Under.

,-uinding Democratic values: Equality, Liberty, Fraternity, Freedom, Justice,

pJunuism. Tolerance. Respect for All, Freedom of Expression, Citizen Participation in
Go,eroance - World Democracies: French Revolution, American Independence, Indian
Freedom ?t.1ovement.
understanding Democratic Values:
❖ Equality
❖ Liberty
❖ Fraternity
❖ Freedom
❖ Justice
❖ Pluralism
•:• Tolerance
❖ Respect for All
•!• Freedom of Expression
❖ Citizen Participation in Governance
World Democracies:
❖ French Revolution
❖ American Independence
❖ Indian Freedom Movement

1.1. HUMAN VALUES AND ETHICS

Human values are defined as everything from eternal ideas and guiding principles that
lead to desirable behavior patterns and are positive.
They involve both the cognitive and effective dimensions and provide an important basis
for individual choices based on connecting thoughts and feelings and omotiom lcamiog to
positive action.
It is said~ Wfeacbing is a valuel-Orionted ontorpriao...Hwmn values are the virtues
that guide us to tab into account tbo human element when we intonct with other human
beings.
Human values are likes. re.pect, acceptaoce, consideration. appreciation. listening.
0 J>enness, affection, empathy and love towarda other human boinp. Buie human values

refer to those values which are at the core of boina human.

 • , . t In human include truth, hODlltJi
I ...-.Aneu of human be__
, ....
The values ,,hich arc considered bns,o Ill 1,crcn vn
loynlty. lo, e., peace etc.. , bccau~c the) b1 ing out the fundamenta rn---
and socict~ at large.

1.1.1. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC VALUES:

1. Intrinsic Values:
An intrinsic, atuc is a value that one hns of itself, independently of other dlinp, Inc
its oontext. Intrinsic , aluc has traditionally been thought to Ile at the heart of etbica.
The intrinsic, aluc of something is said to be the value that tbin1 bu "in ftlelf", OI.,..
mvn sake... or uas such·~. or ''in its own right." Intrinsic value ii IOlllethinl tbal lllr nlrr
itself.
The , alue or wroth that it has is inherent in its very existence. For I II I '

would say that love is something that has intrinsic value.

2.. Extrinsic Values
reJationsbip wida c6w M;p
An e>.:1:rinsic value is a property that depends on a thipg's
!Extrinsic value is a value, which depends on how much it genentea intrimic value.
Extrinsic value is also the portion of the worth that has been assiped to m opeirm
factors other than the underlying assets price.
The opposite of extrinsic value is intrinsic value, which is the inbermt WUith of•
For example: Money has extrinsic value because it can be used to bay .,.,,.,., 3
want like.

1.1.2. CONCEPT OF HUMAN VALES

Human values are the core values that make up ~
These values are very important as they make up who 8nt f111f
The values that hold detennine who want to be as well
mal·e on an everyday basis. Without these values, Hwa
\\"Ould lbe no meaning behind any of the things that do cw-
All hwnans have these values in some way or ano
values hold most dear.
The 20th century philosopher Martha Nussbaum
values: 1ruth, beauty, justice, courage, temperance
hope.
. These are values that all humans should try to u h
hves. p
It is also important for society at large to reco •
. •I . . • d gna
m soc1a systems, mst1tut1ons an organizations
90
stand for.
 l.1.3, IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN VALUES
The import~ce 0 ~ h~an values is that it provides an understanding of what people find
to be important m their hves. There are many different aspects of human values.
for example. integrity, morality, and benevolence are all aspects of human values.
The value system is not static and can change depending on context or social situation.
This means that some people have a certain set of values for one context but may have
completely different values in another context.
One specific aspect of values is the idea of self-esteem. Self-esteem has two forms:
internal and external self-esteem.
External self-esteem deals with how others perceive while internal self-esteem deals with
how perceive. If someone has high external esteem, they want to make sure other people
,. think highly of them as well whereas if someone has high internal esteem, they only want
other people to like them because they do themselves

1.1.4. TYPES OF HUMAN VALUES:

There are six types of human values are autonomy, community, creativity, justice, power
and self-direction.
These values are the. things that motivate to do what do and make decisions based on
these values.
❖ Autonomy is the ability to be self-directed and take charge of our own actions. When
someone has autonomy, they have the freedom to choose their own path in life and they
can pursue a career or lifestyle they want without feeling like they are being pushed into
something that isn't for them.
+ Community is the sense of belonging and connection to other people.
+ People who value community tend to feel like everyone needs each other to SUl'YM ad
succeed.
+ Creativity is all about having fun with new ideu and thinking outside the box.
+ It's important because it helps us solve problems mcreative ways ao • don't llbe tD
rely on old methods that might not wort anymon,.
+ Juatic.e moeo, faimNI for "ll)'OIII ad taking oare of1bo.ll,'49
C01t1morethlllP11wt
♦ Pow• ii the 1b11
♦ Self. • •
leuing •NI-~:-~
lndi --1111 ·
 Creative individuals mn) find themselves drown to professions such as inventors
mu~icians. architects nnd filmmukcrs . '
17ho~c who \a\uc justice usnnlly end up in ~nrcers where they serve others such as
doctors. law) crs, teachers nnd socinl workers.
Those ,, ho , aluc po" er will likely go into Jnw enforcement or government positions
\\ here the) lun e nuthorit) o, er "hut hnppcns in society.

l.1.5. MAIN HUMAN VALUES

The main Hwuan Values are honesty. fairness, respect, responsibility, caring and
citizenship.
These , slues are the core of any hwnan society and they should be applied in every area
of life.
Hones~ is not just telling the truth, but also includes telling people how feel about them
when necessary to maintain their trust.
fairness is not only making sure that everybody has an equal opportunity to play sports or
succeed academically, but also means making sure that people are treated equitably within a
team or group.
Respect goes beyond basic politeness and good manners; it involves recognizing other
people· s achievements as well as their differences from ourselves.
Responsibility requires us to care for others. Caring is not simply providing emotional
support for someone who needs it, but acting with concern for their needs even if there is
nothing i.n it for us personally.
Citiz.enship means being loyal citizens of our country, but also promoting justice and
peace around the world.

1.1.6. HUMAN VALUES INFLUENCING DAILY LIFE

Human Values are aspects of life that are important to individuals in their daily lives.
These values can be both abstract and concrete, and they can include: love, joy, truth, peace,
justice, beautyJ and freedom.
Human Values influence daily life by directing our attention to what is most important to
us as human beings. In turn, these values influence the way live our everyday lives by
helping to determine how we spend our time and energy.
For example, if a person's value is true, then they may want to pursue knowledge or
challenge false beliefs with their friends or family members. If a person's value is justice,
then they may want to help someone who has been wronged in some way.
Ultim~ly, these individual Human Values make up an individual's life philosophy
which gmdes them throughout their journey in this world.
------
1.1.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN VALUES:
Human values are the things that n p~rson feels arc most important in Jifc.
For cxnmple, family is n humnn vuluc for some people, while success is a human value
for others.
Th~ chanicteristics of human values arc what they mean to different people and how they
can he applied to n:al-lifo situations.
Propk may hold one or more human values as their core values.
It is not necessary to have only one set of human values because these can change over
time or because one might not have thought about them before.

1.1.8. NATURE OF HUMAN VALUES:

Hwnan Values are a topic that is still not completely understood.
There are many definitions of Human Values, but the most commonly accepted definition
is that Human Values are perspectives or priorities that people use to give meaning to their
actions and experiences.
The nature of Human Values can be seen as complex and abstract because it deals with
how humans experience the world. In this sense, it has an anthropological perspective.
People's experiences shape the way they view things and in turn, these views help define
human values. These values are then passed down through socialization.
It should be noted that these values may have different meanings for each individuaJ
person based on who they interact with and what they see.

1.1.9. HUMAN VALUES IN ETHICS

Human Values in Ethics are concepts that govern how people should act.
For example, some Human Values are justice, honesty and kindness. These values can
provide a framework for ethical decision-making.
One could imagine an individual who is faced with a moral dilemma such as whether to
save their family from drowning or rescue one of their friends.
ln th:.s situation, different human values might dictate which option is preferable.
Some may be more interested in selflessness than others and might choose to save the
family even though they know they will die while saving them.
. Others may place great value on loyalty to friends and choose to save their friends even if
it means sacrificing their own life.
Human values and ethics play a pivotal role in fostering social hannony and
cooperation.
They encourage empathy, compassion, and altruism, bridging societal divides and
Promoting a spirit of cooperation.
 lvcd amicably, and communities can
fl' cts can be reso ~ h
Through ethical conduct. con 1 ., d' 'ndividual interests 1or t e collective
ts trunscen 1ng 1
work together toward common goa '
good.
1.1.10. OBJECTIVE OF HUMAN ETHICS d stablishing principles and guidelines
. . fh l ethics revolve nroun e.. . h' . .
The obJecn, es o umat . ., . individuals and wit m soc1et1es.
that govern moral beha~ iour nnd mtcracuons amongk~ . .
thical dec1s1on-ma k'mg an d conduct,
These objecth es aim to foster a framewor or e .t'
ensuring the·" ell-being and dignity of individuals and commun1 ies.
Some ke) objectives of human ethics include:
(o) ~romotion of Good Conduct: nd
Human ethics aim to encourage and promote good behavior, guiding i ividuals to Id
in ·ways that are morally right and just.
This involves adhering to principles that uphold honesty, integrity, fairness, and respecl
for others.
{bl Protection of Human Dignity:
Ethics seeks to safeguard the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals, irrespectia
of differences in race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.
It aims to prevent discrimination, exploitation, and the violation of basic bnroao riglds.

(c) Creation of a Moral Framework:

Ethics establishes a moral framework that serves as a guide for making decisions •
resolving moral dilemmas. ·
It provides a set of principles and values that help individuals navigate complfl
situations while considering the consequences of their actions on others.
(d) Fadlltatlon of Trust and Respect:
Ethical behaviour fosters trust and respect among individuals and wi~ commuoitial-
By adhering to ethical standards, people can build trustworthy relationshi ' - - '
munaal respect, honesty, and accountability. ps
(e) PrOfflOdon of Social Harmony:
H ~ ethics contribute to. the creation of a hannonious and coo ve saalMW
encouragul& empathy, compassion, and undentanding. perati
They help ':"itigate ~nflicts and promote collaboration th b ---.-&a...a.• •
overall weU-bemg of society. • ore Y ~VUUMa

1.1.11. IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS AND VALUU

Ethics and values are of paramount importan
individual behaviour, shaping societies and '4o1tece· u tboy form the moral· QOIQfl11J
' nng harmonio111 lnteraotiom.
 Their significance extends across various aspects of life:
(/) Guiding Behaviour:
Ethics and values provide a framework for making decisions and detennining right
from wrong.
fhey guide individuals in navigating complex situations and dilemmas, ensuring that
choices align with moral principles.
(ii) Building Trust and Respect:
Upholding ethical standards cultivates trust and respect in personal and professional
relationships. When individuals act with integrity, honesty, and fairness, it creates a
foundation of trust that strengthens connections and collaborations.
Fostering Personal Development: Values guide personal growth and character
development. Embracing values such as perseverance, empathy, and accountability
contributes to a well-rounded and principled individual.
(ii11 Shaping Societal Norms:
Ethics and values form the basis of societal norms, influencing cultural practices and
legal systems.
They help create a cohesive society by promoting behaviours that contribute to the
greater good and discourage actions that harm others.
(iv) Enhancing Deci~ion-Making:
Ethical values serve as a compass in decision-making, both at an individual and
organizational level.
They assist in assessing the consequences of actions and choosing courses of action that
consider not just immediate benefits but long-term implications.
In a world fraught with complexities, uncertainties, and differing perspectives, the
importance of human values and ethics cannot be overstated.
They serve as the bedrock upon which societies thrive, fostering trust, respect,
cooperation, and sustainability.
Embracing and upholding these values not only enriches individual lives but also lays
the groundwork for a more equitable, compassionate, and morally conscious global
community.
As we navigate the challenges of the modem world, let us reaffirm our commitment to
these timeless principles that transcend borders and unite humanity in its quest for a better
tomorrow.

1.1.12. NEED OF ETHICS

In present, ethics has an important place in all areas of life. Ethics has also become very
essential in education, because education is a radical process of human life.
 . b" • ,1 in education. Ethics is the very p o ~
. tific•mt su
Therefore. ethics is very stgi .' ~d ~ccIn ucncrnl, ethics 1s . mora I p h'l
I osophy.
&lid
h Of hilosophy m to ny. o .
function able branc
~ . . ~ P , ·mncd
- from Gt.Cl,--k tc1 111 "Ethos" which .m eans custom, charact
er.
The tenn ot ethics" a:ss . . , Thus our action, routine activities and
It is associated ,, ith our , nluc: nn~i vu tm:s. ' O\lf
. ce oflife nre the :subject ot ctlucs.
e:xpenen . der-
t,,
Ethks is dh idcd into o parts. It can exp lam as un .
(il Theoretical Ethics
Thooretlcal . or cth',ca1 tl1eol). is the systematic effort to understand moral con<'-·)Ila
. etlncs .PN.
and justi(\ moral principles and theories. .
(a) Nomiative Ethics Nonnative ethics deals with the content ~f ~oral Judgm~t i.e.
detennining the moral course of action and includes the cntena for what 1s right
or '\\TOng. good or bad, kind or evil, etc.
( b) Descriptiw Ethics Descriptive ethics deals with what people actually believe to
be nght or wrong, and accordingly holds up the human action acceptable or 11(11
acceptable or punishable under a custom or law.
However. CUStom and keep changing from time to time and from society to society. The
societies have structured their moral principles as per changing time and have expected
people to behave accordingly.

Due to this. descriptive ethics is also called comparative ethics. Because it compares the
ethics of past and Present. It compares one society to another society ethics.
(c) Meta Ethics Meta ethics or "Analytical Ethics" deals with the origin of ethical
concept themselves It does ri t 'd h ·na..
or wrong. · o cons1 er w ether an action is good or bad, nr
Meta ethics concerned with the th . . .
what we understand \Vh lk eoretical meanmg of morality and ethical principles, 1.e.
en we ta about what is right or wron
(ii) Applied / Practical Ethics g.
Applied ethics investigate the sp .fi . .
!Professional ethics is O f h eci ic eihical ISSues of private and public life.
ne o t e essential b
(a) P~ofessionat Ethics• C
0
ranches of applied ethics.
or code to Pmvide pe• 1rnmonJy . • pro,ess1onal
c . ... __ ... __..
ethics can be defmed as sumo.-
op e to gu1danc . th .
In general, the!ie are four bas· . . . em eir professional lives.
•c PrmcrpJes j h'
❖ Honesty n et 1cal codes are as under:
❖ Confidentiality
❖ Conflict of interest
❖ Responsibilities