to know. Then, if you
have something in mind already, ask
Audience Profile yourself the following questions:
An audience profile pertains to the 1. Is the topic interesting to my
important details about your audience audience?
that will help you plan your speech.
Take, for example, the following 2. Is it timely and relevant?
situation: an alumnus receives an 3. Are there available sources of
invitation to speak before the graduating information about it?
class of his elementary school. In
planning his speech, he considers the If your answer is yes to all the given
age of his audience, which, in this case, questions, then you have a potentially
are 11- to 12-year-old grade 6 pupils. good topic in mind. Note that the
Included also in the audience are their answers to questions 1 and 2 entail
parents and loved ones who will come to knowledge of your audience profile.
witness a milestone in their children’s
Sourcing Information
education. As such, the alumnus decides
to use language that both the graduates When you have decided on a topic and
and their parents and loved ones will are set to start compiling information
understand and relate to. In the about it, think of the possible sources
situation cited previously, the speaker that you can consult. If your speech is
considered the event, age, and about basketball, consider if the history
previous knowledge of the audience. of the sport can be found online or if
By doing so, he or she will be able there are published books about it. If
to write a speech that is your speech is about origami, where will
comprehensible and relevant to the you get new patterns to follow? Do you
pupils, their parents, and everyone else know an origami expert whom you can
in the event. In addition, a speaker may interview? With your topic in mind, list as
even consider the audience’s gender, many information sources as possible:
educational level, occupation, and video documentaries; textbooks; other
religious affiliation in planning his or her print sources such as magazines,
speech. Taking such things into journals, and newspapers;
consideration allows a speaker to come surveys/questionnaires; microfilms; and
up with a relevant, understandable, other similar materials. Once you
relatable, and even enjoyable speech. have determined your possible
Moreover, this prevents a speaker from information sources, begin your research.
saying offensive or biased remarks However, make sure that you take note
and/or topics. of each source and that you cite all of
them when you deliver your speech.
It is also important that you know how
Failure to properly cite your sources is
big your audience will be since speaking
tantamount to plagiarism, which may
in front of 10 to 20 people is different
compromise your credibility as a speaker.
from speaking in front of hundreds or
Outlining and Organizing Speech person’s life—either your own life
Content (autobiographical), the life of someone
you know personally, or the life of a
There is a common and effective
famous person. A speech using this
practice of outlining and organizing a
pattern is mainly informative or
speech. This practice is referred to as
entertaining.
the rule of three. Many great speakers
are able to deliver substantial and 6. Causal – This pattern is used to
coherent speeches by limiting their main explain cause-and-effect relationships.
talking points or ideas to three. For When you use a causal speech pattern,
example, if your speech is about your speech will have two main points:
basketball, what are the three things cause and effect. In the first main point,
about basketball that interest you the you will typically talk about the causes of
most or who are the three greatest an event; in the second main point, you
basketball players you want to talk will usually show how the causes lead to
about? If your speech is on origami, what either a specific effect or a small set of
three benefits can one get from learning effects.
this art? Simply put, limiting your main
7. Problem-Cause Solution – In this
points to three allows you to better
pattern, you will describe a problem,
organize your speech. In turn, a focused
identify what you believe is causing
and well-organized speech is developed.
the problem, and then recommend a
Logical Organization solution to correct the problem.
Your speech must follow a certain flow if 8. Psychological – In this pattern, A
you intend to communicate your ideas leads to B and B leads to C. This speech
clearly and effectively. The following are format is often used in persuasive
some patterns that you may use to speeches as it is designed to follow a
organize your speech: logical argument.
1. Categorical/Topical – This is the Each of the patterns mentioned is only
most common pattern for organizing a useful for a specific purpose or goal.
speech. In this pattern, the categories Thus, not all organizational patterns work
help the speaker organize the message for all speeches. For instance, the
in a consistent manner. The goal of using biographical pattern is useful only if you
this pattern is to create categories (or are sharing about the life of a person.
chunks) of information that go together If your purpose is to persuade, then
to help support the main idea. the biographical pattern will not be
useful. The challenge then is to identify
2. Comparison/Contrast – This
the goal or purpose of your speech and
pattern is used to compare and
then choose the organizational pattern
contrast subjects or ideas.
that will best serve your goal or purpose.
3. Spatial – This pattern organizes
Duration
information according to how things fit
together in physical space. The spatial Time is important, and a speaker should
pattern is appropriate when your main always bear that in mind. Hence, a
points are oriented to various locations speech must be just long enough to
that can exist independently. This fulfill your speech goals but short
pattern is best used if your goal is to enough to hold your audience’s
show that your main points have clear attention. For example, the president’s
locations. state of the nation address (SONA)
lasts between 30 and 90 minutes to give
4. Chronological – This pattern places
him or her enough time for a
the main idea in the time order in which
comprehensive delivery of relevant
supporting ideas appear. Here, you
information. A very short SONA might not
present information in the order in which
include all the details that the citizens
they occurred.
would like to hear. On the other hand, a
5. Biographical – This pattern is usually very long SONA might bore the audience.
employed when you want to describe a Another example is a toast speech
that is delivered on important speak and ask for feedback so that you
occasions such as a birthday to honor a may avoid repeating the grammatical
celebrant. In such a situation, the toast is mistakes you are making. Whatever the
expected to be short and sweet, rather situation is, keep in mind that learning
than long and winding. In many ways, and practicing the use of the English
such is the case for other speeches like language will help you become a better
welcome remarks and speaker or guest speaker.
introduction. In addition, some speeches
Principle of Speech Delivery
require speakers to finish within an
allotted time. For instance, speakers in Having written a relevant and well-
impromptu speech contests are given organized speech is not enough; you
only a certain number of minutes for must also be able to deliver it well for it
their speeches. Thus, the speakers must to be effective. Otherwise, your well-
make sure that they finish within that written speech will be for naught. A
time frame or they lose points or—worse speech is best delivered with clear and
—get disqualified. correct articulation and well-enunciated
words in properly modulated voice. A
Word Choice
good delivery also requires a good
As discussed already, your choice of command of the stage through
words will depend primarily on your appropriate clothing, gestures, body
audience. Aside from this, you must also movement, and other nonverbal cues. In
consider the situation, event, or occasion addition, a good delivery makes use of
on which you will deliver the speech. As appropriate audiovisual aids to facilitate
such, you should always keep in mind comprehension, appreciation, and
that there are appropriate words to say retention of information. Finally, a good
on specific occasions. Moreover, the delivery calls for rapport with the
formality of the language you will use will audience.
depend on the occasion. A graduation
Keep in mind the following
speech, for instance, often requires the
principles of effective speech
use of formal language. A send-off
delivery: articulation; modulation; stage
speech, on the other hand, allows for
presence; facial expressions, gestures,
more informal language.
and movements; rapport with the
Grammatical Correctness audience; and appropriate use of
audiovisual aids.
As a second language speaker of English,
you are not expected to be perfectly 1. Articulation – According to
proficient in it. Nevertheless, you should Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
strive to learn and master the language articulation is “an act, process, or
to avoid grammatical lapses. Lapses in means of putting something into
grammar may make it difficult for your words” or “the clear and
audience to completely grasp the accurate pronunciation of words
message that you want to convey. especially in public speaking.”
Moreover, a discerning audience will Sometimes, faulty microphones,
notice your mistakes and may be less poor facilities, and a noisy
inclined to listen to you either because environment make the speech
they cannot completely understand what hard to understand. But being
you are trying to say or they do not think able to pronounce your
that you are a credible speaker. statements properly helps you to
be understood by your audience.
If you are to deliver a prepared speech,
Moreover, articulation can also
make time to edit it or have it edited for
mean being able to articulate your
grammatical correctness. If you are to
ideas properly on a discourse level.
deliver an extemporaneous speech,
This means that, aside from the
practice thinking and expounding on
microlevel of pronunciation or the
ideas based on an outline. Record your
manner in which you enunciate
practice speeches and listen to yourself.
sounds in every syllable, you
Better yet, have somebody listen to you
should also be able to translate
 your ideas into words, speaking well. You can develop an
sentences, and paragraphs that impressive style of speaking so
are coherently arranged to make a that your audience cannot help
point. The patterns of organization, but listen to you. Your voice should
which were discussed in the sound good and your command of
previous module, can help you the language must be excellent.
articulate your ideas properly. Your knowledge of the topic should
2. Modulation – According to be credible and extensive. These
Merriam-Webster Dictionary, to are but a few of the things that you
modulate your voice is “to can enhance in order to have a
change the sound of (your strong stage presence.
voice) by making it quieter, 4. Facial expression – This is a
higher, lower, etc.” It also means gesture executed using the facial
“to change or adjust (something) muscles. Your face reveals a lot
so that it exists in a balanced or about what you think or how you
proper amount.” Modulation is feel. It is your most basic visual aid.
therefore achieved by changing the Without words, you can still convey
tone or pitch of your voice to your gladness or regret in
convey various nuances of delivering a speech. Your face also
meanings when you speak. For shows your enthusiasm or lack of
instance, you modulate your voice interest in the topic, audience, or
in certain ways when you say “yes” occasion. Be very careful about
to answer a question and when you how your face looks in front of
use it to ask a person what he or other people. Be conscious, too, of
she wants. At the same time, it is what facial expression
achieved by speaking at just the accompanies your words. You
right tone and pitch so that your cannot fake enthusiasm. If you do
voice is pleasant to the ears. Do not feel happy about what you are
you notice how hosts of radio going to talk about, you probably
programs have well-modulated chose the wrong topic or you
voices? They have to hone their probably should not be delivering
skill of inflecting their voice pitch or the speech at all. In any case, do
tone so that they can pronounce not show displeasure to your
words more clearly and sound good audience or anything that might be
to their listeners. No one likes to seen as rude or offensive. Instead,
listen at length to a high-pitched, animate your face to show a
shrill, or squeaky voice as this sincere desire to share your
hurts the ears. Practice will make message and inspire enthusiasm in
your voice sound better. Listen to your audience. Smile and allow
good examples of modulated various emotions to show in your
voices to learn the difference and eyes.
start inflecting your own voice and 5. Gestures – These refer to
pitch to sound better. movements or positions of the
3. Stage presence – According to hands, arms, body, head, or face
Dictionary.com, stage presence is that express ideas, opinions,
the ability to command an emotions, among others. Just like
audience with impressive style or facial expressions, gestures can
manner.Some people seem to communicate more than your
command attention by just showing words do. Use gestures and body
up onstage. They are good-looking movements to call attention to
or physically imposing so people ideas, to emphasize words, and to
cannot help but notice them. Even highlight a point, among others.
if you do not possess these However, too many gestures and
physical traits, you can still body movements, might be seen
command attention and have as theatrical and insincere and
stage presence by grooming, could even distract your audience
dressing up, and, most importantly, from understanding your message.
6. Rapport with the audience – 6. Turn-taking pertains to the order
This refers to a speaker’s by which people who engage in a
connection with his or her conversation speak.
audience. This connection is 7. Ideally, you wait for your turn to
characterized by harmony, speak by listening to the person
conformity, accord, or affinity. you are conversing with
8. and waiting for him or her to finish
Here are some ways to establish
talking. However, there are times
rapport with the audience:
when both parties in
a. Take time to greet them and 9. a conversation speaks
make them feel that you are simultaneously. These instances
glad to speak in front of them usually happen when both parties
and grateful for their time are
and attention. 10. excited or eager to share
b. Compliment them on their their thoughts and opinions or
effort, attention, cooperation, when both are emotional. Notice
appearance, and so on. how
c. Involve them; interact with 11. two angry people talk to each
them. Ask them questions other. When a person fails to wait
every now and then. Maintain for his or her turn to speak,
12. misunderstanding and
eye contact with them.
arguments are likely to occur as a
d. Use appropriate and tasteful result, especially in situations were
humor. Crack jokes from time 13. both parties are emotionally
to time. charged.
e. Talk to them like a friend, but 14. taking
always be polite to them. 15. Turn-taking pertains to the
7. Audiovisual aids – These are order by which people who engage
devices such as films, video and in a conversation speak.
audio clips, slide presentations, 16. Ideally, you wait for your
models, and blackboard notes turn to speak by listening to the
that accompany spoken person you are conversing with
messages to help the audience 17. and waiting for him or her to
finish talking. However, there are
comprehend, appreciate, and
times when both parties in
retain information better.
18. a conversation speaks
Audiovisual aids help not only in simultaneously. These instances
catching and keeping the usually happen when both parties
attention of the audience, but are
also in supporting and clarifying 19. excited or eager to share
your message. Hence, make their thoughts and opinions or
sure you use appropriate when both are emotional. Notice
audiovisual aids that will help how
you achieve your purpose in 20. two angry people talk to each
delivering your speech. Video and other. When a person fails to wait
sound clips, pictures, tables, for his or her turn to speak,
charts, graphs, and other graphic 21. misunderstanding and
arguments are likely to occur as a
organizers used alone or in
result, especially in situations were
combination with a slide
22. both parties are emotionally
presentation are examples of visual charged.
aids that can help you deliver a 23. You may have been
more effective speech to a more reminded many times before to
interested audience. wait for your turn to speak,
especially
24. when you were younger or
prone to interrupting others’
conversations. This reminder holds
25. true in most speaking
situations because it is considered
5. taking
 impolite to talk while another 43. true in most speaking
person situations because it is considered
26. is still talking. When impolite to talk while another
interrupted, a person might object person
and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m 44. is still talking. When
not interrupted, a person might object
27. yet finished!” Hence, it is and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m
important to wait for your turn to not
speak so as not to offend or irritate 45. yet finished!” Hence, it is
28. the person speaking. Thus, important to wait for your turn to
turn-taking as a communication speak so as not to offend or irritate
strategy is highly encouraged. 46. the person speaking. Thus,
29. You may have been turn-taking as a communication
reminded many times before to strategy is highly encouraged.
wait for your turn to speak, 47. You may have been
especially reminded many times before to
30. when you were younger or wait for your turn to speak,
prone to interrupting others’ especially
conversations. This reminder holds 48. when you were younger or
31. true in most speaking prone to interrupting others’
situations because it is considered conversations. This reminder holds
impolite to talk while another 49. true in most speaking
person situations because it is considered
32. is still talking. When impolite to talk while another
interrupted, a person might object person
and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m 50. is still talking. When
not interrupted, a person might object
33. yet finished!” Hence, it is and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m
important to wait for your turn to not
speak so as not to offend or irritate 51. yet finished!” Hence, it is
34. the person speaking. Thus, important to wait for your turn to
turn-taking as a communication speak so as not to offend or irritate
strategy is highly encouraged. 52. the person speaking. Thus,
35. You may have been turn-taking as a communication
reminded many times before to strategy is highly encouraged.
wait for your turn to speak, 53. You may have been
especially reminded many times before to
36. when you were younger or wait for your turn to speak,
prone to interrupting others’ especially
conversations. This reminder holds 54. when you were younger or
37. true in most speaking prone to interrupting others’
situations because it is considered conversations. This reminder holds
impolite to talk while another 55. true in most speaking
person situations because it is considered
38. is still talking. When impolite to talk while another
interrupted, a person might object person
and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m 56. is still talking. When
not interrupted, a person might object
39. yet finished!” Hence, it is and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m
important to wait for your turn to not
speak so as not to offend or irritate 57. yet finished!” Hence, it is
40. the person speaking. Thus, important to wait for your turn to
turn-taking as a communication speak so as not to offend or irritate
strategy is highly encouraged. 58. the person speaking. Thus,
41. You may have been turn-taking as a communication
reminded many times before to strategy is highly encouraged.
wait for your turn to speak, 59. You may have been
especially reminded many times before to
42. when you were younger or wait for your turn to speak,
prone to interrupting others’ especially
conversations. This reminder holds
60. when you were younger or wait for your turn to speak,
prone to interrupting others’ especially
conversations. This reminder holds 78. when you were younger or
61. true in most speaking prone to interrupting others’
situations because it is considered conversations. This reminder holds
impolite to talk while another 79. true in most speaking
person situations because it is considered
62. is still talking. When impolite to talk while another
interrupted, a person might object person
and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m 80. is still talking. When
not interrupted, a person might object
63. yet finished!” Hence, it is and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m
important to wait for your turn to not
speak so as not to offend or irritate 81. yet finished!” Hence, it is
64. the person speaking. Thus, important to wait for your turn to
turn-taking as a communication speak so as not to offend or irritate
strategy is highly encouraged. 82. the person speaking. Thus,
65. You may have been turn-taking as a communication
reminded many times before to strategy is highly encouraged.
wait for your turn to speak, 83. You may have been
especially reminded many times before to
66. when you were younger or wait for your turn to speak,
prone to interrupting others’ especially
conversations. This reminder holds 84. when you were younger or
67. true in most speaking prone to interrupting others’
situations because it is considered conversations. This reminder holds
impolite to talk while another 85. true in most speaking
person situations because it is considered
68. is still talking. When impolite to talk while another
interrupted, a person might object person
and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m 86. is still talking. When
not interrupted, a person might object
69. yet finished!” Hence, it is and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m
important to wait for your turn to not
speak so as not to offend or irritate 87. yet finished!” Hence, it is
70. the person speaking. Thus, important to wait for your turn to
turn-taking as a communication speak so as not to offend or irritate
strategy is highly encouraged. 88. the person speaking. Thus,
71. You may have been turn-taking as a communication
reminded many times before to strategy is highly encouraged.
wait for your turn to speak,
especially
72. when you were younger or
prone to interrupting others’
conversations. This reminder holds
73. true in most speaking
situations because it is considered
impolite to talk while another
person
74. is still talking. When
interrupted, a person might object
and say, “Let me finish!” or “I’m
not
75. yet finished!” Hence, it is
important to wait for your turn to
speak so as not to offend or irritate
76. the person speaking. Thus,
turn-taking as a communication
strategy is highly encouraged.
77. You may have been
reminded many times before to