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AP Physics 1 Force Test 1 Review Page

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22 views2 pages

AP Physics 1 Force Test 1 Review Page

Uploaded by

ilikesoup96
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Key Concepts and Definitions

● Force is a push or pull on an object that can cause it to change its motion or shape
● Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and determines its resistance to acceleration
● Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time, measured in m/s2
● Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion and is directly proportional to its mass
● Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact
● Normal force is the force exerted by a surface on an object that is perpendicular to the surface
● Tension is the force exerted by a string, cable, or rope on an object attached to it
● Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity and is equal to the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity
(Fg=mg)

Newton's Laws of Motion

❖ Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with a constant
velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
❖ Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass (Fnet=ma)
➢ The net force is the vector sum of all forces acting on an object
➢ The direction of the acceleration is in the same direction as the net force
❖ Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
➢ If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A (FAB=−FBA​)
➢ The action and reaction forces always act on different objects

Types of Forces

● Contact forces require physical contact between objects (friction, normal force, tension)
● Non-contact forces act without physical contact (gravitational force, electromagnetic force)
● Gravitational force is an attractive force between any two objects with mass and is proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Free Body Diagrams

❖ Free body diagrams (FBDs) are simplified representations of an object and all the forces acting on it
❖ To draw an FBD, isolate the object of interest and represent it as a point or a simplified shape
❖ Draw arrows representing the forces acting on the object, with the arrow's length proportional to the force's magnitude and the arrow's
direction indicating the force's direction
➢ Label each force with its type (e.g., Fg​, FN​, Ff​)
➢ Include the object's mass and acceleration (if known) in the diagram
❖ When solving problems using FBDs, consider the net force in each direction (x and y) separately

Solving Force Problems

❖ Identify the object of interest and draw its free body diagram
❖ Choose a convenient coordinate system (usually with x and y axes) and decompose forces into their components
❖ Apply Newton's Second Law in each direction, setting up equations relating the net force to the object's mass and acceleration
➢ For example, in the x-direction: ∑Fx=max
❖ Solve the equations for the unknown quantities (forces or acceleration) using algebra or trigonometry
❖ Check the solution for reasonableness and consistency with the problem's context
❖ Remember to include units in the final answer

Newton's third law interactions: Paired forces between objects


❖ Newton's third law states that when two objects interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other
❖ The mathematical representation of this law:
❖ These paired forces are known as action-reaction force pairs
❖ The forces in an action-reaction pair always act on different objects
❖ Action-reaction forces occur simultaneously and cannot cancel each other out since they act on different objects
Internal forces and center of mass
❖ Internal forces are interactions between objects within a system
❖ These forces occur in equal and opposite pairs, as described by Newton's third law
❖ The center of mass of a system is the point at which the system's entire mass can be considered to be concentrated
❖ The motion of a system's center of mass is not affected by internal forces
❖ This is because the net force resulting from internal force pairs is always zero
❖ External forces, which are forces exerted on the system by objects outside the system, can change the motion of the center of mass

Tension in strings and cables


❖ Tension is a force that acts along the length of a string, cable, chain, or similar object in response to an external force
❖ Tension is the result of the collective forces that segments of the string or cable exert on each other
❖ The magnitude of tension depends on the external force applied to the string or cable
❖ In an ideal string or cable, tension is uniform throughout its length
❖ An ideal string has negligible mass and does not stretch under tension

Translational equilibrium
❖ Occurs when the vector sum of all forces acting on a system equals zero, resulting in no acceleration and constant velocity (if initially
moving)
❖ Can be represented mathematically using the derived equation:
❖ Objects in translational equilibrium may be at rest (static equilibrium) or moving at a constant velocity (dynamic equilibrium)

Newton's first law


❖ Also known as the law of inertia , states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant
velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
❖ Implies that if the net force on a system is zero (translational equilibrium), its velocity will remain constant, either at rest or in uniform motion
❖ Applies to objects in inertial reference frames where Newton's laws are valid

Newton's second law of motion


❖ Defines the relationship between an object's mass, the net force acting on it, and its resulting acceleration
❖ States that an object's acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass
❖ Doubling the net force doubles the acceleration
❖ Doubling the mass halves the acceleration
❖ Mathematically expressed as:
❖ Acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force
Net external force
❖ For an object's velocity to change, there must be a net external force acting on it
❖ External forces originate from outside the system (friction, gravity, applied forces)
❖ Internal forces (forces between components within the system) do not affect the center of mass motion
❖ If the net external force is zero, the object's velocity remains constant
❖ Includes objects at rest (zero velocity)
❖ Includes objects moving with constant velocity (zero acceleration)
❖ Non-zero net external force results in acceleration according to Newton's second law
❖ Magnitude of acceleration depends on the magnitude of the net force and the object's mass
❖ Direction of acceleration matches the direction of the net force

Newton's law of universal gravitation

❖ States the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their centers of mass
❖ Gravitational force always acts along the line connecting the centers of mass of the interacting objects
❖ Can be considered to act on an object's center of mass, regardless of the object's shape or composition
Gravitational field model
❖ Models the effects of the gravitational force on an object at various positions in space without direct contact
❖ Gravitational field strength at a point equals the ratio of the gravitational force exerted on a test mass to the test mass itself
➢ Mathematically represented as
➢ Fg=mg where Fg is the gravitational force, m is the test mass, and g is the gravitational field strength
❖ An object's observed acceleration (in m/s²) numerically equals the gravitational field strength (in N/kg) at its location if gravity is the only force
acting on it

Weight as gravitational force


❖ Weight is the specific term for the gravitational force exerted on an object by a nearby astronomical body (Earth, Moon)
❖ Calculated using the equation
❖ Weight=Fg=mg, where m is the object's mass and g is the local gravitational field strength
❖ Directly proportional to the object's mass; doubling the mass doubles the weight, assuming a constant gravitational field

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