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4 5bdigestive Sytem Part6 7

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40 views69 pages

4 5bdigestive Sytem Part6 7

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mustafa.selim98
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Gastrointestinal System

Histology
Course Title Esophagus and Stomach Histology (Histology and Embryology)
Learning Students who successfully completed this course:
Objectives  Explain the histological features of the esophageal mucosa and glands.
 Explain the layers of the stomach, the characteristics of the mucosa, the location of the
gastric glands.
 Explain the histological features of mucous neck cell, parietal cell, enterochromaffin cell,
principal cell, D cell and G cells in the stomach.

Course Title Small and Large Intestine Histology (Histology and Embryology) 2 hours (T)
Learning Students who successfully completed this course:
Objectives  Count the layers of the intestines and defines the histological features of the mucosa.
 Explain the location of the intestinal glands.
 Explain the microscopic and functional properties of intestinal gland cells.
 Explain the submucosa, tunica muscularis and adventiya features of the intestines.
 Define the histological features of small and large intestines.

Asst Prof Ender Deniz Asmaz


Dept.of Histology&Embryology
General structure of the digestive track
Digestive track wall made up
of four main layer
1. Tunica Mucosa
2. Tunica Submucosa
3. Tunica Muscularis
4. Tunica Seroza/ Tunica
Adventitia
General structure of the digestive track

• Mucosa; comprises
epithelium, lamina propria and
muscularis mucosae
• The main functions of the
digestive tract’s mucosa are to
provide a barrier, promote
absorption, and produce
hormone and mucus.
Functions of the tunica mucosa

Barrier Function
- harmful substances
-antigens
pathogenic organisms

Immunity
-Lymphatic Tissue

Secretion
-digestive enzymes
-Hydrochloric acid
-mucin
-Antibody

Absorption/ resorption
General structure of the digestive track

• Submucosa; contains
dense connective tissue
with vessels and Meissner
plexsus
General structure of the digestive track
• Tunika muskularis; is
composed of smooth
muscle layers. Muscle
layers divided into two
sublayers.
• Between the muscle
layers there is Auerbach
plexsus.
Auerbach plexsus.
General structure of the digestive track

• Tunica seroza/ Tunica


adventitia; is external layer
of the digestive wall.
• Seroza is a thin layer of loose
connective tissue with a
simple squamous epithelium.
• Adventitia is a loose
connective tissue with vessles
and nerves.
ESOPHAGUS HISTOLOGY
Esophagus
Esophagus

L. propria
T. Muscularis
L. propria

Submucoza
Esophagus

Submucoza
T. Muscularis

T. Muscularis
T. Adventitia

T. Adventitia
Esophagus
• Epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium mechanically
protects esophagal tissue

• L.propria: contains lymphatic capillaries,


blood capilaries, and
loose connective tissue . Also it contains
esophageal cardia glands. (Secretes mucus)

• Muscularis mucosa: consists of


discontinuous smooth muscle layer.
• Submucosa: contains esophageal glands
that secrete mucus.
• - loose collagen connective tissue, defines shape of mucosa -
-
Musche orientation
blood and lymph veins, plexus submucosus Meissneri
- submucosal glands (tubular mucinous)
Tunica muscularis: consists of
upper 1/3 striped muscle, middle
1/3 striped + smooth muscle,
lower 1/3 smooth muscle.
inner circular and outer longitudinal layer

Adventitia
•- – connects esophagus with
surrounding tissue
•- loose connective tissue
Esophageal-stomach junction
STOMACH HISTOLOGY

Junctions

pitels
The stomach has the same
general structural plan
through- out, consisting of a
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and
serosa. Examination of the
inner surface of the empty
stomach reveals a number of
longitudinal folds or ridges
called rugae. They are
Rugae
prominent in the narrower
regions of the stomach but
poorly developed in the upper
portion
• The mucosa of the
stomach consists of a
simple columnar
-

epithelium that
-

invaginates into the


lamina propria, forming
gastric pits.
- surface epithelium produces mucus
(mucinogenic granules)
= protective function
Stomach;

• Surface cells, which are the


-
simple columnar
epithelium, are called
-

surface mucous cells and


secrete mucinogen. projects surface
~

• Mucus released from these


cells is called visible mucus.
The stomach is divided histologically into three
regions based on the type of gland that each
contains.

• Cardiac region (cardia), the part near the


esophageal orifice, which contains the
cardiac glands

• Fundic region (fundus), the largest part of the


stomach, which is situated between the
cardia and pylorus and contains the fundic
or gastric glands

• Pyloric region (pylorus), the part proximal


to the pyloric sphincter, which contains the
pyloric glands
Esophagus And Stomach, Cardiac Region
Fundic Glands of the Gastric
Mucosa
The fundic glands produce the gastric
juice of the stomach.
The fundic glands, also called gastric
glands, are present throughout the
entire gastric mucosa except for
the relatively small regions
occupied by cardiac and pyloric
glands.

The fundic glands are simple,


branched, tubular glands that
extend from the bottom of the
Located between the
gastric pit and the gland
below is a short segment
known as the isthmus.
Isthmus of the fundic
gland is a site of stem
cells location (stem cell
niche) in which stem cells
replicate and differentiate.
Fundic glands are composed of four
functionally different cell types.
• Mucous neck cells -

• Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)

• Parietal cells (secreting HCI,


intrinsic factor)

• Enteroendocrine cells

• Stem cells
Mucous Neck cells
- cubic, mucinous

- The mucous neck cell is much shorter than the surface mucous cell and contains
considerably less mucinogen in the apical cytoplasm. The mucous neck cells
secrete a soluble mucus compared with the insoluble mucus produced by the
surface mucous cell.

- secretion from these cells does not occur in the resting stomach.
-
Cheif cell;
• It is located in the deep parts of the fundic
gland.
• pyramidal shape, basophilic cytoplasm,
RER, pepsinogenic granules
• It releases pepsinogen and a weak lipase.

• When acid comes into contact with gastric


juice, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, a
proteolytic enzyme. -

• Pepsinogen is converted to active


pepsin with the help of HCL
-
Pariyetal cell;
• It is the large cell located in the neck-body
junction
• Sometimes it is binucleated.
• It has a canalicular system.
• eosinophilic cytoplasm, high numbers of mtch.,
SER
• It secretes HCI and intrinsic factor.
• intrinsic factor is associated with the absorption
-
of vitamin B12

There are intracellular canalicular system that communicates with the


lumen of the gland.

Numerous microvilli project from the surface of the


canaliculi
HCl is produced in the lumen of the intracellular
Parietal cells havethree different
types of membrane Not imp
receptors for substances that
activate HCl secretion:
gastrin receptors,

histamine receptors, and

acetylcholine receptor.

Activation of the gastrin


receptor by gastrin, a
gastrointestinal peptide
hormone, is the major path for
parietal cell stimulation
Enteroendocrine cell;
Enteroendocrine cells secrete their products into
either the lamina propria or underlying blood vessels.

• There are two types of entroendocrine cells.


• Open entroendocrine cell; They are cells with
c
microvilli
-

• cytoplasmic extensions that are attached to


the basal lamina and open to the lumen.
• Closed enteroendocrine cell; They are cells L
-

that attached to the basal lamina and do not - Reach lumen

-
open to the lumen.

• secretion of various biologically active


compounds n

-
Stem cells
• Located near to gastric glands

• open into gastric pits,

• They are responsible for


regeneration the gland cells and
-
also the surface mucous
-
cells that protect the stomach
surface.
-

• These cells are difficult to notice


and even more difficult to
identify in routine histological
preparations.
Stomach cardia glands
& mucros
gland
• They consist of cells that secrete
mucus.

• The nuclei of the cells are squamous


and localized in the basal part of the
cell.

• There are mucinogen granules in the


apical of the cell.
Cardiac glands are composed
of mucus-secreting cells.

Cardiac glands are


limited to a
narrow region of the stomach
(the cardia) that surrounds the
esophageal orifice.

Their secretion, in combination


with that of the esophageal
cardiac glands, contributes to
the gastric juice and helps
protect the esophageal -
epithelium against gastric reflux.
Pyloric Glands of the Gastric Mucosa
Pyloric gland cells are similar to surface mucous cells
and help protect the pyloric mucosa. And They are
tubular glands

lucous
Secrete

The lumen is relatively wide, and the


secretory cells are similar in
appearance to the surface mucous
cells, suggesting a relatively viscous
secretion.
SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE
Small IntestIne
• It is the longest component of
the digestive tract.
• The small intestine is the area
where food is digested and
absorbed.
SMALL INTESTINE

• The small intestine


is divided
~
into
three anatomical
parts:
• duodenum

=
• jejunum
• ileum
Specialized tissues and cells of
the mucosa and submucosa
• Plicae circularis; surface absorption area???

It is a circularly arranged
submucosal fold increase
surface area

-
and absorbs very well
• Villi; They are the
extensions made by
the mucosa from the
mucosal surface to the
lumen.
• Microvilli; They are
structures located on
the apical surface of
entrocytes.
Intestinal Glands
(LIEBERNKUHN CRYPTS)

• They are simple tubular


structures that extend
from the muscularis
mucosa to the thickness of
the lamina propria,
consisting of a simple
-

-
columnar epithelium.

surface absorption area??


-
Cell types OF the mucosa

• Enterocytes
• Goblet cells
• Paneth cells
• Enteroendocrine cells
• M cells
Enterocyte
Yellow Parts
imp
• Their nuclei are
located in the basal.
• They have a stratied
border.


• It has absorption
function.
Goblet CELL

• It is a unicellular gland that secretes


mucus.

• There are mucinogen granules in its apical.

• The nucleus is located in the basal. In the


basal part there are diffuse GER and free
ribosomes.

• There is a Golgi apparatus around the


newly formed granules.
PANETH CELL

• They located in the basal of


the intestinal glands.
• Vesicles containing lysozyme,
defensin, glycoprotein, zinc,
located in the apical portion
• The nucleus is basally located

Produces antimicrobial peptides


this 1 involved in the regulation of microbial
is

Imp
flora
Paneth cell
Goblet cell

Enterocyte

&
closed one
located basely
Enteroendocrine CELL
• It is similar to the cells in the
stomach.
• While the closed cell is located
in the basal of the gland, open
cells can be found in many
areas.

yup
• It secretes motilin, secretin,
gastric inhibitory polypeptide,
somatostatin, and histamine.
M CELL
• They are epithelial cells located on
the Payer patches. . (Gut associated lymphatic
tissue (GALT))

• They are quite different from


enterocytes.

• There are microfolds instead of


microvilli on their apical surfaces.

• They are antigen-transporting cells.


SUBMUCOSA
• In the submucosa, Brunner glands **
-

• branched tuboalveolar gland


• branched, tubular submucosal glands
of the duodenum have secretory cells
with characteristics of both zymogen-
-

secreting
-
and mucus-secreting cell
ipxed gland
• connective tissue reduced to thin
septa between glandular lobules
• open to crypts of Lieberkühn
TUNICA MUSKULARIS /
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

• - two layers of smooth muscle (inner


circular, outer longitudinal) plexus
myentericus Auerbachi
• Between the muscle layers, there is
the plexus myentericus Auerbachi
Serosa
• In general; loose collagen connective tissue +
simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).
--
HISTOLOGICAL
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
DUODENUM-
JEJUNUM-ILEUM
LARGE INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
Several distinctive features exist at the gross level;
• No plicae circulares

• No villi

• Presence of Microvilli

• muscularis externa – longitudinal layer forms


taenie coli (condensed into prominent
longitudinal bands of muscle)

• surface serosa forms appendices epiploicae


(adipose- filled with fat)
• absorption of water, electrolytes
• deeper crypts of Lieberkühn
• no Paneth cells - abundant goblet cells
• abundant lymphatic follicles in l. propria
(GALT)
&
Appendix and Caecum
Develops from and is connected
to caecum
Continuous longitudinal layer of
m. externa
Lymphatic follicles reaching I
-

submucosa - imp-
Irregular crypts of Lieberkühn
with Paneth cells
Appendix and Caecum O
The cecum forms a blind pouch just -O
distal to the ileocecal valve;
the appendix is a thin, fingerlike
extension of this pouch. The
histology of the cecum closely
resembles that of the rest of the
colon; the appendix differs from it in
having a uniform layer of longitudinal
muscle in the muscularis externa
The most conspicuous feature of the appendix is the large
number of lymphatic nodules that extend into the
submucosa
Rectum and Anal canal

The final section

[
Leftover waste collects Canalis analis;
there - simple columnar
Expanding the rectum epithelium replaced by
Emptied through anus stratified cubidial to
squamous epithelium
-rich venous plexus
The rectum is the dilated
distal portion of the
alimentary canal.
Its upper part is
distinguished from the
rest of the large intestine
by the presence of folds
called transverse rectal folds.
The mucosa of the rectum
is similar to that of the rest
of the distal colon,

having straight, tubular


intestinal glands with
many goblet cells.
The most distal portion of the alimentary
canal is the anal canal.

The upper part of the anal canal has


longitudinal folds called anal columns.
Depressions between the anal

)
columns are called anal sinuses. The
anal canal is divided into three zones
according to the character of the
colorectance
epithelial
Colorectal lining:
zone, which is found in the upper third of the anal
canal and contains simple columnar epithelium with
characteristics identical to that in the rectum.

Anal transitional zone (ATZ),


which occupies the middle third of
the anal canal. It represents a transition between the
simple columnar epithelium of the rectal mucosa and the
stratified squamous epithelium of the perianal skin
Squamous zone, which is found in the lower
third of the anal canal. This zone is lined
-

with stratified squamous epithelium that is


continuous with that of the perineal skin.

In the anal canal, anal glands extend into the


submucosa and even into the muscularis
-

externa.
-

glands secrete mucus onto the anal


surface through ducts lined with stratified
columnar epithelium.

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