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Simulation of Floods in Delhi Segment of River Yamuna Using HEC-RAS

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DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-6-4-3

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American Journal of Water Resources, 2018, Vol. 6, No. 4, 162-168
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajwr/6/4/3
©Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ajwr-6-4-3
ISSN (Print): 2333-4797
ISSN (Online): 2333-4819

Simulation of Floods in Delhi Segment

of River Yamuna Using HEC-RAS
Azhar Husain1,*, Mohammed Sharif1, Mohammed Lateef Ahmad2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Anbar University, Iraq (Central University), New Delhi
*Corresponding author: ahusain3@jmi.ac.in

Received August 17, 2018; Revised October 13, 2018; Accepted October 25, 2018
Abstract Flooding in Delhi Segment of River Yamuna has a devastating effect on the life of the inhabitants,
particularly those residing close to the banks. The River Yamuna experienced floods 33 times during the last century,
often endangering the life of people as well as the important infrastructural facilities that exist along the banks of the
river. The present paper describes the development and application of a hydrodynamic model based on HEC-RAS –
modelling system developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Centre at United States Army Corps of Engineers - for
the simulation of floods in the Delhi segment of River Yamuna. The HEC-RAS model was first calibrated and
validated and then applied for the simulation of historical floods of 2010 and 2013. With the HEC-RAS model, the
vulnerability assessment of different bridges and barrages in the Delhi segment has been carried out. It can be
concluded that the results presented herein could provide valuable aid to policy makers in formulating mitigation
strategies to counteract the adverse impacts of flooding in the Yamuna River basin.
Keywords: Yamuna, HEC-RAS, flood, mitigation, Delhi
Cite This Article: Azhar Husain, Mohammed Sharif, and Mohammed Lateef Ahmad, “Simulation of Floods
in Delhi Segment of River Yamuna Using HEC-RAS.” American Journal of Water Resources, vol. 6, no. 4
(2018): 162-168. doi: 10.12691/ajwr-6-4-3.

however, cannot be avoided despite the flood control measures

in place in the developed world, mainly due to the inherent
1. Introduction complexities associated with the occurrence of foods.
With the availability of sophisticated forecasting models,
Rivers are a significant of irrigation, hydropower, it is possible to predict the occurrence of floods to a
and drinking water supplies. Throughout history, people reasonable extent. Analysis of flood records at a particular
developed habitats along rivers due to the easy availability location is required for computing the magnitude of
of water for a multitude of purposes. But human populations various return-level floods at that location. The flood
that live on the banks of rivers are significantly vulnerable protection measures at a particular location can be planned
to flooding in the river. In developing countries such and designed based upon the likely magnitude of flood at
as India, the inhabitants are particularly vulnerable to that location. Although it is possible to provide protection
devastation caused by floods. Another major reason for against flood to a large extent, but it is not possible to
the huge devastation caused by floods in the developing alleviate the problem of flooding completely. Modelling
countries is the deficiency of rapid response infrastructure. procedures that allow the transformation of discharge to
The impact of flooding on human life and infrastructure stage at a particular location are an important part of water
has become more profound in the wake of climate change resources planning and management. With the advent of
in the developing countries. Owing to its low elevation, sophisticated computer programs, it has now become
Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to flooding events. More possible to manage floods better than ever before.
than fifty percent of the land area in Bangladesh is at an Numerous flood modelling studies have been conducted
elevation of less than 8 m above mean sea level. A major using available software packages. Ahmad [1] applied
flood that occurred in Bangladesh in 1991 caused huge MIKE 21 to simulate the response of the Red River basin
devastation in the country. More than 200,000 persons in the USA and Canada. Tate and Maidment [2] presented
were reported to have died due to extreme floods in the a methodology based on HEC-RAS for the two- and
country. The extent of inundation in Bangladesh was more three-dimensional floodplain mapping using Arc GIS.
than 33 percent during the flood of 1991. The developed Husain. A [3] presented a Flood modelling by using
nations, on the other hand, are able to manage adverse HEC-RAS Yang and Rystedt [4] used geographic
impacts of flooding in a much better manner than the information systems (GIS) and hydrodynamic modeling to
developing countries, primarily due to the availability of simulate flood events along a river channel in areas near a
adequate flood control infrastructure. The fury of floods, residential development in Eskilstuna community, Sweden.
163 American Journal of Water Resources

Snead [5] presented the application of two unsteady flow hydraulic flood routing model, with time-varying roughness
hydraulic models, Mike 11 and HEC-RAS for flood updating to simulate flows through natural channels.
routing and visualization for the Mill Creek Watershed The authors solved Saint Venant’s equation using the
located in Cincinnati, Ohio. Zadeh et al. [6] estimated the quasi-steady dynamic wave and full dynamic wave theory.
extent of the flood zone and economic damages over an A case study of unsteady flood modelling through
8.2 km reach of the perennial LaeenSoo River in the HEC-RAS was carried out for the Karad - Kurundwad
northern Khorasan Province, Iran using HEC-GEORAS, a reach of the Krishna River. Sankhua et al. [22] focused
combination of HEC-RAS and Arc View GIS software. on the concepts of hydraulic flood routing model, with
An application of Mike 11 to the simulation of flow in time-varying roughness updating to simulate flows
Euphrates River in Iraq has been presented by Kamel [7]. through natural channels, based on the quasi-steady
The results of the study demonstrated that the model dynamic wave and full dynamic wave theory, emphasizing
provides a good simulation of the observed flows. Pareta the solving of the intricate Saint Venant’s equation.
[8] developed a model for simulating flood inundation Several studies have been carried out in Yamuna River
boundaries. With the model developed by Pareta [8], it basin as well. For example, Sharma et al. [23] focused on
was possible to precisely overview the extent of flooding the monitoring of the diffuse pollution characteristics of
in the area of interest. Sharif et al. [9] investigated trends the agricultural land confining the River Yamuna in Delhi.
in magnitude and timings of flows in the Upper Indus Vijay et al. [24] presented hydrodynamic simulation of the
basin – a climatically sensitive basin in the Himalayan river Yamuna under different designated flood flows to
region. Trends in several hydro-meteorological variables delineate the land availability under existing and modified
were investigated by Khattak et al. [10] in the upper Indus riverbed geometry including channel dredging and
River basin (UIRB). riverbed dressing. Kumar et al. [25] describes flood
An analysis of flow dynamic process and the quantification management strategies for the national capital region of
of the peak discharges by using HEC-RAS has been Delhi, India. Husain. A [26] describe the method flood
presented by Villazón et al. [11] for the Piraí River. The peak estimation at Hathinkund and Okhla barrage at
authors simulated unsteady flows using derived hydrographs Yamuna River for the national capital region of Delhi,
from measured hourly water levels as boundary conditions. India. An application of POT approach for estimation of
Al-Fahdawi [12] applied a numerical model to hydrodynamic floods of varying return periods has been described by
modelling of the Euphrates River in its reach between Kumar et al. [27]. The major objective of the present
Haditha Dam and Hit city. The author used HEC-RAS research is to a develop a hydrodynamic model for the
model to determine different parameters from a given simulation of floods in the Delhi segment of River
flood caused by a hypothetical foundation failure of Yamuna. The intent is to assess the vulnerability of
Haditha Dam. Yarrakula et al. [13] developed a flood hydraulic structures in the Delhi segment of River
forecasting model for the Subrnarekha River. The digital Yamuna to floods associated with different return-levels.
elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was prepared
using the high resolution CARTOSAT-1 imageries. Cecile
Ashwanden et al. [14] compared water surface profiles for 2. Study Area
Tar River generated from steady and unsteady flow
hydraulic models. Brych et al. [15] used HEC-RAS to River Yamuna is one of the major rivers of India and
prepare flood inundation maps for the Orlice valley in the the largest tributary of the Ganga. The river originates
Czech Republic. Extreme floods were considered to from the Yamunotri glacier of the lower Himalayas at an
calibrate the hydraulic model of the Orlice river system. elevation of 6320 m above mean sea level (Figure 1). The
Khattak et al. [16] describes the application of HEC-RAS river has a total length of 1376 km and drains an area of
model for the development of floodplain maps for the part 345848 km2. In the upper reaches of River Yamuna, there
of Kabul River that lies in Pakistan. are several hill streams that join together to form the main
Several flood modelling studies have been carried out stream. There are four main rivers that join Yamuna in the
in Indian basins over the last decade. Vijay et al. [17] high Himalayan ranges. These include Rishi Ganga, which
describes a hydrodynamic model called River CAD for the joins on the right bank of the Yamuna, whereas the
assessment of extent of inundation, and evaluation Hanuman Ganga joins on the left bank. In the lower
of different development scenarios in the basin of interest. Himalayan ranges, the Yamuna River receives Kamal,
Mazumder [18] describes a methodology for the Tons, Giri and Beta on its right bank and Aglag and Asan
determination of waterway for a bridge using detailed on left banks. The Chambal, Betwa, Sindh and Ken are the
topographic, hydrologic, and morphological investigations. important tributaries joining Yamuna on the right bank in
Pramanik et al., [19] used extracted river cross-sections to the plains. The Hindon river joins River Yamuna on its
simulate the magnitude of flood in the deltaic reaches of left bank. Among all these tributaries, Tons at hills and
Brahmani river basin located in the eastern India. Timbadiya Chambal at plains are the most important tributaries in
et al. [20] developed an integrated hydrodynamic model of terms of their discharges. The Tons is the principal source
the lower Tapi River, India. Firstly, the one-dimensional of water in mountainous range and generally carries more
hydrodynamic model was calibrated for Manning’s roughness water than the main stream. In plains, during non-
of river channel and, subsequently one-dimensional and monsoon period, River Chambal contributes about 5-10
two-dimensional integrated hydrodynamic model was times more water to the Yamuna than its own flow.
used to ascertain the sensitivity of Manning’s ‘n’ on However, since the year 2003, there is a significant
coastal flood plain depth of the lower Tapi River. reduction in the water quantity that River Chambal
Doiphode and Ravindra [21] focused on the concepts of discharges into the Yamuna River.
 American Journal of Water Resources 164

Figure 1. Schematic of Delhi Segment of River Yamuna

There are five barrages that control the flow of Yamuna found within the highly braided river stretch. These
waters during its journey from the Himalayas to the barrages are operated only during the monsoon period,
National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). These barrages when excess of water leads to flooding in the adjoining
are located at Dak Patthar (about 160 km from origin in areas. The total discharge at Tajewala (now Hathnikund)
Uttaranchal), Hathnikund (172 km distance from origin, often exceeds 500,000 cusec during the monsoon peak
just at foothills in Haryana), Wazirabad (in NCT of Delhi, flows, and the Hathnikund Barrage itself has been
396 km distance from origin), Okhla (in NCT – Delhi, 418 designed for a 100-yr peak discharge of 776,900 cusec
km distance from origin, and at Mathura (Near Gokul (22,000 cumec). On the other hand, the flow during the
village in Uttar Pradesh about 570 km distance from summer decreases to only a few thousand cusec [28].
origin). These barrages are the major water abstraction
locations on the river. The water is contributed into the
Yamuna River, not only through its tributaries, but also by 3. Data
the canals and drains originating from various urban centers.
The three major cities - Delhi (the capital of India), In the present work, simulation of water surface profile
Agra (the city known for Taj Mahal) and Mathura (the at different locations of interest has been carried out using
birthplace of Lord Krishna) are situated on the banks of HEC-RAS. Two main types of data, namely the geometric
River Yamuna. The Delhi stretch of the river Yamuna data, and hydraulic data, are required for the hydraulic
from Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage is around 23 km analysis of the stream channel geometry. These data along
long, and is located between 28° 28′ 05″–28° 54′ 36″ N with the flow data have been used in this research. The
and 77° 09′–77° 24′ E at the downstream. The Yamuna basic geometric data include establishing the connectivity
enters in the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, of the river system (river network); cross sections; reach
approximately 1.65 Km north of Palla Village. It runs for lengths, and hydraulic structures such as bridge piers.
about 45 kms in the southeast direction before leaving The River Schematic in HEC-RAS allows to define
NCR of Delhi at a point to the east of Jaitpur downstream river network and reference cross-sections and control
of Okhla Barrage. The total area of the river in the Delhi structures in the river as well as to graphically obtain an
stretch is about 9,700 ha of which 1,600 ha of land is overview of model information in the current simulation.
under water (river extent) and the remaining 8,100 ha is The river system schematic should be developed before
dry land (floodplains). Three barrages namely Wazirabad any other data can be entered. The river centerline of
barrage, Yamuna/ITO barrage and Okhla barrage are the study area contains x- and y-coordinate data in a 2-D
165 American Journal of Water Resources

plane so as to spatially connect the unsteady flow models data. For the manual entry of the data, the details of
to the corresponding terrain models. The model automatically 77 cross-sections along the study reach of 23 km between
looks for a companion file to the image. This file contains Wazirabad and Okhla Barrage was obtained from
information about the image, including the coordinate the Irrigation and Flood Control Department of
system and the extents of the image. Figure 2 shows the the government of the National Capital Territory of
River system schematic for the study reach. Delhi. A typical cross section at Old Railway Bridge is
shown in Figure 3. Using the data from the DEM,
3.1. Geometric Data the geometric data for the study reach can be created
using HEC- GeoRAS extension of ArcGIS. A typical
The geometric data can be created either by using cross section at Old Railway Bridge is shown in
Geo-RAS or through manual entry of the cross-section Figure 3.

Figure 2. River system schematic for the study area

Yamuna River Delhi

RS = 535 BR old Railway Bridge Simulated and observed water surface profile for 2010 flood

210 Legend

WS lood 23 Sep 2010

208
Ground

OWS lood 23 Sep 2010

206
Elevation (m)

204

202

200

198
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Station (m)

Figure 3. Cross sections of Yamuna River at section u/s of Old Railway Bridge
 American Journal of Water Resources 166

3.2. Hydraulic Data on the solution of the one-dimensional energy and

momentum equations using the standard step method.
Unsteady flow model requires, at least two forms of The model was calibrated by adjusting the hydraulic
hydraulic data, namely energy loss coefficients and parameters. The theta (implicit weighing factor) value was
unsteady flow data. In this study, two types of loss varied from 0.6 to 1. Repeated simulations were conducted
coefficients are utilized by the numerical model to after modifying the number of iterations and the value of
evaluate energy losses; (1) Manning coefficient values or Manning's roughness coefficient. The discharge data at
equivalent roughness “k” values for friction loss, and Okhla Barrage, ITO Barrage Old Railway Bridge and
(2) contraction and expansion coefficients to evaluate Wazirabad Barrage for the period 09-07-2010 to 06-10-
transition losses, and bridge loss coefficients to evaluate 2010 was taken for the calibration and validation purposes.
losses related to weir shape, pier configuration, pressure The cross section data are available for 77 stations within
flow, and entrance and exit conditions. The minimum and the study reach between the Wazirabad Barrage and Okhla
maximum values of Manning’s coefficient, derived from Barrage. The available data were divided into two parts;
test studies, for different materials have been presented by the first part of the data spanning from 01-09-2010 to 27-
Prasuhn [29]. Where the change in river cross section is 09-2010 was used for the calibration, whereas the second
small, and the flow is subcritical, coefficients of part of the data spanning from 01-08-2010 to 31-08-2010
contraction and expansion are typically of the order of 0.1 was used for the validation purpose.
and 0.3, respectively. When the change in the effective
cross-section area is abrupt such as at bridges, contraction
and expansion coefficients of 0.3 and 0.5 are often used. 5. Results and Discussion
Typical values for contraction and expansion coefficients,
for subcritical flow are available in Hydrologic Engineering Once the model was calibrated and validated, the model
Center (RD-42) [30]. was executed to simulate 2010 and 2013 flood in Delhi.
For each case, the output from simulations was produced
in both graphical as well as tabular format. The output
4. Methodology contains the rating curves, water surface profiles, and
hydrographs and XYZ perspective plots, and is available
The HEC-RAS modeling system [31] developed by the for all the cross sections.
Hydrologic Engineering Center at the US Army Corps Case 1: 2010 Flood
of Engineers was used to simulate one-dimensional The observed water levels during the 2010 flood were
flow through the Delhi segment of River Yamuna. The available at four locations in the study reach, namely
dynamic routing model in HEC-RAS is based on the Wazirabad Barrage, Old Railway Bridge, ITO Barrage
dynamic wave theory of the Saint-Venant equations and Okhla Barrage. The calibrated and validated HEC-
which consist of the continuity and momentum equations. RAS model was used to simulate water levels at different
HEC-RAS uses a semi implicit scheme, which is a locations in the study reach. A comparison of simulated
combination of implicit and explicit finite difference water levels with the observed water levels was carried
scheme, to solve these equations. Main inputs to the out. Figure 4 shows the simulated and observed water
model include flow regime, starting elevation, discharge, levels at different locations in the study reach. The values
loss coefficient, cross-section geometry and reach length of simulated and observed water surface elevations as well
for both the main channel and the floodplain. The model as the difference between the observed and the simulated
can handle bridges, weir flow, meander in streams and water levels for four locations in the study reach are
split flow options. The computational procedure is based shown in Table 1.
Yamuna River Delhi
Flood Sep 23 2010 compared with the simulation

215 Legend

WS Flood 2010

210 Ground

OWS Flood 2010

Elevation (m)

205

200
Wazirabad Barrag
Nizamuddin Bri...

Geet Colony Brid

Old Rial Bridge

Okhla Barrage

195
DND Bridge

ITO Barrage

ISBT Bridge

190
0 5 10 15 20 25
Main Channel Distance (km)

Figure 4. Simulated and observed water surface profile for 2010 flood
167 American Journal of Water Resources

Table 1. Output of HEC-RAS simulations for the 2010 flood Figure 5 shows the simulated and observed water levels
Water Surface Elevation (m) for the 2013 flood. The simulated water surface profile is
shown in red, whereas the dots indicate the observed water
River Station (Number) Simulated Observed Observed-Simulated
levels on 19 June 2013. The numerical values of simulated
Wazirabad Barrage (775) 208.98 208.35 -0.63 water levels are shown in Table 2. It can be seen from
Old Railway Bridge (535) 206.96 207.0 0.04 Table 2 that the difference between the simulated and
ITO Barrage (395) 206.16 205.5 -0.66 observed water levels is negligible at the Old Railway
Bridge, whereas there was some overestimation of water
Okhla Barrage (2) 201.38 200.45 -0.93
levels at the other three stations. However, the amount of
overestimation is not significantly high.
It can be clearly seen from Table 1 that the difference
between the observed and simulated water levels is Table 2. Observed and HEC-RAS simulated water levels under 2013
negligible at Old Railway Bridge. At the other three flood
locations, namely Wazirabad Barrage, ITO Barrage and Water Surface Elevation (m)
Okhla Barrage the simulated water levels were found to be River Station (Number) Simulated Observed Observed-simulated
slightly higher than the observed levels. Thus, it may be
Wazirabad Barrage (775) 209.21 208.45 -0.76
concluded that the model tends to overestimate the water
levels at some locations, although the magnitude of Old Railway Bridge (535) 207.04 207.18 0.14
overestimation is not significantly high. ITO Barrage (395) 206.23 205.5 -0.73
Case 2: 2013 Flood Okhla Barrage (2) 201.52 200.6 -0.92
The HEC-RAS model was used to simulate 2013 flood.

Yamuna River Delhi

Flood June 20 -2013 compared with the simulation

215 Legend

WS Flood 2013

210 Ground

OWS Flood 2013

Elevation (m)

205

200
Wazirabad Barrag
Nizamuddin Bri...

Geet Colony Brid

Old Rial Bridge

Okhla Barrage

195
DND Bridge

ITO Barrage

ISBT Bridge

190
0 5 10 15 20 25
Main Channel Distance (km)

Figure 5. Simulated and observed water surface profile for2013 flood

6. Conclusions ITO Barrage and Okhla Barrage, the difference between

the observed and the simulated water levels were found to
Since the overarching aim of the present research was be insignificant under 2010 floods. At these three barrages,
to conduct an assessment of the vulnerability of different the model slightly overestimated the water levels. For the
hydraulic structures in the reach of River Yamuna 2013 flood as well, the model simulated water levels that
between Wazirabad Barrage and Okhla Barrage, the HEC- were in close agreement with the observed levels.
RAS model was used to simulate water surface profiles in A HEC-RAS model has been developed for simulating
the study reach. The HEC-RAS model was first calibrated water surface profiles under a given set of flows at different
and validated and then applied for the simulation of water locations in the study reach. With a well calibrated and
surface profiles under 2010 and 2013 floods. The output validated model, the vulnerability of hydraulic structures
from the HES-RAS model was utilized to determine the in the study reach can be easily assessed, and if required
extent of overtopping of bridges/barrages in the study remedial measures can be taken. With the model developed
reach when subjected to flood of a given magnitude. herein, the vulnerability of the Yamuna basin to flooding
Comparison of the observed water levels with those events can be evaluated under floods of any given magnitude.
simulated by the HEC-RAS model for the 2010 flood The modelling process in the present research was confined
indicated a near perfect match at the Old Railway Bridge. to the study reach between Wazirabad and Okhla Barrage.
For the other three locations, namely Wazirabad Barrage, The future studies shall consider expanding the study area
 American Journal of Water Resources 168

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