12/1/24, 10:59 AM Geography of Ladakh - Wikipedia

Geography of Ladakh
Ladakh is an administrative territory of India that has been
under its control since 1947. The geographical region of
Ladakh union territory is the highest altitude plateau region
in India (much of it being over 3,000 m), incorporating
parts of the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges
and the upper Indus River and valley.

Political geography Topology of the Ladakh region, with Srinagar

and Anantnag in the Kashmir valley to west,
Historic Ladakh consists of a number of distinct areas Lahaul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh in south,
and Kyrgyzstan visible to north. Vertical scale is
(mainly under Indian rule), including the fairly populous
exaggerated.
main Indus valley, the more remote Zanskar (in the south)
and Nubra valleys (to the north over Khardung La in the
Ladakh mountain range, a high motorable pass at 5,359 metres
(17,582 ft)), the almost deserted Aksai Chin (under Chinese rule) and
the predominantly Shi'ite Muslim Kargil and Suru valley areas in the
west (Kargil being the second most important town in Ladakh).
Historically populated by the Ladakhi people, continued immigration
and preferential treatment to Kashmiris by the J&K government have
led to demographic changes in the Ladakh region.

The Baltistan and Skardu area, under Pakistani rule and entirely
Muslim, used to be included in what is geographically referred to as Ladakh region has high altitude.
Ladakh. Before partition, Baltistan was one of the districts of Ladakh.
Skardo was the winter capital of Ladakh while Leh was the summer
capital. People of Baltistan and Ladakh speak very similar languages
closely related to Tibetan.

Naked barley, normal barley and wheat are the staple crops all over
Ladakh, along with mustard (for oil), lentils and other pulses, and
vegetables. The extreme limit of cultivation is at Korzok near the Tso
Moriri lake, at 4560 m, said to be among the highest fields in the
world.
Landscape in Ladakh.

Mountain ranges & plateau

The mountain ranges in this region were formed over a period of 45 million years by the folding of the
Indian Plate into the stationary landmass of Asia. Himalayas were formed from the base material of the
Indian plate.[1][2]

Mountain ranges are (from north to south, then east to west):

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Karakoram range: two importance of ranges are Changchenmo

Range and Pangong Range as below.[3]

Changchenmo Range - a sub range of Karakoram Range[3]

Passes
Karakoram Pass
Marsimik La
Hotsprings
Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley on LAC
Gogra Hot Springs, Changlung Valley also in Chang
Chenmo Valley on LAC.
Jianan Pass – a border pass in the Kugrang Valley
tributary of Changchenmo is sometimes called "Hot
Springs" .[4]
The 6,000-kilometre-plus
(3,700 mi) journey of the
Pangong Range, a sub range of Karakoram Range,[3] runs from India landmass (Indian
Chushul along southern shore of Panggong Tso on India-China Plate) before its collision
LAC. with Asia (Eurasian Plate)
about 40 to 50 million years
Features
ago.[1]
Fingers, has Dhan Singh Thapa Post on northern bank of
paganso on the slope of one of fingers.[5]
Khurnak Fort on north bank of Pangong Tso
Harong peak
Mumkun peak on south bank of Pangong Tso
Laban peak
Matung Nyungtsa
Dage peak
Rechihlong
Bapi peak.
Merag peak
Kangju Kangri peak
Passes
From north to south mountain ranges are
Rezang La Karakoram range, Ladakh range, Zanskar
Kongta La pass. range and Great Himalayas range.
Lakes Plateaus are Depsang plains north of
Karakoram range, "Lingzi Thang plains"
Pangong Tso southeast of Depsang plains & north of
Spanggur Tso Kongka La.

Kailash Range (Gangdise Shan range):[3] on the southern bank of Pangong Tso begins from
Lukung, runs eastward via Thakung Heights, Helmet Top, Phursook Bay, till India-claimed-LAC at
Bangong Co.[3]
Features
Helmet Top
Black Top
Gurung Hill
Spanggur Gap
Mount Sajum

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Passes
Rezang La
Rechin La
Rezang La II
Chang La pass, northeast of Skakjung pasture & Dumchele village

Rivers
Kigunaru River- the right bank tributary of Indus River

Pastures
Skakjung pasture in western part of Demchok sector and China-administered India-claimed
Dumchele border trading village lies in this posture.

Ladakh range
Panamik hot springs, near Sasoma enroute Siachen.
Passes
Yarab Tso lake in Nubra Valley.
Yaya Tso on "Chumathang-Chushul Road".
Mirpal Tso on "Chumathang-Chushul Road".

Koyul Ridge, from Dungti-Fukche-Koyul Ridge to Demchok on right bank of Indus along Chushul-
Dungti-Fukche-Demchok highway (CDFD road).

Zanskar range
List of mountain peaks of Ladakh

Plateaus are (north to south):

Aksai Chin, see List of locations in Aksai Chin.
Depsang plains (Karakoram Plains), north of Karakoram range.
Daulat Beg Oldie
Depsang Bulge
Lingzi Thang Plains, southeast of Depsang plains & north of
Kongka La.
Various routes (red),
Tso Tang mountain passes, and
Soda Plains, east of Depsang plains & north of Lingzi Thang plateaus (plains).
Plains. Karakoram Plains
Changthang plateau (Depsang Plains), Soda
Plains, & Ling Thang Plains
Chumathang hot springs on "Upshi-Nyoma Road". in Aksai Chin.
Puga hot springs east of Tso Kar lake on ""Meroo-Tso Kar-Mahe
road"".
Lakes
Tso Kar

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Startsapuk Tso,

Kyagar Tso,
Ryul lake.

Ladakh range
The Ladakh Range has no major peaks; its average height is a little
less than 6000 metres, and few of its passes are less than 5000 m.
Within Ladakh it forms the northern boundary wall of the Indus
valley, though when the river enters present-day Indian-controlled
Ladakh at Demchok, some 250 km south-east of Leh, it is actually
flowing along the foot of the northern flank of these granite
mountains, which it crosses by a great gorge close to its confluence
with the Hanle River.

The Pangong Range runs parallel to the Ladakh range for some
100 km northwest from Chushul, and extends to the south along the Sedimentary rock formations in
southern shore of the Panggong Lake. It is divided from the main Ladakh
Ladakh range by the Tangtse River. Its highest range is 6700 m, and
the northern slopes are heavily glaciated.

A third branch called the Kailash Range issues southeast of the Pangong Range and continues till Mount
Kailas in Ngari (in Tibet). It forms the eastern watershed of the Indus River south of Mount Sajum.

Zanskar range
The Zanskar Range consists of layers of sediment from the ocean floor, and the Ladakh Range of granite
was born of the immense heat generated by the friction between the two plates. In Ladakh, the suture
zone between the continental masses runs a little to the south of the Indus Valley. The drift continues and
is the cause of the frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan region. Crossing the Himalayas by the dip of
the Zoji-la, the crest-line of the range remains at a relatively modest level, the highest peaks near the pass
being little more than 5000–5500 m above sea level. South-east of Zoji-la the scale increases, reaching a
climax in the mighty massif of Nun-Kun, with two summits over 7000 m.

Rivers valleys
The enormous mass of the Himalayas creates a rain shadow, denying entry to the moisture-laden clouds
of the Indian monsoon. Ladakh is thus a high altitude desert. The main source of water is the winter
snowfall on the mountains. The regions on the north flank of the Himalayas—Dras, the Suru valley and
Zanskar—experience heavy snowfall and remain virtually cut off from the rest of the country for several
months in the year. Summers are short, although long enough to grow crops. The proportion of oxygen is
less than in many other places at a comparable altitude because of lack of vegetation. There is little
moisture to temper the effects of rarefied air. Suru and Zanskar valleys form a great trough at the foot of
the northern, heavily glaciated flank of the Himalayas, while opposite rise the mountains of the Zanskar
range.

Karakash River:
originates in China-held and India-claimed area of Depsang Plains of Aksai Chin. Flows entirely in
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China-held area.
Indus River:
All of India-held Ladakh lies in the basin of Indus River. Indus
River is the backbone of Ladakh. All the major places historically
and currently such as Shey, Leh, Basgo, and Tingmosgang are
situated close to the river. Many places along the course have
witnessed the Sino-Indian border dispute. Major tributes of Indus
are as follows (from east to west):
Charding Nullah:
in Demchok sector, runs from Charding La in south to its
confluence with Indus near Demchok village at the base of
pyramid shaped Demchok Karpo (also "Demchok Lhari
Karpo") peak in Demchok sector) in north. Demchok Hot
Spring is near the confluence. Demchok is reachable via 3
routes: Chushul-Dungti-Fukche-Demchok National Highway
(CDFD road) through the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary along
Sindhu Pushkaram, the confluence
the southern bank of the Indus river,[7][8][9] Chismule-Koyul-
of Indus river (left) with the silty
Umling La-Demchok Road (CKUD Road) 86 km long world's
Zanskar River (top), where the
highest motorable road (a title earlier accorded to Khardung La
Sindhu Pushkaram Festival is held
at 17,600 ft) from Chismule in Koyul Lungpa river valley to
Demchok via the Umling La pass (world's highest motorable every 12 years.
pass at 19,300 ft (5,900 m)) connecting Demchok to Koyul &
Hanle,[10][11][12] Hanle-Fukche-Koyul-Demchok Road
(HFKD Road) via Hanle (also see IAO - Indian
Astronomical Observatory) & Fukche ALG airstrip.
Chibra Stream:
in Demchok sector, flows south to north to confluence
with Indus River near Lagankhel on south bank.
Koyul Lungpa River:
runs from Chang La in south to northwest past Koyul to
its confluence with Indus near Fukche ALG on south
bank.
Chushul Eastern Stream:
flows west to east from Chushul heights to confluence
with Indus River at Loma village near Hanle on west
bank.
Hanle River:
originates near the Imis La pass (5,290m or 17,355 ft
high saddle, south of Ukdungle Indian Military base,
Zarsar & Tradole peak) on the India-Tibet border and
joins the Indus river near Nowi and Loma north of Hanle Map-R1: The Demchok sector with China's
[13] claim line in the west and India's claim line
River close to the town of Nyoma.
in the east. The Line of Actual Control,
Kharnak River: from Pang & Kharnak to Sangtha &
shown in bold, starting from Charding La in
Kharna, northeastern flank of Zanskar range.
south runs along the Charding Nullah and
Shyok River: It originates near Karakoram Pass north of then west along the Indus River to
Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO). It then collects 5 important Lagankhel near confluence with the Chibra
tributaries from DBO to its confluence with stream and till confluence near Fukche
Changchenmo, each of which originates from ridges & ALG Airstrip with the Koyul Lungpa river
peaks of Karakoram range in the China-held disputed
from Chang La pass, then heads northwest
Aksai Chin area along the LAC and confluence with
to the mountain watershed. Hanle River
Shyok in the India-held area. From north to south, first
(unmarked) flows parallel to Koyul River to
tributary is Chip Chap River (inverted C-shaped route
its west in the map.
from east of Tianwendian in Aksai Chin to DBO, Chapo,
Gapshan camp, Saser La, ancient Sultan Chusku
caravan camp & Colonel Chewang Rinchen Bridge on
DSDBO Road), second tributary of Shyok is Burtsa Nala (its tributaries are Depsang Nala with
confluence at Burtsa Patrol Base, Raki Nala with confluence at India-held Y-junction, Jeong Nala
with confluence at Burtsa Yogma, Murgo Nala or Murgo Chu with confluence at Murgo, itself
confluences with Shyok River at Sultan Chusku camp & Colonel Chewang Rinchen Bridge or CCR
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Bridge), third tributary
of Shyok is Jeong
Nala (also called
Jiwan Nala or Nacho
Chu & Xidagou, itself
a tributary of Burtsa
Nala), fourth tributary
of Shyok is Galwan
Map-R3: Changchenmo River Valley. The River, and the fifth
Changchenmo originates in east near Lanak tributary of Shyok is
La, flows in China-held area till Konka La Chang Chenmo River
and thereafter in the India-held area via (its tributary Kugrang
Tsogstsalu & Hot Springs to its confluence River flows within
with Shyok River on Darbuk–Shyok–DBO India-held area and
Road (DSDBO Road). Its tributary Kugrang confluences at India- Map-R2: Rivers of Ladakh.
River flows NW-SE entirely within India-held held Hot Springs or
area from Chang-lung La (Changlung Kyam & Kayam,
La/Pass) and confluences at India-held Hot and Changlung
Springs. Kugrang River's tributary River tributary of
Changlung River flows NE-SW within China- Kugrang River
held India-claimed area from Chang-lung flows within China-
Barma La (Changlung Barma La/Pass) and held Indian-claim
confluences at Gogra pasture (unmarked). area and
(Survey of India, 1916). confluences at
India-held Gogra
pasture). Further
downstream, the Shyok River confluences with
Chushul Stream at Shyok village, then with Nubra
River near Diskit, and finally falls into the Indus River
in Chorbat Valley in Pakistan held area. At Saser La
(on Sasoma–Saser La Road), Shyok River's flow
splits into a weaker NW-SE flowing stream which Map-R4: The "Depsang Bulge" with China's
flows parallel to and north of the main flow of Shyok & 1960 claim line to the right and its claim of the
Murgo Ridge, this weaker stream from Saser La to "Line of Actual Control" in 2020 to the left.[a]
Murgo is called the Murgo Nala. Shyok River and Burtsa Nala flows E-W via Y-junction, Tiannan
Murgo Nala flowing NW-SE parallel to each other on Gap, Indian Military Post near west of Y-
the west side of "DSDBO Road" meet the N-S flowing junction to India's Burtsa Patrol Base on
Burtsa Nala at Murgo & "CCR Bridge" respectively DSDBO Road where it confluences with its
along the DSDBO Road. Flow along the "DSDBO north to south flowing tributary Depsang Nala
Road", downstream of "CCR Bridge" is called the and then turns south; flows 4 km to Burtsa
Shyok River, its northern upstream flow from India's
Yogma pasture caravan camping ground; then
Burtsa Patrol Base is called the Burtsa Nala and its N-
turns west & flows 15 km to its confluences
S flowing tributary above Burtsa Patrol Base is called
with NW-SE flowing Murgo Nala; after that it
Depsang Nala. The Burtsa Nala originates in and
flows 9 km southeast to its confluence with
flows E-W within the China-held India-claimed D-
Jeong Nala, then flows 7 km south to its
shaped Depsang Bulge (Burtsa Bulge) collecting
confluence at Colonel Chewang Rinchen
several small streams within the bulge (the entire
Depsang Bulge lies immediate east of "DSDBO Road" Bridge (CCR Bridge) near Sultan Chushku
and within the Depsang Bulge India controls the area caravan camp with NW-SE flowing Shyok
till Y-junction), from the Indian Military Camp at Y- River coming from Sasser La direction.
junction it flows NW-SW to Burtsa Patrol Base where
it confluences with Depsang Nala and turns south
flowing along "DSDBO Road" via Burtsa Yogma (confluence with Jiwan Nala) & Murgo
(confluence with Murgo Nala) to its confluence with Shyok River at CCR Bridge. From Y-junction
confluence, Reki Nala flows from North and provide access to China-held part of Aksai Chin and a
decond stream flowing south from Y-junction provides access to the origin of Jiwan Nala via a
pass. The region comprising the valley of Shyok and Nubra Rivers is known as Nubra. The
Karakoram Range in Ladakh is not as mighty as in Baltistan. The massifs to the north and east of
the Nubra-Siachen valley include the Apsarasas group (highest point 7245 m), the Rimo group
(highest point 7385 m) and the Teram Kangri group (highest point 7464 m), together with
Mamostong Kangri (7526 m) and Singhi Kangri (7202 m.) North of the Karakoram lie the Kun Lun
Mountains. Thus, between Leh and eastern Central Asia, there is a triple barrier: the Ladakh
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Range, the Karakoram range, and the Kun Lun. Nevertheless, a major trade route was
established between Leh and Yarkand. Shyok River's tributaries are:
Chip Chap River:
Originates in Karakoram range by collecting streams north & east of Tianwendian in China-
held part of Aksai Chin. Joins Shyok river near Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road (DS-DBO
Road/DSDBO Road). Its tributaries are:
Lungnak Lungpa Stream: flows northeast to southwest and joins north bank of Chip Chap
River near LAC.
DBO Stream or Chapo Chu: stream passing by Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) joins Chip Chap
River in the Indian controlled area of Depsang Plains.
Galwan River:
originates near Samzungling campsite on eastern side of Karakoram range in China-held
disputed territory and flows west to join the Shyok River in India-held area 102 km south of
DBO. Galwan River valley is location of bloody 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes.
Chang Chenmo River: originates near Lanak La in China-held India-claimed area of Aksai
Chin. Its tributary Kugrang River is held by India, while Kugrang's tributary to east of Kugran
the Changlung river is held by China & claimed by India. The Gogra, held by India, is a pasture
& confluence of Kugrang & Changlung Rivers. Hot Springs (also called Kyam or Kayam) is
confluence of Kugrang with Chang Chenmo River.[14][15][16] Gogra in Kugran Valley thus forms
a key link, connecting the Kugrang valley, Changlung valley and Chang Chenmo.

Kugrang River flows from northwest to southeast within territory held by India, receiving the
Changlung River tributary at Gogra and then continuing further south to fall into Chang
Chenmo River near Hot Springs.
Changlung River, flows from north to southwest in China-held disputed territory, then
ends into Kugrang River near the Gogra pasture held by India.
Durbuk Stream:
flows east to west from Tangtse to confluence with Shyok River near Shyok village. Upstream
at Tangtse, two following streams join to form the Durbuk Stream. These streams originate at
Pangong Tso and western side of Chushul Heights respectively.
Pangong Stream:
flows east to west from Pangong Tso, via Muglib, to Tangtse where it joins another stream
from western side of Chushul heights and forms Durbuk Stream.
Chushul Western Stream:
flows east to west from Chushul heights to confluence with Pangong Stream at Tangtse to
forms Durbuk Stream.
Nubra River:
runs from Siachen Glacier near Siachen Base Camp, via Panamik & Sasoma (starting point of
Sasoma–Saser La Road to DBO in Depsang Plains), to its confluence with Shyok River near
Diskit. Although, geographically the area between Diskit to Chalunka is not in Nubra River
Valley as it is part of Shyok River itself, culturally it is considered part of the Nubra River Valley
as they follow Buddhism. Chalunka to Turtuk (also see Battle of Turtuk) in India and beyond to
Khaplu in PoK is called Chorbat Valley which is inhabited by the Balti-speaking Shia Muslims.
Chorbat Valley:
from Chalunka (west of Diskit) to Khaplu in PoK is inhabited by Balti-speaking Shia Muslims.
Zanskar River:
3 main tributaries are the Markha north of Padum, Stod (Doda) west of Padum, and the Lungnak
(Tsarap Lingti) east of Padum. Zanskar suffers heavy snowfall, and the Pensi La which connects
Stod River valley with Suru River valley opens only in June and is blocked again in mid-October.
The entire valley is virtually treeless.
Markha River:
tributary of Zanskar River flows Hankar in east to Chilling in west and joins Zanskar River few
kilometer south of Nimoo near Chilling & Skyu on Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road (NPDR).
Marka River forms the western side of northern boundary of Zanskar range.
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Stod River:
(Doda River): west of Padum, Stod originates from Drang-drung glacier of Pensi La and flows
northwest to southeast through a broad open valley towards confluence with Lungnak River
just east of Padum.
Lungnak River:
flows east to west from Ladakh-Himachal-Tibet tri-junction to Padum. Its main tributaries are
Tsarap River & Lingti River.
Lingti River:
Lingti River and another tributary (name ?) confluence with Lungnak River just north of
Bara-lacha-la, after which Lungnak River flows past Phugtal Monastery.
Kurgiak Cho (Kargyak River): descends from Shingo-la near Himachal-Ladakh-J&K tri-
junction, flows south to northeast to confluences with Lungnak River near Gombo Rangjun
(Gonbo Rangjon).
Tsarap River:
Lies north of Lungnak River & Kargyak River, west of "Leh-Manali Highway", and east and
north of Padum. It flows east to west till Tsarap River is Lungnak River's one of the main
tributaries.
Aryan Valley near Batalik:
The Aryan Valley, situated between Khaltsi and Batalik on the banks of the Indus River, has an
average altitude of 2700 meters. The valley's lower elevation, fertile soil, and warmer climate
compared to Leh allow it to grow fruits like apricots, mulberries, grapes, and walnuts. It comprises
four villages: Dah, Hanu, Garkhun, and Darchik. Dah and Hanu are in Leh district, while Garkhun
and Darchik are in Kargil district. These villages are located near the Line of Control (LOC). Dah
Valley and Hanu village have an upstream valley around the Indus, where streams join the Indus
River. The valley is inhabited by the unique and culturally rich Brokpa people.

Suru River:
Pensi La (4400 metres) near Rangdum Monastery connects the Suru Valley in north with Stod
River valley and Padum in Zanskar Valley in south. The Suru River originates from area northwest
of Padum and flow past Sankoo southwest to northeast to Kargil, after receiving the combined
waters of the Dras and Shingo Rivers a short distance north of Kargil it confluences with the Indus
at Marol in Baltistan in PoK. Saru River forms the western boundary of the Zanskar range.
Although Rangdum Monastery & Zulidok villages, bith northeast of Pensi La, are in Suru River
Valley, culturally they are considered part of Zanskar Valley (Stod Valley). Suru Valley is also the
destination of the nomadic Bakarwal herdsmen who trek up every summer from the Jammu
region.
Sankoo Stream: flows east to west from Itchu via Sangroh to join Suru River at Sankoo.
Dras River: a downstream tributary of Suru River which confluences at Kaksar (Kakshar, west
of Kargil town) in India near LAC.
Shingo River: tributary of Dras River. Originates and flows through PoK Gilgit-Baltistan and
enters Kargil district in India where it joins the Dras River.

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The deep blue Tso Kar (lake) in eastern Ladakh

Gallery

Landscape in View from Chang La View of Leh from

Ladakh, near Pass Khardung La Road
Pangong Tso

See also
Geography of Himalayas
Geography of Tibet
Geology of the Himalaya
Indus-Yarlung suture zone
List of districts of Ladakh
Siachen Glacier
Tourism in Ladakh

Notes
a. The Line of Actual Control is that marked by the contributors to the OpenStreetMap as of January
2021, and may not be accurate. Chinese claims get more readily represented on the OpenStreetMap
than other countries.[6]

References
1. "The Himalayas: Two continents collide" (https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/himalaya.html). USGS. 5
May 1999. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
2. Mount Everest – Overview and Information (https://www.thoughtco.com/mount-everest-overview-1435
553) by Matt Rosenberg. ThoughtCo Updated 17 March 2017
3. If India loses grip on Kailash Range, PLA will make sure we never get it back (https://theprint.in/opinio
n/if-india-loses-grip-on-kailash-range-pla-will-make-sure-we-never-get-it-back/542327/?amp), The
Print, 12 November 2020.
4. Snehesh Alex Philip, 14th round of military talks fails to break Hot Springs logjam, breakthrough 'likely
next time' (https://theprint.in/defence/14th-round-of-military-talks-fails-to-break-hot-springs-logjam-bre
akthrough-likely-next-time/802551/), The Print, 13 January 2022.

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5. ITBP to Guard Dhan Singh Thapa post near Finger 3 again (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ne
ws/defence/itbp-to-guard-dhan-singh-thapa-post-near-finger-3-again/articleshow/81144757.cms),
Economic Times, 22 February 2021.
6. Vittoria Elliott, Nilesh Christopher, The mysterious user editing a global open-source map in China’s
favor (https://restofworld.org/2021/the-mysterious-user-editing-a-global-open-source-map-in-chinas-fa
vor/), Rest Of World, 29 March 2021.
7. BRO starts process for 135-km road near LAC from Chushul to Demchok (https://www.news18.com/n
ews/india/exclusive-counter-to-china-bro-starts-process-for-135-km-road-near-lac-from-chushul-to-de
mchok-6902071.html), News18, 24 Jan 2023.
8. Puri, Luv (2 August 2005). "Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20131224113353/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080212731300.htm). The Hindu.
Archived from the original (https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ladakhis-await-re-openi
ng-of-historic-tibet-route/article27440095.ece) on 24 December 2013.
9. Chushul-Demchok road to rein in PLA (https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/page1/chushul-demchok-ro
ad-to-rein-in-pla.html), The Pioneer, 27 July 2020.
10. "Khardunga La No longer the World's Highest Road. Meet its Successor at 19300 Ft!" (https://www.th
ebetterindia.com/119967/khardunga-la-highest-road-successor). 3 November 2017. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20171103145444/https://www.thebetterindia.com/119967/khardunga-la-highest-r
oad-successor/) from the original on 3 November 2017.
11. "BRO builds world's highest motorable road in Ladakh at 19,300 feet" (http://www.livemint.com/Politic
s/YpojBHOzLBVypMDOylGPXJ/BRO-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-in-Ladakh-at-1930.html).
2 November 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171102140239/http://www.livemint.com/P
olitics/YpojBHOzLBVypMDOylGPXJ/BRO-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-in-Ladakh-at-1930.ht
ml) from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
12. "Achievements of West Dte during the F/Y 2016-17" (http://www.bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimage
s/9886029359-Landmark.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072329/http://w
ww.bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9886029359-Landmark.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7
November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
13. Ward, A. E. (1896), The Tourist's and Sportsman's guide to Kashmir and Ladak (https://archive.org/det
ails/dli.ministry.06759/page/113/mode/2up?q=Nowi), Thaker, Spink & Co, pp. 113–114 – via
archive.org
14. Drew, Frederic (1875). The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account (https://archive.
org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5). E. Stanford. pp. 329–330 – via archive.org.
15. Ward, A.E. (1896). The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=3opNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106). Thacker, Spink. p. 106. "The Changlung stream
joins the Kugrang near Gogra"
16. Hayward, G. W. (1870). "Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of
the Yarkand River". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 40: 33–37.
doi:10.2307/1798640 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1798640). ISSN 0266-6235 (https://search.worldcat.
org/issn/0266-6235). JSTOR 1798640 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798640). "(p. 33) 'Kiam' and
'Gogra' located near bottom of last map insert ... (p. 37) Chang Chenmo is now well known, being
visited every year by at least half-a-dozen officers on long leave to Kashmir. The game to be found..."

External links
Picture galleries: Monasteries, mountains and people (http://www.kultur-in-asien.de/Ladakh/ladakh.ht
m)

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