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STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING TEACHING AND LEARNING OF FINANCIAL

ACCOUNTING IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN JAMAIA EDUCATION ZONE
OF KANO STATE

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 IJRESD
International Journal Of Education, Research And Scientific Development
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Vol.1 No. 1, March 2023

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING TEACHING AND LEARNING OF FINANCIAL

ACCOUNTING IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN
JAMAIA EDUCATION ZONE OF KANO STATE

Okafor, Judith Nneka 1, Forgive Nkiru Amaefule2 and Obiekezie Stella Ogechukwu3.
Educational Management and Policy, Nnamdi Azikwe University Awka ,
Educational Foundations Department, Universitiy of Nigeria Nsukka

ABSTRACT
The study determine the strategies for improving teaching and learning of financial accounting
in senior secondary schools in Jamaia Education Zone. The study was guided by two purposes
and two research questions. A survey research design was used for the study. The population of
the study consisted of all the final year students in accounting department in the study area
which is twelve thousand five hundred and ten (1200) with a sample size of two hundred(200).
The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The data collected was
analyzed using mean score. The result showed that use of instructional materials and employing
of qualified accounting teachers can improve the teaching of financial accounting in secondary
schools. The researcher recommended that financial accounting teachers should be using the
teaching method that best suits the students for easy understanding.
Keywords: Teaching, Financial, Accounting and Senior

Introduction two broad areas – financial accounting and

management accounting. For the purpose of
In secondary schools today, accounting is this study, financial accounting is selected
one of the courses that are taught to because it comprises manufacturing
students. Accounting is a process of accounts (manufacturers’ final accounts) as
providing financial information about the one of its aspects. Financial accounting is a
financial transactions carried out by a branch of accounting that is concerned with
business organization, so that decisions the reporting of financial information.
about the financial activities of the business Osuala (2014) defined financial accounting
could be ascertained by users. Oladele as the process of identifying, measuring, and
(2019) stated that accounting involves the communicating economic information.
maintenance of an organization’s financial Asaolu (2015) added that financial
records of revenue and expenditure, as well accounting is used to report financial data of
as accounting for the flow of funds into and
out of an organization. Accounting covers
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an organization to the users for objective assessment and decision-making.

Financial accounting gathers and Financial accounting, as a skill course, seeks
summarizes financial data to prepare to achieve one of the goals derived from
financial reports such as balance sheet and National Policy on Education (2014) which
income statement for an organization’s requires individuals to acquire appropriate
management, investors, lenders, suppliers, skills and to develop mental, physical and
tax authorities, and other stakeholders. social abilities as well as competencies as
Financial accounting is, therefore, a equipment for them to live in and contribute
specialized branch of accounting which to the development of the society.
keeps track of the financial transactions of a Consequently upon this, the philosophy
company. Okafor (2014) stated that the states that the quality of instruction at all
fundamental need for financial accounting is levels has to be oriented towards inculcating
to reduce the various principal-agent the acquisition of competencies necessary
problems, by measuring and monitoring the for self-reliance.
agent’s performance and thereafter reporting
the results to interested users. The The general objectives of financial
importance of financial accounting cuts accounting as cited by Obi (2016) include:
across all sectors of the economy which to develop a better understanding of
include employees, general public, business activities and to become familiar
government, investment analysts, lenders, with papers and forms commonly used in
managers/directors, shareholders and business transactions; have an understanding
suppliers. Financial accounting helps and appreciation of the values and
employees to assess the potential for possibilities for record-keeping, personal
providing continued employment and levels needs, vocational preparation or preparation
of remuneration. It enables the general for further education; have understanding of
public to assess general employment assets, liabilities and proprietorship as well
opportunities, social, political and as to enable students interpret business
environmental issues, and to consider situation correctly and to determine essential
potential for investment. Financial financial accounting traits which include
accounting helps government in determining accuracy, orderliness, neatness and
corporate taxation schedule. It enables responsibilities. Financial accounting has
investment analysts to determine investment different aspects which include knowledge
potential for individuals and institutions of basic accounting principles; double entry;
with regard to past and future performance, books of original entry; cash book; trial
strength of management as well as risk balance; manufacturing accounts;
versus reward. Financial accounting enables partnership accounts; company accounts; et
lenders to assess the capacity and the ability cetera (Okafor, 2014).
of a company to service debt and repay
Teaching is an art that is geared towards
capital (Okafor, 2014).
shaping the behavior of a learner. Every
teacher must have an intention, and the
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achievement of the intention is what techniques to make teaching and learning

qualifies one as a teacher. One cannot be a interesting, vital and lively.
good teacher until his intention for doing
what he is doing is ascertained. It is because Aston and Crocker (2013), found significant
of this arduous task of helping one to learn positive relationships between education
that many models, methods, and course work and teacher performance in four
instructional strategies and designs have of seven studies they reviewed-a large share
been innovated. It is a matter of choice by than those showing subject matter
teachers to adopt whatever model, method relationships. Antwi (2012) noted in his
or instructional strategy that suits a study that the teaching profession is still in
particular content. As more teachers emerge, the process of building up specialized and
more strategies of instruction emerge. This systematic education based on intellectual
development has given rise to the use of training. Consequently, some people with
peer tutoring as a strategy of instruction various levels of education including those
instead of memorization. with no professional qualification have been
employed as teachers. This tends to suggest
Techniques used in teaching Financial that a large number of teachers who teach
Accounting economics at the secondary level are not
According to Shulman (2012) pedagogical professionally trained.
reasoning is linked to the practical aspect of
The finding of his study applies to the
the teaching through teacher’s
teachers that this research work is
comprehension of purposes, subject matter
considering in the study. It is therefore, not
structures and the ability to transform these
out of place that the study tries to determine
through stages of preparation,
whether the teacher in the present study
representation, selection and adaptation.
have undergone teacher training, any in-
This notion of teaching should underpin
service training or even any science
teacher education pedagogy in the training
knowledge background.
colleges. Kochar (2011) opined that the best
curriculum and the most perfect syllabus There is therefore, the need to search for
remain dead unless quickened into life by more effective financial accounting teaching
the right method of teaching. He further techniques or strategies that will make the
added that there is no royal road to impartation for knowledge of financial
successful teaching. There are many road- accounting concepts to students more
high ways and by-ways, royal roads and enjoyable and interesting. Such interesting
narrow lanes, delightful paths and rough techniques/strategies perhaps include;
ones which need to be tried for meeting a cooperative based learning, instructional
particular needs and situations the teacher strategies (activity based) which have been
should therefore, be able to use permutations found to improve economics learning
and combination of methods, devices and outcome (Okebukola 2017 and Slavin 2016).
Despite the above recommended strategy.
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There are other findings that revealed that - It gives the teacher an opportunity to
high teacher absenteeism, frequent loss of come into immediate contact with
instructional time, poor instructional quality, the students.
poor management and inadequate textbooks - The lecture methods save time. It
were major problems that hinder effective ensures adequate coverage of
and efficient delivery of economics concepts syllabus and good for teaching large
to students at the secondary level Fobih classes.
(2019).
The disadvantages are;
From the deduction above, an active multi-
sensory approach (activity method) to - It makes the learner a passive agent
financial accounting teaching can be in the learning process rather than
effective for students learning than the participatory whereby students have
traditional way of teaching through reading the opportunity to talk, ask questions
from the textbooks and doing problem role so that the best of learning can take
memory of formula and facts (Lecture place.
method). Lucas (2016) came out in his study - It lessens student’s opportunity to
that teachers who used activity approach and learn by doing as readymade
for that matter group work in teaching materials are presented to the
economics made it more practical oriented, students.
students learnt better and were able to - The lecture method is also known to
discover things on their own. be inefficient teaching tool in the
development of attitude and process
According to Kimmel and Deck (2015) outcomes.
teachers who rely on reading and writing as - Student’s understanding is rarely
the sole means of instruction presents all of assessed since students are not
his/her students with a disadvantage. encouraged to fully take part in the
lesson.
Lecture Method
From the above, it can be referred that the
According to James, (2019), the lecture is a disadvantages when using lecture method to
pedagogical method where by the teacher teach especially biology outweighs the
formally delivers a carefully planned advantages. Therefore, teaching of biology
expository address on some particular topic should be more practically bias.
or problem like stated earlier, it is a textbook
control which is inflexible with little Activity-Based Method
consideration given to the student’s abilities.
According to Kochmar (2016) an activity-
The importance of lecture method is; based method is anything which is carried
out with a purpose in a social environment
- The method gives students training involving physical and mental action. Such
in listening and taking rapid notes activities help in the establishment of
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stimulating environment for creative difficult hence affecting the final

expression. result.
- Without guidance from the teacher,
The importance of activity-based methods students become frustrated and
includes; dejected when they are not able to
come out with their findings.
- It makes lessons interesting in the
sense that even dull and difficult Despite these few shortcomings, the
tasks become tolerable with the activity-based method is by far the better of
application of the activity principle. the two methods discussed above. This is
- It also instills in students the sense of because as stated earlier, it makes teaching
creativity, freedom of expression, and learning more concrete, real and
initiative and leadership qualities. meaningful instead of abstract.
- It also makes teaching and learning
more realistic and meaningful to the Statement of the Problems
students who interact with physical In spite of the support system given to the
materials and share ideas. education of secondary school students by
- Students also develop the attitude of the government, majority of the students
open-mindedness. This is because either do not or partially achieve their aims
students are free to express opinions of secondary school education. This can be
they fit is appropriate to problem deduced from the increasing concern of the
posed. general public, the unimproving standard of
- Students are also encouraged to use our educational system which regulated to
local resources in locating the poor performance of students in various
information that can be used for the school subjects and inadequate teaching aid
resolution of problems. in the secondary school curriculum.
- Activity-based method helps to keep This poor performance could be attributed to
the students fully absorbed in the at least in part to inadequate preparation
learning process and also makes the which can be related to poor study habit and
students self discipline and self problems of teaching methodology in
advancement through self-education. financial accounting. This is because it is not
uncommon to see brilliant students failing
Disadvantages of Activity-based method their examination as a result of poor
are; teaching and poor preparation. Many
students perform poorly in their academic
- Considering the availability of
work not because they do not have the
teaching and learning materials and
mental ability to do well but because their
the lack of funds to acquire them,
teacher’s do not know or do not have or use
this method can be very expensive.
the most effective method of studying or
- In this method, classroom
teaching. In order to improve student’s
management and control can be very
academic performance in financial
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accounting and also improve financial area has a total number of five (5)
accounting, deliberate efforts have to be put government secondary schools.
in place by the teachers, government and Population of the Study
parents to drill the students in the acquisition The population of the study consisted of all
of appropriate study habit and improvement the final year students in the accounting
in teaching financial accounting. department in the study area.
Sample and Sampling Techniques
Research Questions The target population of the study consisted
The following research questions will guide of all the final year students in the five (5)
the study government secondary schools in the study
i. What are the techniques that can be area. A total sample size of 200 final year
used to improve the teaching of technical students was drawn from the
financial accounting in secondary population and was used for the study
schools in the study area? Instrument for Data Collection
ii. What are the factors that affect the The instrument used for data collection was
effective teaching and learning of a structured questionnaire.
financial accounting in secondary
schools in the study area? Validation of the Instrument
iii. What are the ways of improving the The questionnaire was given to three
teaching and learning of financial experts,
accounting in secondary schools in Method of Data Collection
the study area? Two hundred copies of the questionnaire
were administered to the respondents by the
Research Method researcher on the spot. The entire 200 copies
will be collected from the respondents after
Research Design they have been correctly filled and returned.
The researcher used a survey research Method of Data Analysis
design. According to Nworgu (2009), survey
Data collected were presented in frequency
research is a design that studies a group of
table and analyzed using mean responses.
people or items by collecting and analyzing
only few data or items that represents the Decision Rule
entire population. In the light of this
definition, the secondary school students For the sake of taking decision, any mean
were studied by collecting and analyzing the that was equal to or above 2.50 was
data from few of them who represented the considered agreed while any mean below
entire population. 2.50 was regarded as disagreed by the
Area of the Study respondents.
The research work was conducted in Jamaia
Education Zone of Kano State. The study Results

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The data collected for this study were What are the techniques that can be used to
presented, analyzed and interpreted with improve the teaching of financial accounting
reference to the research question. in secondary schools in the study area?
Research Question 1;
Table; Mean responses on the techniques that can be used to improve the teaching of financial
accounting in secondary schools in the study area
Items SA A D SD N ∑FX X
Remarks
(4) (3) (2) (1)

1 Activity Based method 100 70 20 10 200 660 3.30 A

2 Discussion method 100 70 30 - 200 670 3.35 A

3 Demonstration method 120 80 - - 200 720 3.60 A

4 Field trip method 80 80 30 10 200 630 3.15 A

5 Use of instructional materials 100 70 20 10 200 660 3.30 A

From the computed mean in Table 1 above, it could be seen that the respondents agreed on all
items on the listed techniques that be used to improve the teaching of financial accounting in
secondary schools in the study area
Research Question 2;
What are the factors that affect the effective teaching and learning of financial accounting in
secondary schools in the study area?
Table 2; Mean responses on the factors affecting the effective teaching and learning of financial
accounting in secondary schools in the study area.
Items SA A D SD N ∑FX X
Remarks
(4) (3) (2) (1)

6 Shortage of qualified accounting teachers 100 70 20 10 200 660 3.30 A

7 Lack of essential teaching aid 100 70 30 - 200 670 3.35 A

8 inadequate classroom 120 80 - - 200 720 3.60 A

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9 Student/teachers attitude towards teaching 80 80 30 10 200 630 3.15 A

And learning of financial accounting

10 Corruption and indiscipline 100 70 20 10 200 660 3.30 A

From the computed mean in table 2 above, it could be seen that the respondents agreed on the
listed factors that affects the effective teaching and learning of financial accounting in secondary
schools in the study area.
Research Question 3;
What are the ways of improving the teaching and learning of financial accounting in secondary
schools in the study area?
Table 3; Mean responses on the ways of improving the teaching and learning of financial
accounting in secondary schools in the study area

Items SA A D SD N ∑FX X
Remarks
(4) (3) (2) (1)

11 Use of active learning in class 100 70 20 10 200 660 3.30 A

12 Adequate use of instructional material 100 70 30 - 200 670 3.35 A
13 Employing qualified accounting teachers 120 80 - - 200 720 3.60 A
14 Providing the needed teaching aid 80 80 30 10 200 630 3.15 A
15 Assessment and evaluation of teaching 100 70 20 10 200 660 3.30 A
Quality

The analysis of data in Table 3 shows that items 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 had mean scores of
3.30, 3.35, 3.60, 3.15, 3.30, 3.15 and 3.30 respectively. These scores are above 2.50 which is the
bench mark. This indicates that the respondents agree that the statements in the items are ways of
improving the teaching and learning of financial accounting in secondary schools in the study
area.
Discussion of Findings secondary schools in the study area. The
techniques include; lecture method, activity-
Findings in Table 1 showed the different based method, discussion method,
techniques that can be used to improve the demonstration method and field trip method.
teaching of financial accounting senior
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The findings was in line with the report of The findings was in consonance with the
Shulman (2012) who opined that findings of Odili (2015) who noted that for
pedagogical reasoning is linked to the effective teaching and learning of economics
practical aspect of the teaching through to take place, the necessary teaching aids
teacher’s comprehension of purposes, and right method for teaching must be put in
subject matter structures and the ability to place.
transform these through stages of
preparation, representation, selection and Conclusion
adaption.
In conclusion, for effective teaching and
Findings in Table 2 revealed the factors that learning of financial accounting to be
affect the effective teaching and learning of effective, the teacher must use the right
financial accounting in secondary schools in method and tool in order for the students to
the study area. The factors include; shortage understand the subjects better and perform
of qualified accounting teachers, corruption well in economics examinations.
and indiscipline, lack of essential teaching
Educational Implication of the Study
aids, students and teachers attitude towards
teaching and learning of financial The study has the following implications;
accounting and inadequate accommodation
(classes). This was in agreement with the i. Use of the appropriate teaching
findings of Kosiso (2014) who stated that a method enhances the teaching and
lot of factors hinder the effective teaching learning of financial accounting.
and learning of financial accounting in ii. Shortage of qualified financial
secondary schools. accounting teachers, lack of
essential teaching aids and
Findings in Table 3 showed the ways of inadequate accommodation (classes)
improving the teaching and learning of affects the effective teaching and
financial accounting in secondary schools in learning of financial accounting in
the study area. The ways include; providing secondary schools in the study area.
the needed teaching aids for financial iii. Adopting a student-centered
accounting teaching and learning, teaching technique that will suit the
employing qualified teachers to be handling student for better understanding of
the subject. Assessment and evaluation of what is being taught improves the
teaching quality, adopting a student-centered teaching and learning of financial
teaching techniques that will suit the accounting in secondary schools in
students for better understanding of what is the study area.
being taught and finally, encouraging both
the teachers and students to develop a
healthy attitude towards the teaching and
learning of financial accounting. Summary of the Study
In summary, the researcher observed that;
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i. Using the right teaching method to

teach financial accounting enhances Antivi, F. A. (2013). Student and teacher
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in public secondary schools in Delta
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State, Nigeria. Study Home Comm
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Sci, 3 (2), 107-113.
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