4 5bdigestive Sytem Part6 7
4 5bdigestive Sytem Part6 7
Histology
Course Title Esophagus and Stomach Histology (Histology and Embryology)
Learning Students who successfully completed this course:
Objectives Explain the histological features of the esophageal mucosa and glands.
Explain the layers of the stomach, the characteristics of the mucosa, the location of the
gastric glands.
Explain the histological features of mucous neck cell, parietal cell, enterochromaffin cell,
principal cell, D cell and G cells in the stomach.
Course Title Small and Large Intestine Histology (Histology and Embryology) 2 hours (T)
Learning Students who successfully completed this course:
Objectives Count the layers of the intestines and defines the histological features of the mucosa.
Explain the location of the intestinal glands.
Explain the microscopic and functional properties of intestinal gland cells.
Explain the submucosa, tunica muscularis and adventiya features of the intestines.
Define the histological features of small and large intestines.
• Mucosa; comprises
epithelium, lamina propria and
muscularis mucosae
• The main functions of the
digestive tract’s mucosa are to
provide a barrier, promote
absorption, and produce
hormone and mucus.
Functions of the tunica mucosa
Barrier Function
- harmful substances
-antigens
pathogenic organisms
Immunity
-Lymphatic Tissue
Secretion
-digestive enzymes
-Hydrochloric acid
-mucin
-Antibody
Absorption/ resorption
General structure of the digestive track
• Submucosa; contains
dense connective tissue
with vessels and Meissner
plexsus
General structure of the digestive track
• Tunika muskularis; is
composed of smooth
muscle layers. Muscle
layers divided into two
sublayers.
• Between the muscle
layers there is Auerbach
plexsus.
Auerbach plexsus.
General structure of the digestive track
L. propria
T. Muscularis
L. propria
Submucoza
Esophagus
Submucoza
T. Muscularis
T. Muscularis
T. Adventitia
T. Adventitia
Esophagus
• Epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium mechanically
protects esophagal tissue
Adventitia
•- – connects esophagus with
surrounding tissue
•- loose connective tissue
Esophageal-stomach junction
STOMACH HISTOLOGY
Junctions
↑
pitels
The stomach has the same
general structural plan
through- out, consisting of a
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and
serosa. Examination of the
inner surface of the empty
stomach reveals a number of
longitudinal folds or ridges
called rugae. They are
Rugae
prominent in the narrower
regions of the stomach but
poorly developed in the upper
portion
• The mucosa of the
stomach consists of a
simple columnar
-
epithelium that
-
• Enteroendocrine cells
• Stem cells
Mucous Neck cells
- cubic, mucinous
- The mucous neck cell is much shorter than the surface mucous cell and contains
considerably less mucinogen in the apical cytoplasm. The mucous neck cells
secrete a soluble mucus compared with the insoluble mucus produced by the
surface mucous cell.
- secretion from these cells does not occur in the resting stomach.
-
Cheif cell;
• It is located in the deep parts of the fundic
gland.
• pyramidal shape, basophilic cytoplasm,
RER, pepsinogenic granules
• It releases pepsinogen and a weak lipase.
acetylcholine receptor.
-
open to the lumen.
-
Stem cells
• Located near to gastric glands
lucous
Secrete
=
• jejunum
• ileum
Specialized tissues and cells of
the mucosa and submucosa
• Plicae circularis; surface absorption area???
It is a circularly arranged
submucosal fold increase
surface area
-
and absorbs very well
• Villi; They are the
extensions made by
the mucosa from the
mucosal surface to the
lumen.
• Microvilli; They are
structures located on
the apical surface of
entrocytes.
Intestinal Glands
(LIEBERNKUHN CRYPTS)
-
columnar epithelium.
• Enterocytes
• Goblet cells
• Paneth cells
• Enteroendocrine cells
• M cells
Enterocyte
Yellow Parts
imp
• Their nuclei are
located in the basal.
• They have a stratied
border.
②
• It has absorption
function.
Goblet CELL
Imp
flora
Paneth cell
Goblet cell
Enterocyte
&
closed one
located basely
Enteroendocrine CELL
• It is similar to the cells in the
stomach.
• While the closed cell is located
in the basal of the gland, open
cells can be found in many
areas.
yup
• It secretes motilin, secretin,
gastric inhibitory polypeptide,
somatostatin, and histamine.
M CELL
• They are epithelial cells located on
the Payer patches. . (Gut associated lymphatic
tissue (GALT))
secreting
-
and mucus-secreting cell
ipxed gland
• connective tissue reduced to thin
septa between glandular lobules
• open to crypts of Lieberkühn
TUNICA MUSKULARIS /
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
• No villi
• Presence of Microvilli
submucosa - imp-
Irregular crypts of Lieberkühn
with Paneth cells
Appendix and Caecum O
The cecum forms a blind pouch just -O
distal to the ileocecal valve;
the appendix is a thin, fingerlike
extension of this pouch. The
histology of the cecum closely
resembles that of the rest of the
colon; the appendix differs from it in
having a uniform layer of longitudinal
muscle in the muscularis externa
The most conspicuous feature of the appendix is the large
number of lymphatic nodules that extend into the
submucosa
Rectum and Anal canal
[
Leftover waste collects Canalis analis;
there - simple columnar
Expanding the rectum epithelium replaced by
Emptied through anus stratified cubidial to
squamous epithelium
-rich venous plexus
The rectum is the dilated
distal portion of the
alimentary canal.
Its upper part is
distinguished from the
rest of the large intestine
by the presence of folds
called transverse rectal folds.
The mucosa of the rectum
is similar to that of the rest
of the distal colon,
)
columns are called anal sinuses. The
anal canal is divided into three zones
according to the character of the
colorectance
epithelial
Colorectal lining:
zone, which is found in the upper third of the anal
canal and contains simple columnar epithelium with
characteristics identical to that in the rectum.
externa.
-