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Ch07 Transmission Media Abir

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18 views33 pages

Ch07 Transmission Media Abir

Uploaded by

Md. Rokibul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

Transmission Media
Partially Edited and
Presented by
Dr. Md. Abir Hossain

7.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer

A transmission medium can be defined as


anything that can carry information from a
source to a destination
7.2
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

7.3
7-1 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit


from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:


Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

7.4
Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

• A twisted pair cable consists of two conductors (usually


coppers), covering plastic insulation and twisted togather
• In twisted pair cable, one wire is used to carry signals to the
receiver and
• Other is used as a ground reference
• The receiver uses the difference bertween the two wires
• Ex. Telephone lines used to provide voice and data channels

7.5
Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

• Advantages
• These cables are cost-effective and easy to install owing
to their compact size.
• They are generally used for short-distance transmission
of both voice and data.
• It is less costly as compared to other types of cables.
• Disadvantages
• The connection established using UTP is not secure.
• They are efficient only for a distance up to 100 meters
and have to be installed in pieces of up to 100 meters.
• These cables have limited bandwidth.

7.6
Unshielded TP vs Shielded TP cables

• Most common twisted pair(TP) cable is unshielded TP(UTP)


cable
• IBM introduced shielded TP(STP) cable
• STP has a metal foil covering each pair of insulated
conductors

7.7
Electronic Industries Association(EIA) introduce seven categories
of unshielded twisted-pair cables

7.8
Figure 7.5 UTP connector

• Most common UTP connector is RJ45 connector


• RJ stands for registered jack
• RJ connector can be inserted only one way

7.9
Figure 7.6 UTP performance

Gauge is a measure of the thickness of the wire

7.10
Coaxial cable

• Carries signal of higher frequency range as 600 Hz ~


2000Hz
• Has a central core conductor made usually of copper
enclosed in an insulating sheath
• The outer conductor serves both as a sheild against noise
and as a second conductor
• The outer conductor also enclosed in an insulating sheath
• The whole cable is protected by a plastic cover.
7.11
Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables

10base2
10base5

• Coaxial cables are classified by radio government (RG)


ratings.
• Each RG number has a unique set of physical specifications
including the wire gauge of the inner conductor, the thickness
and type of inner insulator, construction and size and type of
outer casing.

7.12
Figure 7.8 BNC connectors

• The most common type of coaxial cable connector is


Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector
• The BNC connector is used to connect the end of the cable
to a device such a TV set.
• The BNC T connector is used in Ethernet networks
• The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to
prevent the reflection of the signal.

7.13
Coaxial Cable applications
• Widely used in analog telephone networks and carry upto
10000 voice signals
• Later used in digital telephone networks and carry upto 600
Mbps digital data.
• Also used in cable TV network.
• Hybrid network also used coaxial cable
• Industrial Ethernet LANs also used coaxial cable
• Now a days replaced by Fiber optic cable.

7.14
Fiber optic Bending of light ray

• If angle of incidence I, is less than the critical angle, the light


ray refracts and moves closer to the surface
• If angle of incidence I, is equal to the critical angle, the light
ray bends along the interface
• If angle of incidence I, is greater than the critical angle, the
light ray reflects and travels back to the denser medium.

7.15
Optical Fiber

• A fiber optic cable made of glass or plastic and transmit


signal in the form of light.
• Optical fibers use reflection of light to guide through a
channel
• A higher dense glass or plastic core is surrounded by a
cladding of less dense glass or plastic.
• The difference in density must ensure to light reflection into
core from cladding instead of being refracted.

7.16
Figure 7.12 Propagation modes

Multiple beam of
light source travels

Single beam of light source


travels and use step index fiber

1. Density of core remain Density of core varying and highest at the


constant from center to edges center and gradually lowest at the edges

7.17
Figure 7.13 Modes

7.18
Table 7.3 Fiber types

• Optical fibers are defined by the ratio of the diameter of


their core to the diameter of their cladding and expressed
in micrometers.

7.19
Figure 7.14 Fiber construction

Made of PVC or
Teflon

Plastic coating to
cushion the fiber

7.20
Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors

Straight-tip (ST) connector is used for


connecting cable to networking device and
used a bayonet locking system

Subscriber Channel (SC) connector is used


for cable TV and used a push/pull locking
system

Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack(MT-


RJ) is a small size connection as RJ45
connector and used in small size device as
commercial workstation, router, modems,
7.21 and other device
7-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves


without using a physical conductor.
• This type of communication is often referred to as
wireless communication.

Topics discussed in this section:


Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared

7.22
Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

7.23
Figure 7.18 Propagation methods

1. Radio wave travels through the 1. Very high frequency signals


lowest portion of the atmosphere. are transmitted in straight
2. Travel distance depends on the lines directly from antenna to
power antenna.
1. Higher frequency radio waves
radiate upward into the
ionosphere and reflected back
to the earth
2. Allows for greater distance
7.24 and lower output power
Table 7.4 Bands

7.25
Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves

7.26
Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antenna

7.27
Note

Radio waves are used for multicast


communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.

7.28
Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas

7.29
Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas

• Microwave needs unidirectional antenna


that send out signal in one direction.
• A parabolic dish antenna receives every
line in such way that all incoming
straight lint reflects back to a common
point called focus point.
• It acts as a funnel catching a wide range
of waves and directing to acommon
point.

7.30
Note

Microwaves are used for unicast


communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.

7.31
Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-


range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.

7.32
THANK YOU.

5.33

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