Ley de enfriamiento de Newton

6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay 411

In Examples 2 through 5, you did not actually have to solve the differential
equation y⬘ ⫽ ky. (This was done once in the proof of Theorem 6.1.) The next example
demonstrates a problem whose solution involves the separation of variables technique.
The example concerns Newton’s Law of Cooling, which states that the rate of change
in the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between the object’s
temperature and the temperature of the surrounding medium.

Newton’s Law of Cooling

Let y represent the temperature 共in ⬚ F兲 of an object in a room whose temperature is kept
at a constant 60⬚. The object cools from 100⬚ to 90⬚ in 10 minutes. How much longer
will it take for the temperature of the object to decrease to 80⬚?
Solution From Newton’s Law of Cooling, you know that the rate of change in y is
proportional to the difference between y and 60. This can be written as
y⬘ ⫽ k共 y ⫺ 60兲, 80 ⱕ y ⱕ 100.
To solve this differential equation, use separation of variables, as shown.
dy
⫽ k共 y ⫺ 60兲 Differential equation
dt

冢y ⫺1 60冣 dy ⫽ k dt Separate variables.

冕 1
y ⫺ 60
dy ⫽ 冕 k dt Integrate each side.

lnⱍy ⫺ 60ⱍ ⫽ kt ⫹ C1 Find antiderivative of each side.

Because y > 60, ⱍy ⫺ 60ⱍ ⫽ y ⫺ 60, and you can omit the absolute value signs. Using
exponential notation, you have
y ⫺ 60 ⫽ ekt⫹C1
y ⫽ 60 ⫹ Cekt. C ⫽ eC1

Using y ⫽ 100 when t ⫽ 0, you obtain

100 ⫽ 60 ⫹ Cek共0兲 ⫽ 60 ⫹ C
which implies that C ⫽ 40. Because y ⫽ 90 when t ⫽ 10,
90 ⫽ 60 ⫹ 40ek共10兲
30 ⫽ 40e10k
1 3
k⫽ ln .
10 4
So, k ⬇ ⫺0.02877 and the model is
y ⫽ 60 ⫹ 40e⫺0.02877t. Cooling model
y
When y ⫽ 80, you obtain
140
80 ⫽ 60 ⫹ 40e⫺0.02877t
Temperature (in °F)

120
100
(0, 100) 20 ⫽ 40e⫺0.02877t
80 (10, 90) 1
(24.09, 80) ⫽ e⫺0.02877t
60 2
40 y = 60 + 40e−0.02877t 1
20
ln ⫽ ⫺0.02877t
2
t
5 10 15 20 25 t ⬇ 24.09 minutes.
Time (in minutes) So, it will require about 14.09 more minutes for the object to cool to a temperature of
Figure 6.10 80° (see Figure 6.10).

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412 Chapter 6 Differential Equations

6.2 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Solving a Differential Equation In Exercises 1–10, solve dy 1 dy 3

17. ⫽⫺ y 18. ⫽ y
the differential equation. dt 2 dt 4
dy dy Writing and Solving a Differential Equation In
1. ⫽x⫹3 2. ⫽ 5 ⫺ 8x
dx dx Exercises 19 and 20, write and solve the differential equation
dy dy that models the verbal statement. Evaluate the solution at the
3. ⫽y⫹3 4. ⫽6⫺y
dx dx specified value of the independent variable.
5x 19. The rate of change of N is proportional to N. When t ⫽ 0,
5. y⬘ ⫽
y N ⫽ 250, and when t ⫽ 1, N ⫽ 400. What is the value of N
冪x when t ⫽ 4?
6. y⬘ ⫽ ⫺
4y 20. The rate of change of P is proportional to P. When t ⫽ 0,
7. y⬘ ⫽ 冪x y P ⫽ 5000, and when t ⫽ 1, P ⫽ 4750. What is the value of P
when t ⫽ 5?
8. y⬘ ⫽ x共1 ⫹ y兲
9. 共1 ⫹ x 2兲y⬘ ⫺ 2xy ⫽ 0 Finding an Exponential Function In Exercises 21–24,
10. xy ⫹ y⬘ ⫽ 100x find the exponential function y ⴝ Ce kt that passes through the
two given points.
Writing and Solving a Differential Equation In 21. y 22. y
Exercises 11 and 12, write and solve the differential equation
that models the verbal statement. 5 (5, 5)
(0, 4)
4 4
11. The rate of change of Q with respect to t is inversely propor-
3 3
tional to the square of t.
2 2
12. The rate of change of P with respect to t is proportional to
1
)0, 12 ) 1 )5, 12 )
25 ⫺ t.
t t
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Slope Field In Exercises 13 and 14, a differential equation,
a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate 23. y 24. y
solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
5 (4, 5)
which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to 6
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use (1, 5) 4
5
a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result 4 3
with the sketch in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the 3 (5, 2) 2
graph, go to MathGraphs.com. 2
1 1 )3, 12 )
冢0, 12冣
dy dy t t
13. ⫽ x共6 ⫺ y兲, 共0, 0兲 14. ⫽ xy, 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
dx dx
y y

9
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
4
25. Describing Values Describe what the values of C and
k represent in the exponential growth and decay model,
y ⫽ Ce kt.
x
−4 4
26. Exponential Growth and Decay Give the
differential equation that models exponential growth and
x decay.
−5 −1 5
−4
Increasing Function In Exercises 27 and 28, determine
the quadrants in which the solution of the differential
Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 15–18, find equation is an increasing function. Explain. (Do not solve
the function y ⴝ f 冇t冈 passing through the point 冇0, 10冈 with the the differential equation.)
given first derivative. Use a graphing utility to graph the solution.
dy 1 dy 1 2
dy 1 dy 27. ⫽ xy 28. ⫽ x y
15. ⫽ t 16. ⫽ ⫺9冪t dx 2 dx 2
dt 2 dt

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 6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay 413

Radioactive Decay In Exercises 29–36, complete the table Population In Exercises 51–54, the population (in millions)
for the radioactive isotope. of a country in 2011 and the expected continuous annual rate
of change k of the population are given. (Source: U.S. Census
Amount Amount Bureau, International Data Base)
Half-life Initial After After
Isotope (in years) Quantity 1000 Years 10,000 Years (a) Find the exponential growth model
29. 226Ra 1599 20 g P ⴝ Ce kt
30. 226
Ra 1599 1.5 g
for the population by letting t ⴝ 0 correspond to 2010.
226
31. Ra 1599 0.1 g
(b) Use the model to predict the population of the country in
14
32. C 5715 3g 2020.
14
33. C 5715 5g (c) Discuss the relationship between the sign of k and the
34. 14C
5715 1.6 g change in population for the country.
239
35. Pu 24,100 2.1 g Country 2011 Population k
36. 239
Pu 24,100 0.4 g 51. Latvia 2.2 ⫺0.006
52. Egypt 82.1 0.020
37. Radioactive Decay Radioactive radium has a half-life of
approximately 1599 years. What percent of a given amount 53. Uganda 34.6 0.036
remains after 100 years? 54. Hungary 10.0 ⫺0.002
38. Carbon Dating Carbon-14 dating assumes that the carbon
dioxide on Earth today has the same radioactive content as it 55. Modeling Data One hundred bacteria are started in a
did centuries ago. If this is true, the amount of 14C absorbed by culture and the number N of bacteria is counted each hour for
a tree that grew several centuries ago should be the same as the 5 hours. The results are shown in the table, where t is the time
amount of 14C absorbed by a tree growing today. A piece of in hours.
ancient charcoal contains only 15% as much of the radioactive
carbon as a piece of modern charcoal. How long ago was the t 0 1 2 3 4 5
tree burned to make the ancient charcoal? (The half-life of 14C
is 5715 years.) N 100 126 151 198 243 297

Compound Interest In Exercises 39– 44, complete the (a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to find
table for a savings account in which interest is compounded an exponential model for the data.
continuously. (b) Use the model to estimate the time required for the
Initial Annual Time to Amount After population to quadruple in size.
Investment Rate Double 10 Years 56. Bacteria Growth The number of bacteria in a culture is
39. $4000 6% increasing according to the law of exponential growth. There
are 125 bacteria in the culture after 2 hours and 350 bacteria
40. $18,000 5 12% after 4 hours.
41. $750 7 34 yr (a) Find the initial population.
42. $12,500 20 yr (b) Write an exponential growth model for the bacteria
43. $500 $1292.85 population. Let t represent time in hours.
44. $6000 $8950.95 (c) Use the model to determine the number of bacteria after
8 hours.
Compound Interest In Exercises 45–48, find the principal
(d) After how many hours will the bacteria count be 25,000?
P that must be invested at rate r, compounded monthly, so that
$1,000,000 will be available for retirement in t years. 57. Learning Curve The management at a certain factory has
found that a worker can produce at most 30 units in a day. The
45. r ⫽ 712%, t ⫽ 20 learning curve for the number of units N produced per day
46. r ⫽ 6%, t ⫽ 40 after a new employee has worked t days is
47. r ⫽ 8%, t ⫽ 35 N ⫽ 30共1 ⫺ ekt兲.
48. r ⫽ 9%, t ⫽ 25 After 20 days on the job, a particular worker produces 19 units.
Compound Interest In Exercises 49 and 50, find the time (a) Find the learning curve for this worker.
necessary for $1000 to double when it is invested at a rate (b) How many days should pass before this worker is
of r compounded (a) annually, (b) monthly, (c) daily, and producing 25 units per day?
(d) continuously.
49. r ⫽ 7% 50. r ⫽ 5.5%

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
414 Chapter 6 Differential Equations

58. Learning Curve Suppose the management in Exercise 57 62. Forestry

requires a new employee to produce at least 20 units per day The value of a tract of timber is
after 30 days on the job.
(a) Find the learning curve that describes this minimum V 共t兲 ⫽ 100,000e0.8冪t
requirement. where t is the time in
(b) Find the number of days before a minimal achiever is years, with t ⫽ 0
producing 25 units per day. corresponding to 2010.
If money earns interest
59. Insect Population
continuously at 10%,
(a) Suppose an insect population increases by a constant then the present value of
number each month. Explain why the number of insects the timber at any time t is
can be represented by a linear function.
A共t兲 ⫽ V共t兲e⫺0.10t.
(b) Suppose an insect population increases by a constant
percentage each month. Explain why the number of insects Find the year in which the timber should be harvested to
can be represented by an exponential function. maximize the present value function.

60. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The functions f and g 63. Sound Intensity The level of sound ␤ (in decibels) with
are both of the form y ⫽ Ce . kt an intensity of I is

冢II 冣
y
␤共I兲 ⫽ 10 log10
6
g 0

5 where I0 is an intensity of 10⫺16 watt per square centimeter,

4 f corresponding roughly to the faintest sound that can be heard.
3 Determine ␤共I兲 for the following.
2
(a) I ⫽ 10⫺14 watt per square centimeter (whisper)
1
t (b) I ⫽ 10⫺9 watt per square centimeter (busy street corner)
1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) I ⫽ 10⫺6.5 watt per square centimeter (air hammer)
(a) Do the functions f and g represent exponential (d) I ⫽ 10⫺4 watt per square centimeter (threshold of pain)
growth or exponential decay? Explain.
64. Noise Level With the installation of noise suppression
(b) Assume both functions have the same value of C. materials, the noise level in an auditorium was reduced from
Which function has a greater value of k? Explain. 93 to 80 decibels. Use the function in Exercise 63 to find the
percent decrease in the intensity level of the noise as a result
of the installation of these materials.
61. Modeling Data The table shows the resident populations
65. Newton’s Law of Cooling When an object is removed
P (in millions) of the United States from 1920 to 2010.
from a furnace and placed in an environment with a constant
(Source: U.S. Census Bureau)
temperature of 80⬚F, its core temperature is 1500⬚F. One hour
after it is removed, the core temperature is 1120⬚F. Find the
Year 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 core temperature 5 hours after the object is removed from the
furnace.
Population, P 106 123 132 151 179
66. Newton’s Law of Cooling A container of hot liquid is
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 placed in a freezer that is kept at a constant temperature of
20⬚F. The initial temperature of the liquid is 160⬚F. After 5
Population, P 203 227 249 281 309 minutes, the liquid’s temperature is 60⬚F. How much longer
will it take for its temperature to decrease to 30⬚F?
(a) Use the 1920 and 1930 data to find an exponential model
P1 for the data. Let t ⫽ 0 represent 1920. True or False? In Exercises 67–70, determine whether the
statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
(b) Use a graphing utility to find an exponential model P2 for example that shows it is false.
all the data. Let t ⫽ 0 represent 1920.
67. In exponential growth, the rate of growth is constant.
(c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph models P1
and P2 in the same viewing window. Compare the actual 68. In linear growth, the rate of growth is constant.
data with the predictions. Which model better fits the data? 69. If prices are rising at a rate of 0.5% per month, then they are
(d) Use the model chosen in part (c) to estimate when the rising at a rate of 6% per year.
resident population will be 400 million. 70. The differential equation modeling exponential growth is
Stephen Aaron Rees/Shutterstock.com dy兾dx ⫽ ky, where k is a constant.

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 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 415

6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation

Recognize and solve differential equations that can be solved by separation of
variables.
Use differential equations to model and solve applied problems.
Solve and analyze logistic differential equations.
Para poder separar variables necesito
llegar a una ecuación del tipo: Separation of Variables
N(y)dy = M(x)dx Consider a differential equation that can be written in the form
dy
para poder integrar ambos lados M共x兲 ⫹ N共 y兲 ⫽0
dx
tranquilamente.
where M is a continuous function of x alone and N is a continuous function of y alone.
La ecuación anterior en forma implícita As you saw in Section 6.2, for this type of equation, all x terms can be collected with
sería: dx and all y terms with dy, and a solution can be obtained by integration. Such
equations are said to be separable, and the solution procedure is called separation of
M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0 variables. Below are some examples of differential equations that are separable.
M(x) + N(y)dy/dx = 0 Original Differential Equation Rewritten with Variables Separated
dy
x 2 ⫹ 3y ⫽0 3y dy ⫽ ⫺x 2 dx
dx
共sin x兲 y⬘ ⫽ cos x dy ⫽ cot x dx
x y⬘ 1 2
⫽2 dy ⫽ dx
ey ⫹ 1 ey ⫹ 1 x

Separation of Variables
See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.

Find the general solution of

dy
共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 ⫽ xy.
dx
Solution To begin, note that y ⫽ 0 is a solution. To find other solutions, assume that
REMARK Be sure to check y ⫽ 0 and separate variables as shown.
your solutions throughout this 共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 dy ⫽ xy dx Differential form
chapter. In Example 1, you
dy x
can check the solution ⫽ 2 dx Separate variables.
y x ⫹4
y ⫽ C冪x 2 ⫹ 4
Now, integrate to obtain

冕 冕
by differentiating and
substituting into the original dy x
⫽ dx Integrate.
equation. y x2 ⫹ 4
1
dy lnⱍyⱍ ⫽ ln共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 ⫹ C1
共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 ⫽ xy 2
dx
lnⱍyⱍ ⫽ ln冪x 2 ⫹ 4 ⫹ C1
Cx
⫽ x共C冪x2 ⫹ 4 兲
共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 ?
冪x2 ⫹ 4 ⱍyⱍ ⫽ eC 冪x 2 ⫹ 4 1

Cx冪x2 ⫹ 4 ⫽ Cx冪x2 ⫹ 4 y ⫽ ± eC1冪x 2 ⫹ 4.

So, the solution checks. Because y ⫽ 0 is also a solution, you can write the general solution as
y ⫽ C冪x 2 ⫹ 4. General solution

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 416 Chapter 6 Differential Equations

In some cases, it is not feasible to write the general solution in the explicit form
y ⫽ f 共x兲. The next example illustrates such a solution. Implicit differentiation can be
used to verify this solution.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

For an example (from engineering)
Finding a Particular Solution
of a differential equation that Given the initial condition y共0兲 ⫽ 1, find the particular solution of the equation
is separable, see the article
xy dx ⫹ e⫺x 共 y 2 ⫺ 1兲 dy ⫽ 0.
2
“Designing a Rose Cutter”
by J. S. Hartzler in The College Solution Note that y ⫽ 0 is a solution of the differential equation—but this solution
Mathematics Journal. To view this does not satisfy the initial condition. So, you can assume that y ⫽ 0. To separate
article, go to MathArticles.com. variables, you must rid the first term of y and the second term of e⫺x . So, you should
2

multiply by e x 兾y and obtain the following.

2

xy dx ⫹ e⫺x 共 y 2 ⫺ 1兲 dy ⫽ 0
2

e⫺x 共 y 2 ⫺ 1兲 dy ⫽ ⫺xy dx
2

冕冢 y⫺
1
y 冣
dy ⫽ 冕 ⫺xe x dx
2

y2 1 2
⫺ lnⱍyⱍ ⫽ ⫺ e x ⫹ C
2 2
Comprobemos:
From the initial condition y共0兲 ⫽ 1, you have
Sea F(x,y) = y^2 - Lny^2 + e^x^2
Las derivadas parciales son: 1 1
Fx = 2x e^x^2 ⫺0⫽⫺ ⫹C
2 2
Fy = 2y - 2y/y^2 = (2y^2-2) / y
Entonces dy/dx = -Fx / Fy = which implies that C ⫽ 1. So, the particular solution has the implicit form
= -xye^x^2 / (y^2-1)
y2 1 2
O sea: dy = -xye^x^2 / (y^2-1) dx ⫺ lnⱍyⱍ ⫽ ⫺ e x ⫹ 1
2 2
y 2 ⫺ ln y 2 ⫹ e x ⫽ 2.
2
Sustituimos en la ecuación original
xydx + e^-x^2 (y^2-1)dy
y vemos que efectivamente sale cero. You can check this by differentiating and rewriting to get the original equation.

Finding a Particular Solution Curve

Find the equation of the curve that passes through the point 共1, 3兲 and has a slope of
y兾x 2 at any point 共x, y兲.
Solution Because the slope of the curve is y兾x 2, you have
dy y
⫽
dx x 2
with the initial condition y共1兲 ⫽ 3. Separating variables and integrating produces

12
y
冕 冕 dy
y
⫽
dx
x2
, y⫽0

1
10 y = 3e lnⱍyⱍ ⫽ ⫺ ⫹ C1
x
y ⫽ e⫺共1兾x兲 ⫹C1
6 y ⫽ Ce⫺1兾x.
4 Because y ⫽ 3 when x ⫽ 1, it follows that 3 ⫽ Ce⫺1 and C ⫽ 3e. So, the equation of
y = 3e(x − 1)/x
(1, 3) the specified curve is
2
y ⫽ 共3e兲e⫺1兾x y ⫽ 3e共x⫺1兲兾x, x > 0.
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
Because the solution is not defined at x ⫽ 0 and the initial condition is given at x ⫽ 1,
Figure 6.11 x is restricted to positive values. See Figure 6.11.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 417

Applications

Wildlife Population
The rate of change of the number of coyotes N共t兲 in a population is directly proportional
to 650 ⫺ N共t兲, where t is the time in years. When t ⫽ 0, the population is 300, and
when t ⫽ 2, the population has increased to 500. Find the population when t ⫽ 3.
Solution Because the rate of change of the population is proportional to 650 ⫺ N共t兲,
or 650 ⫺ N, you can write the differential equation
dN
⫽ k 共650 ⫺ N兲.
dt
You can solve this equation using separation of variables.
dN ⫽ k共650 ⫺ N 兲 dt Differential form
dN
⫽ k dt Separate variables.
650 ⫺ N
⫺lnⱍ650 ⫺ Nⱍ ⫽ kt ⫹ C1 Integrate.
lnⱍ650 ⫺ Nⱍ ⫽ ⫺kt ⫺ C1
650 ⫺ N ⫽ e⫺kt⫺C1 Assume N < 650.
N ⫽ 650 ⫺ Ce⫺kt General solution

Using N ⫽ 300 when t ⫽ 0, you can conclude that C ⫽ 350, which produces
N ⫽ 650 ⫺ 350e⫺kt.
Then, using N ⫽ 500 when t ⫽ 2, it follows that
3
500 ⫽ 650 ⫺ 350e⫺2k e⫺2k ⫽ k ⬇ 0.4236.
7
So, the model for the coyote population is
N ⫽ 650 ⫺ 350e⫺0.4236t. Model for population

When t ⫽ 3, you can approximate the population to be

N ⫽ 650 ⫺ 350e⫺0.4236共3兲
⬇ 552 coyotes.
The model for the population is shown in Figure 6.12. Note that N ⫽ 650 is the
horizontal asymptote of the graph and is the carrying capacity of the model. You will
learn more about carrying capacity later in this section.

700

600 (3, 552)

Number of coyotes

(2, 500)
500

400 N = 650 − 350e −0.4236t

300
(0, 300)
200

100
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (in years)
Figure 6.12
franzfoto.com/Alamy

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 418 Chapter 6 Differential Equations

y
A common problem in electrostatics,
thermodynamics, and hydrodynamics involves
finding a family of curves, each of which is
orthogonal to all members of a given family of
curves. For example, Figure 6.13 shows a family
of circles
x
x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽ C Family of circles

each of which intersects the lines in the family

y ⫽ Kx Family of lines

at right angles. Two such families of curves are

said to be mutually orthogonal, and each curve Each line y ⫽ Kx is an orthogonal
in one of the families is called an orthogonal trajectory of the family of circles.
trajectory of the other family. In electrostatics, Figure 6.13
lines of force are orthogonal to the equipotential
curves. In thermodynamics, the flow of heat across a plane surface is orthogonal to
the isothermal curves. In hydrodynamics, the flow (stream) lines are orthogonal
trajectories of the velocity potential curves.

Finding Orthogonal Trajectories

Describe the orthogonal trajectories for the family of curves given by
C
y⫽
x
for C ⫽ 0. Sketch several members of each family.
Solution First, solve the given equation for C and write xy ⫽ C. Then, by differen-
tiating implicitly with respect to x, you obtain the differential equation
La izquierda de la igualdad (x*y) es la dy OJO: estos ejercicios siempre deben
derivada de un producto x ⫹y⫽0 Differential equation
dx hacerse derivando la ecuación implícita.
dy No podemos decir que dy/dx = -C/x^2
También lo podíamos haber calculado x ⫽ ⫺y y luego decir que la nueva curva tiene
dx
por derivada implícita: pendiente x^2/C. No sale lo mismo,
dy y
⫽⫺ . Slope of given family porque son funciones 'y' diferentes
dx x
Because dy兾dx represents the slope of the given family of curves at 共x, y兲, it follows that
Orthogonal the orthogonal family has the negative reciprocal slope x兾y. So,
Given family: family:
xy = C y y2 − x2 = K dy x
⫽ . Slope of orthogonal family
dx y
Now you can find the orthogonal family by separating variables and integrating.

x
冕 y dy ⫽ 冕 x dx

y2 x2
⫽ ⫹ C1
2 2
y2 ⫺ x2 ⫽ K
The centers are at the origin, and the transverse axes are vertical for K > 0 and
horizontal for K < 0. When K ⫽ 0, the orthogonal trajectories are the lines y ⫽ ± x.
Orthogonal trajectories When K ⫽ 0, the orthogonal trajectories are hyperbolas. Several trajectories are shown
Figure 6.14 in Figure 6.14.

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La función f(x,y) = x^2 + 1 no es
homogénea puesto que f(tx,ty) =
t^2x^2 + 1 <> t^n (x^2+1)
 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 421

6.3 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Finding a General Solution Using Separation of Slope Field In Exercises 31 and 32, sketch a few solutions of
Variables In Exercises 1–14, find the general solution of the the differential equation on the slope field and then find the
differential equation. general solution analytically. To print an enlarged copy of the
graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
dy x dy 3x 2
1. ⫽ 2. ⫽ 2
dx y dx y dy dy x
31. ⫽x 32. ⫽⫺
dy dy 6 ⫺ x2 dx dx y
3. x2 ⫹ 5y ⫽0 4. ⫽ y y
dx dx 2y3
dr dr 2 4
5. ⫽ 0.75r 6. ⫽ 0.75s
ds ds
7. 共2 ⫹ x兲y⬘ ⫽ 3y 8. xy⬘ ⫽ y
x x
9. yy⬘ ⫽ 4 sin x 10. yy⬘ ⫽ ⫺8 cos共␲x兲 −2 2 −4 4

11. 冪1 ⫺ 4x 2 y⬘ ⫽ x
12. 冪x 2 ⫺ 16 y⬘ ⫽ 11x −2 −4

13. y ln x ⫺ xy⬘ ⫽ 0
Slope Field In Exercises 33–36, (a) write a differential
14. 12yy⬘ ⫺ 7e x ⫽ 0 equation for the statement, (b) match the differential equation
with a possible slope field, and (c) verify your result by using a
Finding a Particular Solution Using Separation of
graphing utility to graph a slope field for the differential
Variables In Exercises 15–24, find the particular solution
equation. [The slope fields are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).] To
that satisfies the initial condition.
print an enlarged copy of the graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
Differential Equation Initial Condition y y
(a) (b)
15. yy⬘ ⫺ 2e ⫽ 0 x y共0兲 ⫽ 3 9 5
16. 冪x ⫹ 冪y y⬘ ⫽ 0 y共1兲 ⫽ 9
17. y 共x ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ y⬘ ⫽ 0 y共⫺2兲 ⫽ 1
x
18. 2xy⬘ ⫺ ln x2 ⫽0 y共1兲 ⫽ 2 −1 9
19. y 共1 ⫹ x 2兲y⬘ ⫺ x共1 ⫹ y 2兲 ⫽ 0 y共0兲 ⫽ 冪3
x
20. y冪1 ⫺ x y⬘ ⫺ x冪1 ⫺ y ⫽ 0
2 2
y共0兲 ⫽ 1 −5 −1 5 −5
du
21. ⫽ uv sin v 2 u共0兲 ⫽ 1 (c) y (d) y
dv
9 2.5
dr
22. ⫽ e r⫺2s r 共0兲 ⫽ 0
ds
23. dP ⫺ kP dt ⫽ 0 P共0兲 ⫽ P0 x
−5 5
24. dT ⫹ k共T ⫺ 70兲 dt ⫽ 0 T 共0兲 ⫽ 140
x
Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 25–28, find an − 2.5
−5 −1 5
equation of the graph that passes through the point and has the
given slope. 33. The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to the
difference between y and 4.
x 9x
25. 共0, 2兲, y⬘ ⫽ 26. 共1, 1兲, y⬘ ⫽ ⫺ 34. The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to the
4y 16y
difference between x and 4.
y 2y
27. 共9, 1兲, y⬘ ⫽ 28. 共8, 2兲, y⬘ ⫽ 35. The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to the
2x 3x
product of y and the difference between y and 4.
Using Slope In Exercises 29 and 30, find all functions f 36. The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to y 2.
having the indicated property.
29. The tangent to the graph of f at the point 共x, y兲 intersects the 37. Radioactive Decay The rate of decomposition of
x-axis at 共x ⫹ 2, 0兲. radioactive radium is proportional to the amount present at any
time. The half-life of radioactive radium is 1599 years. What
30. All tangents to the graph of f pass through the origin. percent of a present amount will remain after 50 years?

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
422 Chapter 6 Differential Equations

38. Chemical Reaction In a chemical reaction, a certain Using a Logistic Equation In Exercises 51 and 52, the
compound changes into another compound at a rate logistic equation models the growth of a population. Use the
proportional to the unchanged amount. There is 40 grams of equation to (a) find the value of k, (b) find the carrying
the original compound initially and 35 grams after 1 hour. capacity, (c) find the initial population, (d) determine when
When will 75 percent of the compound be changed? the population will reach 50% of its carrying capacity, and
39. Weight Gain A calf that weighs 60 pounds at birth gains (e) write a logistic differential equation that has the solution
weight at the rate P冇t冈.
2100 5000
dw 51. P共t兲 ⫽ 52. P共t兲 ⫽
⫽ k共1200 ⫺ w兲 1 ⫹ 29e⫺0.75t 1 ⫹ 39e⫺0.2t
dt

where w is weight in pounds and t is time in years. Using a Logistic Differential Equation In Exercises 53
and 54, the logistic differential equation models the growth
(a) Solve the differential equation.
rate of a population. Use the equation to (a) find the value of k,
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the particular solutions for (b) find the carrying capacity, (c) graph a slope field using a
k ⫽ 0.8, 0.9, and 1. computer algebra system, and (d) determine the value of P at
(c) The animal is sold when its weight reaches 800 pounds. which the population growth rate is the greatest.
Find the time of sale for each of the models in part (b).
(d) What is the maximum weight of the animal for each of the
53.
dP
dt
⫽ 3P 1 ⫺
P
100 冢 冣 54.
dP
dt
⫽ 0.1P ⫺ 0.0004P2
models in part (b)?
Solving a Logistic Differential Equation In Exercises
40. Weight Gain A calf that weighs w0 pounds at birth gains
55–58, find the logistic equation that passes through the given
weight at the rate dw兾dt ⫽ 1200 ⫺ w, where w is weight in
point.
pounds and t is time in years. Solve the differential equation.

Finding Orthogonal Trajectories In Exercises 41–46, find 55.

dy
dt
⫽y 1⫺
y
36
,冢 冣 共0, 4兲 56.
dy
dt
⫽ 2.8y 1 ⫺
y
10
, 冢 冣 共0, 7兲
the orthogonal trajectories of the family. Use a graphing utility
dy 4y y2 dy 3y y2
to graph several members of each family. 57. ⫽ ⫺ , 共0, 8兲 58. ⫽ ⫺ , 共0, 15兲
dt 5 150 dt 20 1600
41. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ C 42. x 2 ⫺ 2y 2 ⫽ C
59. Endangered Species A conservation organization
43. x 2 ⫽ Cy 44. y 2 ⫽ 2Cx
releases 25 Florida panthers into a game preserve. After
45. y 2 ⫽ Cx 3 46. y ⫽ Ce x 2 years, there are 39 panthers in the preserve. The Florida
preserve has a carrying capacity of 200 panthers.
Matching In Exercises 47–50, match the logistic equation
with its graph. [The graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).] (a) Write a logistic equation that models the population of
panthers in the preserve.
(a) y (b) y
(b) Find the population after 5 years.
14 14
12 12 (c) When will the population reach 100?
10 10 (d) Write a logistic differential equation that models the
8 8
growth rate of the panther population. Then repeat part (b)
6
4
using Euler’s Method with a step size of h ⫽ 1. Compare
2 the approximation with the exact answer.
x x (e) At what time is the panther population growing most
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
rapidly? Explain.
(c) y (d) y 60. Bacteria Growth At time t ⫽ 0, a bacterial culture
14 14 weighs 1 gram. Two hours later, the culture weighs 4 grams.
12 12 The maximum weight of the culture is 20 grams.
10 10
(a) Write a logistic equation that models the weight of the
8 8
bacterial culture.
6 6
4 4 (b) Find the culture’s weight after 5 hours.
x x (c) When will the culture’s weight reach 18 grams?
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −6 − 4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
(d) Write a logistic differential equation that models the
growth rate of the culture’s weight. Then repeat part (b)
12 12 using Euler’s Method with a step size of h ⫽ 1. Compare
47. y ⫽ 48. y ⫽
1 ⫹ e⫺x 1 ⫹ 3e⫺x the approximation with the exact answer.
12 12 (e) At what time is the culture’s weight increasing most
49. y ⫽ 50. y ⫽
1 ⫹ 12 e⫺x 1 ⫹ e⫺2x rapidly? Explain.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 423

Determining if a Function Is Homogeneous In Exercises

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS 67–74, determine whether the function is homogeneous, and if
61. Separation of Variables In your own words, it is, determine its degree. A function f 冇x, y冈 is homogeneous of
describe how to recognize and solve differential equations degree n if f 冇tx, ty冈 ⫽ t n f 冇x, y冈.
that can be solved by separation of variables.
67. f 共x, y兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 4xy 2 ⫹ y 3
62. Mutually Orthogonal In your own words, describe
the relationship between two families of curves that are 68. f 共x, y兲 ⫽ x3 ⫹ 3x 2y 2 ⫺ 2y 2
mutually orthogonal. x2y2
69. f 共x, y兲 ⫽
冪x2 ⫹ y2
xy
63. Finding a Derivative Show that if 70. f 共x, y兲 ⫽
冪x2 ⫹ y2
1 71. f 共x, y兲 ⫽ 2 ln xy
y⫽
1 ⫹ be⫺kt
72. f 共x, y兲 ⫽ tan共x ⫹ y兲
then x
73. f 共x, y兲 ⫽ 2 ln
dy y
⫽ ky共1 ⫺ y兲.
dt y
74. f 共x, y兲 ⫽ tan
x
64. Point of Inflection For any logistic growth curve, show
that the point of inflection occurs at y ⫽ L兾2 when the Solving a Homogeneous Differential Equation In
solution starts below the carrying capacity L. Exercises 75–80, solve the homogeneous differential equation
in terms of x and y. A homogeneous differential equation is an
65. Sailing
equation of the form M冇x, y兲 dx ⴙ N冇x, y冈 dy ⴝ 0, where M and
Ignoring resistance, a N are homogeneous functions of the same degree. To solve an
sailboat starting from equation of this form by the method of separation of variables,
rest accelerates 共dv兾dt兲 use the substitutions y ⴝ vx and dy ⴝ x dv ⴙ v dx.
at a rate proportional
to the difference between 75. 共x ⫹ y兲 dx ⫺ 2x dy ⫽ 0
the velocities of the wind 76. 共x3 ⫹ y3兲 dx ⫺ xy2 dy ⫽ 0
and the boat.
77. 共x ⫺ y兲 dx ⫺ 共x ⫹ y兲 dy ⫽ 0
(a) The wind is blowing
78. 共x2 ⫹ y2兲 dx ⫺ 2xy dy ⫽ 0
at 20 knots, and after
1 half-hour, the boat is moving at 10 knots. Write the 79. xy dx ⫹ 共y2 ⫺ x2兲 dy ⫽ 0
velocity v as a function of time t. 80. 共2x ⫹ 3y兲 dx ⫺ x dy ⫽ 0
(b) Use the result of part (a) to write the distance traveled
by the boat as a function of time. True or False? In Exercises 81–83, determine whether the
statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
example that shows it is false.
81. The function y ⫽ 0 is always a solution of a differential
66. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The growth of a equation that can be solved by separation of variables.
population is modeled by a logistic equation as
82. The differential equation y⬘ ⫽ xy ⫺ 2y ⫹ x ⫺ 2 can be written
shown in the graph below. What happens to the
in separated variables form.
rate of growth as the population increases? What
do you think causes this to occur in real-life 83. The families x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 2Cy and x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽ 2Kx are mutually
situations, such as animal or human populations? orthogonal.
y
PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
84. A not uncommon calculus mistake is to believe that the prod-
uct rule for derivatives says that 共 fg兲⬘ ⫽ f⬘g⬘. If f 共x兲 ⫽ e x ,
2

determine, with proof, whether there exists an open interval

共a, b兲 and a nonzero function g defined on 共a, b兲 such that
this wrong product rule is true for x in 共a, b兲.
t This problem was composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
© The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.