Lesson 1

The Nature of Instructional Material

Written Report Presented

to The Faculties and Professors
of the
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE
PHILIPPINES MARAGONDON BRANCH

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements in
. Language Learning Material Development

Submitted by:
Acbang, Frincess Dian L.
Alig, John John B.
Anglo, Airam Gabrielle
C. Arca, Francine Nicole
Q. Arevalo, Azzi Anne
Aricayos, Kimberly B.
Barnedo, Rasel Angelic F.
Barerra, Julie Anne C.
Bautista, Ellaiza A.
Bersamina, Joyce Anne P.
Bersamina, Jywell C.
Cahayon, Risalyn E.
Casama, Eunice D.
Casama, Justine Nicole C.
Cañamo, Richyne P.

Submitted to:
Professor. Eric Joya
Instructor

October
2023
LESSON1: THE NATURE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Demonstrated familiarity on the nature of instructional material.
2. Distinguished the format and content of various materials for
instructional.
3. Stated the principles of instructional material development
4. Considered the factors affecting material preparation and writing of
instructional material.

A. The nature of Instructional Materials

Instructional materials refer to those alternative channels of
communication, which a classroom teacher can use to concretize a concept
during teaching and learning process. In using Instructional materials
teachers and students do not only extend the range of sense organs we use
but also extend the range of materials used for convening the same message
through the same organ.

Instructional materials therefore constitute the media of exchange

through which a message transaction is facilitated between a source and a
receiver. In addition to extending the range of materials that can be used to
convey the same instructional message to learners instructional materials
also facilitate the ‘process’ nature of communication.
(Barnedo, Rasel Angelic)
THE-IMPORTANCE-OF-INSTRUCTIONAL-MATERIALS-IN-OUR-SCHOOLS-AN-
OVERVIEW.pdf (researchgate.net)

Instructional materials provide the core information that students will

experience, learn, and apply during a course. They hold the power to either
engage or demotivate students. This is especially true for online courses,
which rely on a thoughtful and complete collection of instructional materials
that students will access, explore, absorb, and reference as they proceed in a
course.
(Bersamina, Jywell Eunice
C.)
https://kb.wisc.edu/instructi
onal-
resources/page.php?id=121279#:~:text=Instructional%20materials%20are
%20the%20c
ontent,other%20resources%20in%20a%20course

The Roles of Instructional Materials

Instructional materials play an important role in teaching and learning.
They provide a way for teachers to present information to students in a
variety of formats and help students learn and retain information. They can
be used to support and supplement the content of a lesson, help students
learn new concepts, and provide practice opportunities.

Here are some Roles of Instructional Materials

• promote meaningful communication and effective learning
• to ensure better retention
• help to overcome the limited classroom by making the inaccessible
accessible
• promote common experience upon which late learning can be developed
• encourage participate
(Bersamina, Joyce Anne P.)
https://eduedify.com/role-of-instructional-materials/

Teaching materials come in many shapes and sizes, but they all have
in common the ability to support learning. The purpose and importance of
teaching and learning materials is to make lessons interesting, learning easy
and enable teachers to easily express concepts
(Cahayon, Risalyn E.)
•Learning Support

Learning materials can significantly increase learners’ achievement by

supporting learning. For example, an educational video may provide a
learner with new insights and an appealing worksheet may provide the
learner with new opportunities to practice a new skill gained in class. This
process aids in the learning process by allowing the learner to explore the
knowledge independently as well as providing repetition. Learning materials,
regardless of what kind, all have some function in student learning.
•Lesson Structure

Teaching and learning materials can also add important structure to

lesson planning and the delivery of instruction. Learning materials act as a
guide for both the teacher and the learner. They can provide a valuable
routine in the teaching and learning process. For example, by providing a
summarizing poster or video after each topic.
(Cahayon, Risalyn E.)
•Differentiation of Instruction

In addition to supporting learning more generally, teaching and

learning materials can assist teachers in the differentiation of instruction.
Differentiation of instruction is the tailoring of lessons and instruction to the
different learning styles and capacities within your classroom. Learning
materials such as worksheets, videos, group activity instructions, or any
other, all allow teachers to modify them to best activate each individual
learner's needs or learning style, for example by using different media.
(Cahayon, Risalyn E.)
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/page/view.php?
id=168509#:~:text=Learnin g%20materials%20can%20significantly
%20increase,new%20skill%20gained%20in%20 class

Benefits of Instructional Materials

Instructional materials play an important role in teaching and learning.
They can be used to support and supplement the content of a lesson, help
students learn new concepts, and provide practice opportunities.
(Bautista, Ellaiza A.)
Here are the five most important reasons why instructional materials are
essential:
1. Instructional materials provide a structure for learning
2. Instructional materials can help make content more engaging
3. Good instructional materials will capture students’ attention and help
them to better understand and retain the information presented.
4. Can save time for both teachers and students.
5. Instructional resources level the playing field among
learners. (Bautista, Ellaiza A.)
https://eduedify.com/role-of-instructional- materials/?
fbclid=IwAR1NZfZ6Ck5wusiQmhjNjQYOee7ochIh1-SD0-rQ-S-
1pSGHel253ErDhUQ

Instructional materials facilitate interaction between teachers and

students so that learning activities more affective and efficient.
(Bautista, Ellaiza A.)

Here are the Benefits of Instructional Material

To the learners
1. Actively participate in the class.
2. Students' retention and understanding of the material are improved.
3. Boost student enthusiasm
4. Increasing the learner's self-assurance and self-realization
5. Encourages students/learners to have a good
mindset. (Bautista, Ellaiza A.)

To the teachers
1. It relieves teachers’ burdens of developing educational materials.
2. Make learning communication more effective.
3. They are no longer reliant on textbooks in their classes.
4. They switch from being an instructor to being a facilitator.
5. Enhances their ability to incorporate technology into their
strategy. (Acbang, Frincess Dian L.)

To the teaching-learning process

1. Assisting in the delivery of subject materials
2. The process of learning becomes more participatory.
3. Gives you a hands-on learning experience.
4. More learning retention
5. Enhances cooperative
learning (Acbang, Frincess
Dian L.)
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/don-honorio-ventura-
technological-state- university/bsed-english/benefits-of-instructional-
materials-in-learners-teachers-and- teaching-learning-process/20873606

Principle of Instructional Material

In terms of material development, we need to consider two key
questions, namely what should be provided for learners as materials and
how to give them to learners. Materials designers may say that the key of
material development is intuition or tacit knowledge which they know what
work and what won’t work based on their experiences. Although this seems
to be good for developing materials, another point which need to be
aware of is subjective, especially from conservative teachers who generally
might not want to change. Therefore, it had better to listen to teachers and
learners’ voices to see what they’re interested in and what are their opinions
toward materials
(Casama,Eunice D)

Principle of Material Development by Brian Tomlinson

1. Materials should achieve impact.
• Which means they should have attractive presentation and appealing
content to target learners.
2. Materials should help learners to feel at ease.
• Which means texts & illustration in materials should make learners feel
comfortable, relaxed and being supported.
3. Materials should help learners to develop confidence.
•Which means they should make learners feel successful and push learners
to develop their skills.
4. What is being taught should be perceived by learners as relevant and useful.
• Which means materials should convince learners that teaching points are
useful whereby teachers need to find what the learners are interested in.
5. Materials should require & facilitate learners self-investment.
• Which means they should encourage learners to invest their interests,
efforts and attentions.
6. Learners must be ready to acquire the points being taught.
• Which means using materials to prepare learners to focus on features of
target language which they haven’t learnt yet, so they might be attentive to
learn these features.
7. Materials should expose learners to language in authentic use.
• Which means they should provide learners with advice and instructions
for their activities, spoken language and written text.
(Casama, Eunice D.)
https://eltmaterialsforthais.wordpress.com/tag/principles-of-materials-
development/?fbclid=IwAR04eJkQYHIPy-IHHB2Yxx-
pOMzQWzAwTdamcaE5- RMPhytLN1tVxHS5C2s
8. The learners’ attention should be drawn to linguistic features of the input.
• Which means materials should include grammar and how the language is
actually used.
9. Materials should provide learners with opportunities to use target language to
achieve communication process.
10. Materials should take in account that learners differ in learning style.
•Which means they should provide a variety of activities and should support
all learning styles, such as, visual learners, auditory learners, kinesthetic
learners, studio learners, experiential learners, analytic learners, global
learners, dependent learners and independent learners.
11. Materials should take in account that learners differ in affective attitudes.
• Which means they should provide different types of text and activities, as
well as should be aware of cultural sensitivities of target learners.
12. Materials should permit a silent period at the beginning of instruction.
• Which means they should not force learners to speak until they are ready.
13. Materials should maximize learning potential by encouraging intellectual,
aesthetic & emotional involvement which stimulates both right and left brain
activities.
14. Materials should not reply too much on controlled practice.
• Which means they should focus on language use.
15. Materials should provide opportunities for outcome feedbackO, especially
feedback on the effectiveness of use of language rather than accuracy of
language.
(Barrera,Julian Anne C.)
https://eltmaterialsforthais.wordpress.com/tag/principles-of-materials-
development/?fbclid=IwAR04eJkQYHIPy-IHHB2Yxx-
pOMzQWzAwTdamcaE5- RMPhytLN1tVxHS5C2s

Another Principle of Instructional Material

1. All instructional materials are aids to instruction. They do not replace the
teacher.
2. Choose the instructional material that best suits your instructional
objectives.
3. If possible, use variety of tools.
4. Check out your instructional material before class starts to be sure it is
working properly.
5. For result, abide by the general utilization guide on the use
of media. (Barrera,Julian Anne C.)
https://youtu.be/mjb4XsrzFd0?si=z3BhzDvthzsCnJ-M
QUIZ 2 STARTS HERE
Types of Instructional Materials
Instructional materials play a crucial role in education by offering
diverse resources and tools that enhance teaching and learning. These
resources help empowering educators to make instructional content more
engaging and relatable, convey knowledge effectively, provide practice,
facilitate the learning of new concepts, and reinforce lessons. Choosing
instructional materials depends on factors like subject matter, students' age
and capability levels, teaching goals, and available resources. Effective
selection and use of these materials can improve student engagement and
provide a tailored learning experience. That’s why, it's important for teachers
to be well- versed in these materials and use them effectively to support
their discussion. Educators often combine various materials to accommodate
diverse learning preferences and ensure students can learn through different
approaches.
(Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
https://eduedify.com/role-of-instructional-
materials

The following are examples of Instructional Materials:

1. Printed
Printed instructional materials are educational resources that are
created in tangible, printed formats. They are frequently ordered and
organized, and they offer contents, exercises, and information to enhance
teaching and learning. They are basic resources for educators and learners
and are frequently utilized in conventional classroom environments. They are
utilized in continue to play a significant role in education because of their
dependability, accessibility, and value for learners who might prefer hard
copy resources or physical materials.

Figure 1. Example of Printed Instructional

Materials. (Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
https://imperialwriters7.medium.com/instructional-materials-teaching-
methods-and- students-performance-754e38d8709c
A. Textbook - A textbook is an educational tool that is used in the teaching-
learning process that gives students the fundamentals of a subject or topic
being covered in class. It has information and lessons about the topic the
students are studying. It gives you a chronologically balanced presentation
of all the plans and lessons required to thoroughly cover a subject.
(Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
B. Workbook - A workbook contains exercises or problems related to
the lessons which provide learners the chance to practice what they are
learning in class by answering multiple questions or various problems. It
usually has elements to enhance
learning and reinforce understanding in the classroom, and ensures that
students achieve the goals set forth for a specific course or subject.
(Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
C. Handout - Handouts are like sheets of paper that teachers distribute to
their students in order to give them more information about the subject
matter. These papers contain vital and helpful information, such as notes,
guidelines, or activities. Typically, handouts are distributed during a
discussion to help students follow along and comprehend the lesson being
covered by the teacher.
(Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
https://blog.teachmint.com/the-importance-of-instructional-materials/amp
2. Audio
Audio instructional materials are educational resources that employ
sound to enhance learning and convey information. They contain everything
that is audible, such as talks, music, or spoken words intended for
educational purposes. These resources are beneficial for students who learn
best by listening since they stimulate the sense of hearing. Because of their
mobility and flexibility, they enable learning while on the move. And by
giving context and accurate pronunciation, they can be especially useful for
enhancing listening comprehension and language learning.

Figure 2. Example of Audio Instructional

Materials. (Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
https://www.slideshare.net/VeeAeGrande/audio-materials-
127382688
A. Podcasts or Lecture Recordings - Podcasts or lecture recordings are
collections of versatile, adaptable, and accessible audio recordings, or
"episodes," that have been compiled for students. These audio resources
offer an interesting and different approach to study and explore variety of
topics. They can contain explanations, conversations, interviews, and in-
depth examinations of particular subjects.
(Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
B. Music/Song - Music or songs are basically poems that have a lot of
meaning contained into few words that can be used as a valuable teaching
and learning tool. These resources frequently contain melodies and lyrics to
not only educate or reinforce academic matters but also to increase learner
engagement by helping students retain key details through memorable lyrics
and catchy tunes.
(Arca, Francine Nicole Q.)
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/music-teaching-tool-maria-alegria
3. Visual
- are visual materials, such as pictures, charts, diagrams, etc., and is
typically used to help an audience understand and remember information in
a presentation. It can also be used to maintain an audience's attention,
inspire listeners to action, clarify the organization of a presentation, or make
a presentation more persuasive.

Figure 3. Example of Visual Instructional

Materials. (Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://study.com/learn/lesson/visual-aids-importance-purpose-
presentation.html
A. Diagram - is a visual method of representing information, concepts, and
relationships. It allows individuals to take complex information and present it
in a simplified, visual format that is easy to understand. By using symbols,
shapes, and lines to represent different components, the main purpose of
diagram is to clarify and communicate information in a way that is more
intuitive and memorable than text-based information.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://mockyapp.com/the-basics-of-diagramming-and-its-purpose
B. Infographic - is a visual way to communicate information through graphic
elements. Their purpose is to communicate concepts in a way that both
captures attention and aids comprehension of information. The more visually
appealing an infographic can be, the more effective it is. These visuals also
help readers understand the information and remember the concepts the
infographic communicates.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://www.copypress.com/kb/infographics/the-complete-guide-to-
infographics-what- they-are-and-how-to-make-them
C. Flashcard - is one of the most common study methods, and it is the one
many students are most familiar. Flashcards help students to engage in
active recall or a process wherein students actively engage in learning by
stimulating our memories and creating lasting connections to the material.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://guides.centralpenn.e
du/c
4. Audio Visual
- Visual Technology / Audio Visual enables teachers to create
presentations that incorporate real-life examples, videos, and other
multimedia elements. This provides a more engaging and interactive
learning experience for students while reducing the time spent on preparing
lesson plans for teachers.
 Figure 4. Example of Audio Visual Instructional
Materials. (Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://blog.rjyoung.com/audio-visual-technology/benefits-of-audio-visual-
technology-in- modernizing-classroom-learning
A. Slide Presentation - presentations are used in many different fields due to
their ability to organize and structure information, create a consistent
format, and provide the audience with visuals.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://blog.rjyoung.com/audio-visual-technology/benefits-of-audio-visual-
technology-in- modernizing-classroom-learning
B. YouTube - The accessibility of free, high-quality, and instructional internet
films, available on websites such as YouTube, video-assisted learning has
quickly gained popularity by providing students with an engaging means of
gaining insight into and understanding previously inaccessible or difficult
ideas and topics, it may be beneficial for instructors and entertaining for
students.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://edtech4beginners.com/2022/09/27/top-10-benefits-of-using-youtube-in-
the- classroom
5. Electronic / Technology
- Electronic instructional materials (EIMs) are any type of instructional
materials that are delivered electronically. Offer a number of advantages
over traditional print- based instructional materials. They can be more
engaging and interactive, they can provides a more engaging and interactive
learning experience for students while reducing the time spent on preparing
lesson plans for teachers.
and they can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection.

Figure 5. Example of Electronic/Technology Instructional

Materials. (Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1060877.pdf
A. Apps - An educational app is a software application specifically designed
to provide educational content, interactive learning experiences, and tools to
facilitate learning on mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. These
apps aim to enhance learning by offering a wide range of educational
materials, exercises, quizzes, videos, and more.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://www.appschopper.com/blog/importance-educational-apps-
todays-learning- system-pros-cons-learning-app-development
B. E-book - An electronic book, commonly referred to as an e-book, is a
digital format of a book designed for reading on electronic devices such as
computers, tablets, or smartphones. In contrast to the traditional printed
book, an e-book allows readers to access the same textual and often visual
content on a screen, foregoing the need for a physical printed copy.
(Casama, Justine Nicole S.)
https://kitaboo.com/importance-of-ebooks-in-
education/

Factors Affecting Materials Preparation

Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and
learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily
dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical
experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a
variety of ways. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560670.pdf
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)

Lessons will often be accompanied by instructional materials such as

slide decks, videos, handouts, and worksheets. Used well, these materials
are integral to the session, and to be effective, they need the same careful
level of planning and design as the rest of our lesson. Creating high-quality
materials takes time so it is necessary to understand the use of instructional
materials and the IM itself in order to outline the general best practices.
https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/pressbooks/instructioninlibraries/
chapter/designing- instructional-materials/
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)

Factors Affecting Materials Preparation:

1. Understanding Educational Functionality
Since educational communication and technology is a new area of
importance in education, it is a lightly technical field, and to understand how
it can affect the instructional delivery, one must first understand the
operational functionality of the resource kits.
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)
2. Teachers’ Knowledge
This has a great impact on the effective application of teaching aids or
instructional materials, this is because the teacher uses need to
understand the
sequential presentation of the instructional gadgets to suit the interests of
the learners and its appropriateness with the instructional tasks.
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)
3. Student Population
Part of the application of teaching aids or instructional materials
process is the target population for whom the materials are to be used and
the setting or vicinity where the learning should take place.
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)
4. Time
It is also a serious problem or factor that delay the effective use of
instructional materials to ineffective instructional delivery in the class,
because in most cases the time that is allotted for a subject on the timetable
might not be enough for the teachers to present his contents alongside with
effective use of the materials which will affect the wholesome delivery of the
content.
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)
5. Lack of supply of materials
This factor seems to be the handicap why most educational institutions
are unable to acquire relevant teaching equipment and materials. In line with
this, students and teachers will lack on the opportunity to learn and use new
techniques in the field.
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)
6. Lack of Funds
There are sophisticated teaching aids or instructional materials that
can make learning easier and faster such as computer-aided program, but
lack of funds has effects on its importation and use in schools.
(Anglo, Airam Gabrielle C.)
7. Poor handling of Materials
Materials available for effective instructional delivery are poorly
manhandled by both the teachers and some school authority.
(Canamo, Richyne P.)
8. Non-availability of Resource Room
Schools are affected by the non-availability of resource room for the
proper keeping of both the locally manufactured and the commercially
purchased teaching aids, thereby limiting its use as at the time needed.
(Canamo, Richyne P.)
9. Sufficiency of Printed and Audio-Visual Materials
Another pressed issue about teaching aids or instructional materials for
use is that the materials are grossly lacking in the schools. There was
scarcity of both printed and audio-visual materials in most of the
instructional materials, neither printed nor audio-visual materials were
available in sufficient quantity or quality.
(Canamo, Richyne P.)
10. Poor Condition
Few institutions indicate the availability of these materials but were in
rather poor condition.
(Canamo, Richyne P.)
11. Understanding
It requires matching the materials to the learners’ abilities and prior
knowledge. If the students do not understand the materials, frustration sets
in and makes it more difficult. The teacher should know the materials if it is
suited to the level of understanding of the students.
(Canamo, Richyne P.)
12. Structuring/Clarifying
It involves organizing the material so that it is clear to the students:
- Directions, objectives, and main ideas are stated clearly.
- Internal and final summaries cover the content.
- Transition between main ideas is smooth and well-integrated.
- Sufficient examples are provided.
- New terms are defined.
- Adequate practice and review assignments reinforce new
learning. (Canamo, Richyne P.)
13. Elaborating
Ensures that students learn better through a variety of ways. The idea
is to provide in the textbook opportunities for students to transform
information to one form to another, and to apply information to new
knowledge - by using various techniques such as comparing & contrasting,
drawing inferences, paraphrasing, summarizing, and predicting.
(Canamo, Richyne P.)
(https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/president-ramon-magsaysay-state-
university/gender-work-and-society/factors-affecting-materials-
preparation/40216066)

B. Factors To Consider In Writing Instructional Materials

There are several factors to consider in writing instructional materials

to ensure that learning is effective. Ornstein provides us with nine:
understanding, structuring or clarifying, sequencing, balancing, explaining,
pacing, reviewing, elaborating, and transfer of learning.
(Aricayos, Kimberly B.)

1. Understanding
Understanding requires matching the materials to the learners’
abilities and prior knowledge. If students do not understand the materials,
frustration sets in, making learning more difficult. The teacher/writer must
know whether the materials are suited to the level of the students and
whether they will understand those. Thus, the teacher/writer must provide
for background lessons and check-up activities and exercises to assess
students’ understanding. This is especially important for younger and slower
students and when introducing new concepts
(Aricayos, Kimberly B.)
2. Structuring or Clarifying
 Structuring /Clarifying involves organizing the material so that it is
clear to the students. It is especially important when new subject matter is
introduced, and when it is being linked to the previous lessons.
1. Directions, objectives, and main ideas are stated clearly. Internal
and final summaries cover the content.
2. Transition between main ideas is smooth and well-integrated.
3. Writing is not vague.
4. Sufficient examples are provided.
5. New terms are defined
6. Adequate practice and review assignments reinforce new
learning (Aricayos, Kimberly B.)
3. Sequencing
Sequencing refers to the arrangement of the materials to provide for
continuous and cumulative learning where complex concepts are taken only
after prerequisite skills and concepts have been mastered. There are four
basic ways of sequencing a material:
1. Simple to complex
2. Parts to whole
3. Whole to parts
4. Chronological
arrangements (Aricayos,
Kimberly B.)
(https://www.elcomblus.com/factors-to-consider-in-writing-instructional-
materials- ornstein/).
4. Balancing
Balancing materials require establishing vertical and horizontal balance
or relationships. Vertical relationships refer to a building of content and
experiences in the lesson, unit, and course level. Fourth-grade language
concepts build on third-grade concepts; the second unit plan builds on the
first, etc. Horizontal relationships establish a multidisciplinary and unified
view of different subjects; for example, the content of the social studies
course is related to English and science.
(Arevalo, Azzi Anne)
5. Explaining
Explaining refers to the way headings, terms, illustrations, and
summary exercises are integrated with the content. Does the example
illustrate major concepts? Are the major ideas identified in the chapter
objectives and overview? Do the headings outline a logical development of
content? Do the materials show relationships among topics, events, facts to
present an in-depth view of major concepts? The students should be able to
discover important concepts and information and relate new knowledge on
their own through the materials
(Arevalo, Azzi Anne)
6. Pacing
Pacing refers to how much and how quickly the lessons in the
textbooks are presented. The volume or length of the materials should not
overwhelm students, but there must be enough to have an effect. As
students get older, the number of materials can increase, the presentation
can be longer and more complex and the breadth and depth can be
expanded.
(Arevalo, Azzi Anne)
(https://www.elcomblus.com/factors-to-consider-in-writing-instructional-
materials- ornstein/).
7. Reviewing
Reviewing refers to the extent to which the material allows students to
link new ideas to old concepts in the form of a review. High-achieving and
older students can tolerate more rapid pacing than low-achieving and
younger students, thus less proficient learners would need more review or
linking than the more proficient ones
(Alig, John John B.)
8. Elaborating
Elaborating ensures that students learn better through a variety of
ways. The idea is to provide in the textbook opportunities for students to
transform information from one form to another, and to apply new
information to new knowledge – by using various techniques such as
comparing and contrasting, drawing inferences, paraphrasing, summarizing,
and predicting. A series of elaboration strategies help students learn new
materials. The author must provide students with a broad list of questions (of
comparing and contrasting, drawing, analogies, etc.
(Alig, John John B.)
9. Transfer of Learning
Transfer of Learning may be done in a number of ways. Transfer of
learning may be concept-related, inquiry-related, learner, or utilization-
related. The first two organizers seem to work best with intrinsically
motivated students and the second two best with a student who needs to be
extrinsically motivated. Since most students need some extrinsic motivation,
learner-related and utilization-related materials will be more effective with
the majority of students.
• Concept-related, drawing heavily on structure of knowledge, the
concepts, principles, or the theories of the subject.
• Inquiry-related, derived from critical thinking skills and procedures
employed by learning theorists or scholars in the field.
• Learner-related, related to the needs, interest or experiences of the
students.
• Utilization-related -show how people can use or proceed with them
in real life situations.
(Alig, John John B.)
(https://www.elcomblus.com/factors-to-consider-in-writing-instructional-
materials- ornstein/).

REFERENCES
Amadioha, S. (n.d.) THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN OUR
SCHOOLS.
THE-IMPORTANCE-OF-INSTRUCTIONAL-MATERIALS-IN-OUR-SCHOOLS-AN-
OVERVIEW.pdf (researchgate.net)
(2022).Instructional Material for online courses.
https://kb.wisc.edu/instructional- resources/page.php?
id=121279#:~:text=Instructional%20materials%20are%20the%20c
ontent,other%20resources%20in%20a%20course
Sherry Lane (2022) The Role of Instructional Materials in Teaching And
Learning
https://eduedify.com/role-of-instructional-materials/
(2020, October 25). Purpose of teaching and learning materials.
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/page/view.php?
id=168509#:~:text=Learnin g%20materials%20can%20significantly
%20increase,new%20skill%20gained%20in%20 class
Lane, S. (2022). The Role of Instructional Materials in Teaching And
Learning. Eduedify. Retrieved from https://eduedify.com/role-of-
instructional- materials/?
fbclid=IwAR1NZfZ6Ck5wusiQmhjNjQYOee7ochIh1-SD0-rQ-S-
1pSGHel253ErDhUQ
Cunanan, J. (2022). Benefits Of Instructional Materials in Learners
Teachers and Teaching Learning Process. Studocu. Retrieved from
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/don-honorio-ventura-
technological-state- university/bsed-english/benefits-of-instructional-
materials-in-learners-teachers-and- teaching-learning-process/20873606
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/music-teaching-tool-maria-alegria
Bordia, D. (2023, July 27). The importance of instructional materials.
Blogs on Education Industry. https://blog.teachmint.com/the-importance-
of-instructional- materials/amp/
Grande, V. (2019, January 7). Audio materials. PPT.
https://www.slideshare.net/VeeAeGrande/audio-materials-
127382688
Lane, S. (2023, July 19). The role of instructional materials in teaching and
learning. EduEdify. https://eduedify.com/role-of-instructional-materials/
Cris Espinosa. (2016, March 16). Principles in the use of instructional materials
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjb4XsrzFd0
Lukman, D. (2021, December 16). Instructional materials, teaching
methods and students’ performance. Medium.
https://imperialwriters7.medium.com/instructional- materials-teaching-
methods-and-students-performance-754e38d8709c
Wong, M. A., & Saunders, L. (2020). Designing Instructional Materials.
Illinois Library.
https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/pressbooks/instructioninlibraries/chapter/
designing- instructional-materials/
Chemwei, B. (n.d.). Availability and Use of Instructional Materials in the
teaching of Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Primary Schools in Nandi North
District, Kenya. International Journal of Education and Practice.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560670.pdf
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/president-ramon-magsaysay-state-
university/gender-work-and-society/factors-affecting-materials-
preparation/40216066
Elcomblus. (2020). Factors to consider in writing instructional materials
(Ornstein). ELCOMBLUS. https://www.elcomblus.com/factors-to-consider-
in-writing-instructional- materials-ornstein/
Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 2020, Vol. 15, 13–29.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1270421.pdf
Tomlinson, B. (2020) Materials development in language teaching.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https.//eltmaterialsforthais.wordpress.com/tag/principles- of-materials-
development/?fbclid=IwAR04eJkQYHIPy-IHHB2Yxx- pOMzQWzAwTdamcaE5-
RMPhytLN1tVxHS5C2s

Lane, S. (2023, July 19). The Role of Instructional Materials in Teaching And
https://eduedify.com/role-of-instructional-materials
Learning. EduEdify.
Lukman, D. (2022, January 4). Instructional Materials, Teaching Methods And
Students’
Performance. Medium. https://imperialwriters7.medium.com/instructional-
materials-teaching-methods-and-students-performance-754e38d8709c

Bordia, D. (2023, July 27). The importance of instructional

materials. https://blog.teachmint.com/the-importance-of-instructional-
materials/amp
Audio materials . (n.d.). PPT. https://www.slideshare.net/VeeAeGrande/audio-
materials-127382688
Alegria, M. (2017, June 7). Music as a teaching tool.
Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/blog/music-teaching-tool-maria-alegria
Ng, T. (2023, September 27). The basics and purposes of diagramming - Mocky .
Mocky. https://mockyapp.com/the-basics-of-diagramming-and-its-purpose
CopyPress. (2023, November 7). Guide To Infographics: What They Are and How To
Make Them. Content Marketing Agency | Content Marketing Services by
CopyPress. https://www.copypress.com/kb/infographics/the-complete-guide-to-
infographics-what-they-are-and-how-to-make-them

Young, R. (n.d.). Benefits of audio visual technology in modernizing classroom

learning. https://blog.rjyoung.com/audio-visual-technology/benefits-of-audio-visual-
technology-in-modernizing-classroom-learning
Teaching with PowerPoint Presentations . (n.d.).
Educators4SC. https://educators4sc.org/powerpoint-presentations
AppsChopper, & AppsChopper. (2021, June 14). Importance of educational apps in
today’s learning system: Advantages and disadvantages. AppsChopper
Blog. https://www.appschopper.com/blog/importance-educational-apps-todays-
learning-system-pros-cons-learning-app-development
Harman, M. (2023, October 25). Importance of eBooks in online education in 2023 .
Kitaboo. https://kitaboo.com/importance-of-ebooks-in-education/