Response to impulsive and general

dynamic loading

1
 Impulsive loading and Duhamel’s Integral

In many practical situations the dynamic excitation

is neither harmonic nor periodic. Thus we are
interested in studying the dynamic response of
SDOF system to excitations varying arbitrarily with
time.

An impulsive loading is a load which is applied during

a short duration of time. The corresponding impulse
of this type of load is defined as the product of the
force and the time of its duration.
F  

F  

d


   d t

t 
General load function as impulsive Loading
For example, the impulse of the force F() depicted
at time  during interval d = shaded area
= F() d

This impulse acting on a body of mass m produces a

change in velocity which can be determined from
Newton’s second law of motion

m  F  
dv
dτ
F τ dτ
Incremental velocity dv  .........(1)
m
Here F() d is the impulse and dv is the change
in velocity during the interval d.
This incremental velocity may be considered to be
an initial velocity of the mass at time .

Let us consider Impulse F() d acting on the

structure represented by the undamped oscillator.
Thus, the general solution is,

x(t )  xc t   x p t 

In which, complementary solution

v0
xc (t )  x0 cos n t  sin n t........(2)
n

Particular solution can be obtained from Duhamel’s

integral.
The change in velocity given by Equation (1) is
introduced in Equation (2) as the initial velocity v0
together with the initial displacement x0 = 0 at
time t producing a displacement at a later time t
given by

sin n t   
dv
dx(t ) 
n
F τ dτ
dx(t )  sin n t   ...........................(3)
mn
The loading history may be regarded as a series of
short impulses at successive incremental times d.
Thus, the total response of the system due to the
continuous action of the force F() is the sum or
integration of the responses of all impulses upto
that time.

x(t )   dxt    F τ sin n t   dτ ........(4)

t 1 t
0 mn 0
The integral in Equation (4) is known as convolution
or Duhamel’s integral. Equation (4) represents the
total displacement produced by the existing force
F() acting on the undamped oscillator. It includes
both the steady-state and the transient
components of the motion corresponding to zero
initial conditions x0  0 and x0  0.
For any other specified initial
conditions, x0  0 and x 0  0, an additional free-
vibration response (xc) must be added to this
solution; thus, in general,

 F τ sin n t  dτ .........(5)

v0 1 t
x(t )  x0 cos n t  sin n t 
n mn 0

For damped system and for x0  0 and x0  0,

x(t ) 
1 t
 F τ e   n t   
sin d t   dτ ........(6)
md 0
Duhamel’s integral provides a general result for
evaluating the response of a linear SDOF system
to arbitrary force. This result is restricted to
linear systems because it is based on the principle
of superposition. Thus it does not apply to
structures deforming beyond their linearly elastic
limit.
Response to step force/constant force
Consider the case of a constant force of magnitude
F0 applied suddenly to the undamped oscillator at
time t= 0 as shown in Figure.

k
m F(t)

F t 

F0

t
For both initial displacement and velocity equal to
zero, the application of Equation (5) to this case
gives
 F τ sin n t   dτ
1
x(t ) 
t

mn 0

 sin n t   dτ
F0 t
x(t ) 
mn 0

F0   cos n t     F0
1  cos nt 
t

x(t )    
mn   n  0 mn
2

x(t )  1  cos n t .................................(7)

F0
k
Response to rectangular impulse
Consider a case that of a F0 suddenly applied but
only during a limited time duration td as shown in
Figure.

F t 

F0

t
td
Forced vibration phase (t ≤ td)

Up to time td, Equation (7) applied and at that

time the displacement and velocity are

xd  1  cos n t d 
F0
k

F0
vd  n sin n t d
k
Free vibration phase (t ≥ td)
F τ   F0 τ  td
F τ   0 τ  td

 F τ sin n t   dτ
1 t
x(t ) 
mn 0

 F0 sin n t   dτ   0 sin n t   dτ

1 td 1 t
x(t ) 
mn 0 mn td

F0   cos n t   
td

x(t )   
mn   n 0
 x(t ) 
F0
cos n t  td   cos nt 
mn 2

x(t )  cos n t  t d   cos nt 

F0
k

x(t )  cos nt cos n t d  sin n t sin nt d  cos nt 

F0
k

x(t )  cos nt cos nt d  1  sin nt sin nt d 

F0
k
Response to linearly increasing/ramp force

F t 

F0

t
td
 F τ  
F0 τ
td

1 t F0
x(t )   sin n t   dτ
mn 0 t d

  sin n t   dτ
1 F0 t
x(t ) 
mn t d 0

1 F0   cos n t     cos n t   
t

x(t )    1 
mn t d   n  n 0
 1 F0   cos n t    sin n t    
t

x(t )   
mn t d   n n  n   0

1 F0  sin nt 
x(t )  t  
mn t d 
2
n 
A single spring mass system has spring constant of
10kN/m and mass of 2000kg. If it is loaded by an
impulsive load as shown in the Figure, derive the
equation for the displacement response of the
system after completion of the impulse.
F t 

80N

t
0.3 sec
 y  y1  m x  x1 

F  80 
80  0 
  0
0  0.3
80   
F    80  801  
0 .3  0 .3 

  
F  801   0    0.3
 0.3 

F 0   0.3
 k 10000
n    2.236 rad/sec
m 2000

xt  
1   
 801   sin 2.236(t  )d
0.3

2000  2.236 0  0.3 

0 .3 
80 0.3 
   sin 2.236(t  )d   sin 2.236(t  )d
2000  2.236  0 0 0 .3 

 I1  I 2

80   cos 2.236(t  ) 
0.3

I1 
2000  2.236   2.236 
0
 I1 
80
cos 2.236(t  0.3)  cos 2.236t 
2000  2.236 2

80    cos 2.236(t  )  0.3 0.3   cos 2.236(t  )  

I2      d
0.3  2000  2.236    2.236 0 0   2.236  

80   0.3 cos 2.236(t  0.3)   sin 2.236(t  )  

0.3

I2      
0.3  2000  2.236   2.236   2.236 2
 0 

80  sin 2.236(t  0.3) sin 2.236t 

I2  cos 2.236(t  0.3)  0.3  2.236  0.3  2.236 
2000  2.2362  

xt    
80   sin 2.236(t  0.3) sin 2.236t 
cos 2. 236 (t  0 . 3)  cos 2 .236t  cos 2 .236 (t  0. 3)   
2000  2.236 2   0 . 3  2. 236 0.3  2.236 
xt  
80  sin 2.236(t  0.3) sin 2.236t 
 cos 2.236 (t  0.3)  cos 2 .236t  cos 2. 236(t  0.3)  
2000  2.236 2 0.3  2.236 0.3  2.236 

xt  
80  sin 2.236t sin 2.236(t  0.3) 
2000  2.236 2  0.3  2.236  0.3  2.236  cos 2.236t 

xt   0.012sin 2.236t  sin 2.236(t  0.3)  8  10 3 cos 2.236t m

A single spring mass system has spring constant of
1000N/m and mass of 10kg. If it is loaded by an
impulsive load as shown in the Figure, derive the
equation for the displacement response of the
system after completion of the impulse.
F t 

400 N

0.2 0.6 1 t (sec)

 y  y1  m x  x1 

F  400 
400  0 
  0.2
0.2  0

F
400
  0.2  400  2000    0.2   400
 400 
0.2  0.2 

F  2000 0    0.2

F  400 0.2    0.6

 F  400 
400  0 
  0.6 
0.6  1
F  1000  0.6   400  1000  600  400
F  1000 τ  1000

F  1000  1000 0.6    1

k 1000
n    10 rad/sec
m 10
 2000
I1   sin 10(t   )d
0.2

0 10  10

   cos10(t   )  0.2   cos10(t   )  

I1  20       d 
   10  0  10  

  cos 10(t   )   sin 10(t   ) 

0.2

 20    
  10   100  0

  cos(10t  2)   sin 10(t  0.2)  sin 10t 

 20 0.2  
  10   100 
  0.4 cos(10t  2)  0.2 sin(10t  2)  0.2 sin 10t 

400
I2   sin 10(t   )d
0.6

0.2 10  10

   cos10(t   ) 
0.6

 4 
   10  0.2

 0.4cos(10t  6)  cos(10t  2)

I3  
1 1000  1000  sin 10(t   )d
0.6 10  10
 cos(10t  10 )
  cos 10(t   )   sin 10(t   ) 
1

 10    
1

  10   100  0.6
0.6

  cos(10t  6)  0.6 cos(10t  6)  0.1sin 10t  10   0.1sin 10t  6 

 0.4 cos(10t  6)  0.1sin 10t  10   0.1sin 10t  6 

I  I1  I 2  I 3

I  0.4 cos(10t  2)  0.2 sin(10t  2)  0.2 sin 10t  

0.4cos(10t  0.6)  cos(10t  2) 
0.4 cos(10t  6)  0.1sin 10t  10   0.1sin 10t  6
I  0.2 sin(10t  2)  0.2 sin 10t   0.1sin 10t  10   0.1sin 10t  6 

I  0.2 sin 10t cos 2  0.2 cos 10t sin 2  0.2 sin 10t 
0.1sin 10t cos 10  0.1 cos 10t sin 10 
0.1sin 10t cos 6  0.1 cos 10t sin 6

I  0.1033 sin 10t  0.2083 cos 10t

Response Spectrum

The plot of maximum deformation of a SDOF

system as function of the natural period Tn of the
system is called a response spectrum.

When the excitation is a single pulse, the

terminology shock spectrum is also used for the
response spectrum.
A RCC frame shown in Figure is to be analyzed for
an explosion. Explosion generates blast loads having
peak-side-on-overpressure, pso, of 35kN/m2 with
duration of shock wave 0.1 seconds. Reflection
coefficient is 2. Exposed area is 42.5 m2. Find the
value of bending moment and shear force in the
column. Take E = 31623 MPa and I = 0.083 m4.

1153kN F t 

p0
5m

t
td
 12 EI 12  31623  10 6  0.083
k  2 3  2
L 53
 503944128 N / m

k 503944128  9.81
n    65.48rad / sec
m 1153  10 3

Tn  2 / 65.48  0.096 sec

Reflected (applied) pressure, Pr = 35 × 2 =70 kN/m2

Po = exposed area × Pr = 42.5 ×70 = 2975kN

Td = 0.1 sec
td /T= 0.1 /0.095 = 1.053sec
From shock spectra assuming no damping
u max
Rmax   1.55
u st

 k  u st  Rmax   k    Rmax   p0  Rmax

 p0 
Equivalent force  k  u max
 k 

Equivalent force  1.55  2975  4611.25kN

Shear in each column = 4611.25/2 = 2305.625kN

Bending moment = 2305.625 × 5/2 = 6916.875 kN-

m