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Chapter 5

Electrical & Electronic Engineering (‫)ةروصنملا ةعماج‬

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CHAPTER 5 SERIES AND PARALLEL NETWORKS

EXERCISE 19, Page 47

1. The p.d.’s measured across three resistors connected in series are 5 V, 7 V and 10 V, and the

supply current is 2 A. Determine (a) the supply voltage, (b) the total circuit resistance and

(c) the values of the three resistors.

(a) Supply voltage, V = 5 + 7 + 10 = 22 V

V 22
RT  
(b) Total circuit resistance, I 2 = 11 
V1 5 V2 7 V 10
R1   R2   R3  3 
(c) I 2 = 2.5 , I 2 = 3.5  and I 2 =5

2. For the circuit shown below, determine the value of V1. If the total circuit resistance is 36 

determine the supply current and the value of resistors R1, R2 and R3

Supply voltage, 18 = V1 + 5 + 3 from which, voltage, V1= 18 – 5 – 3 = 10 V

V 18

From Ohm’s law, supply current, I = R T 36 = 0.5 A

V1 10

R
Resistance, 1 = I 0.5 = 20 

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V2 5
R2 
Resistance, = I 0.5 = 10 

V3 3

Resistance, R 3 = I 0.5 = 6 

3. When the switch in the circuit shown is closed the reading on voltmeter 1 is 30 V and that on

RX
voltmeter 2 is 10 V. Determine the reading on the ammeter and the value of resistor

V1  V2 30  10
Voltage across 5  resistor = = 20 V

V5  20

Hence, current in 5  resistor, i.e. reading on the ammeter = 5 5 =4A

VT 30
RT   7.5 
Total resistance, I 4 R
, hence X = 7.5 – 5 = 2.5 

4. Calculate the value of voltage V in the diagram below.

 5  5
  72  72
By voltage division, voltage, V =  5  3  8 = 45 V

5. Two resistors are connected in series across an 18 V supply and a current of 5 A flows. If one of
the resistors has a value of 2.4  determine (a) the value of the other resistor and (b) the p.d.
across the 2.4  resistor.

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The circuit is shown above.

18
R T  3.6 
(a) Total resistance, 5 , hence R X = 3.6 – 2.4 = 1.2 

V1 5 2.4
(b) = 12 V

6. An arc lamp takes 9.6 A at 55 V. It is operated from a 120 V supply. Find the value of the

stabilising resistor to be connected in series.

A circuit diagram is shown below.

The purpose of the stabilising resistor R S is to cause a volt drop VS – in this case equal to 120 – 55,

VS 65
RS  
i.e. 65 V. Hence, I 9.6 = 6.77 

7. An oven takes 15 A at 240 V. It is required to reduce the current to 12 A. Find (a) the resistor

which must be connected in series, and (b) the voltage across the resistor.

240
R oven 
(a) If the oven takes 15 A at 240 V, then resistance of oven, 15 = 16 A

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A circuit diagram is shown above.

V 240
RT  
If the current is reduced to 12 A then the total resistance of the circuit, I 12 = 20 

R T R S  R oven
and

i.e. 20 R S  16 from which, series resistor, R S 20  16 = 4 

VS I R S 12 4
(b) Voltage across series resistor, = 48 V

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EXERCISE 20, Page 53

1. Resistances of 4  and 12  are connected in parallel across a 9 V battery. Determine (a) the
equivalent circuit resistance, (b) the supply current, and (c) the current in each resistor.

4 12 48 1 1 1
 
RT  
(a) Equivalent circuit resistance, 4  12 16 = 3  (or use R T 4 12 )
V 9

(b) Supply current, I = R T 3 = 3 A
9 9  12 
I1  I2  I1    3
(c) 4 = 2.25 A, 12 = 0.75 A (or, by current division,  4 12  = 2.25 A

 4 
I 2    3
and  4  12  = 0.75 A)

2. For the circuit shown determine (a) the reading on the ammeter, and (b) the value of resistor R.

V 15
I6   
(a) V = 3  5 = 15 V. Hence, ammeter reading, 6 6 = 2.5 A

V 15

I 6 = 2.5 
(b) R = 11.5 – 3 – 2.5 = 6 A hence, R = I
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3. Find the equivalent resistance when the following resistance’s are connected (a) in series (b) in

parallel: (i) 3  and 2  (ii) 20 k and 40 k (iii) 4 , 8  and 16 

(iv) 800 , 4 k and 1500 

RT
(a)(i) Equivalent resistance, =3+2=5

(ii) Equivalent resistance, R T = 20 k + 40 k = 60 k

RT
(iii) Equivalent resistance, = 4  + 8  + 16  = 28 

(iv) Equivalent resistance, R T = 800  + 4 k + 1500  = 800 + 4000 + 1500 = 6300  = 6.3 k

1 1 1 5 6
  
(b) (i) R T 3 2 6 from which, equivalent resistance, R T = 5 = 1.2 

1 1 1 3 40
  
R 20 40 40 R
(ii) T from which, equivalent resistance, T = 3 = 13.33 k

1 1 1 1 7 16
   
R
(iii) R T 4 8 16 16 from which, equivalent resistance, T = 7 = 2.29 

1 1 1 1 13
   
(iv) R T 800 4000 1500 6000
6000
R
from which, equivalent resistance, T = 13 = 461.54 

4. Find the total resistance between terminals A and B of the circuit shown below.

6 18
Total resistance between terminals A and B = 2 + 6  18 + 1.5

= 2 + 4.5 + 1.5 = 8 Ω
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5. Find the equivalent resistance between terminals C and D of the circuit shown in Figure 5.30(b)

15 Ω in parallel with 15 Ω = 7.5 Ω

Three 15 Ω resistors in parallel = 5 Ω

Hence, total resistance between C and D = 15 + 7.5 + 5 = 27.5 

6. Resistors of 20 , 20  and 30  are connected in parallel. What resistance must be added in

series with the combination to obtain a total resistance of 10 . If the complete circuit expends

a power of 0.36 kW, find the total current flowing.

The circuit is shown below.

1 1 1 1
  
R P 7.5 
For the parallel branch, R P 20 20 30 from which,

R X R T  R P 10  7.5
Hence, resistance to be added in series, = 2.5 

Power, P = I R hence 0.36 10 I (10)

2 3 2

360
 36
from which, total current flowing, I = 10 =6A
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7. (a) Calculate the current flowing in the 30  resistor shown in the circuit below

(b) What additional value of resistance would have to be placed in parallel with the 20  and
30  resistors to change the supply current to 8 A, the supply voltage remaining constant.

20 30
R T 4  4 12
(a) Total resistance, 20  30 = 16 

V 64

Hence, total current, I = R T 16 = 4 A

 20 
I30     4
and, by current division,  20  30  = 1.6 A

64
R T2 
(b) If I = 8 A then new total resistance, 8 = 8  and the resistance of the parallel branch

will be: 8 – 4 = 4 
1 1 1 1
  
R
i.e. 4 20 30 R X where X is the additional resistance to be placed in parallel

1 1 1 1
  
RX
from which, R X 4 20 30 from which, =6

8. For the circuit shown, find (a) V1, (b) V2, without calculating the current flowing.

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 5  5
  72  72
By voltage division, 1 =  5  7 
V 12 = 30 V

 7  7
  72  72
V2 V2  5  7  12
Hence, = 72 – 30 = 42 V or = = 42 V

9. Determine the currents and voltages indicated in the circuit below.

1 1 1 1
  
R P1 2 3 6 R P1
from which, =1

2 3
R P2 
2  3 = 1.2 

RT
Hence, total resistance, = 4 + 1 + 1.2 = 6.2 

31
I1 = 6.2 = 5 A, V1 = I1 (4) 5 4 = 20 V, V2 = 5 1 = 5 V and V3 = 5 1.2 = 6 V

V2 5 5 2 5 V3 6 6
  1 
I2 I3 I4 I5 I6
= 2 2 = 2.5 A, 3 = 3 A, = 6 A, = 2 2 = 3A and = 3 = 2A

10. Find the current I in the circuit below.

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The circuit is reduced step by step as shown in diagrams (a) to (d) below.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

24
IT 
From (d), 4 =6A

 6 
I1    6
From (b),  64 = 3.6 A

 5 
I    3.6 
and from (a),  5  5  = 1.8 A

11. A resistor of 2.4  is connected in series with another of 3.2 . What resistance must be

placed across the one of 2.4  so that the total resistance of the circuit shall be 5 ?

The circuit is shown below.

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RX
2.4  in parallel with = 5 - 3.2 = 1.8 

1 1 1 1 1 1
    0.13888....
i.e. 2.4 R X 1.8 from which, R X 1.8 2.4

1
R
Hence, resistor to be connected across the 2.4  resistor, X = 0.138888... = 7.2 

12. A resistor of 8  is connected in parallel with one of 12  and the combination is connected in

series with one of 4 . A p.d. of 10 V is applied to the circuit. The 8  resistor is now placed

across the 4  resistor. Find the p.d. required to send the same current through the 8  resistor

The initial circuit is shown below.

8 12
 4 4.8  4
R
Total resistance, T = (8 in parallel with 12) + 4 = 8  12 = 8.8 
10  12 
IT  I8     1.1364 
Total current, 8.8 = 1.1364 A and  8  12  = 0.6818 A
When the 8  resistor is moved, the circuit is as shown below.

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V1 0.6818 8
Voltage, = 5.4544 V

V1 5.4544
I4  
Current, 4 4 = 1.3636 A

IT2 1.3636  0.6818

Current, = 2.0454 A

4 8
R T2 12  12  2.6666...
Total resistance, 4 8 = 14.6666…

Hence, the p.d. required to send the same current through the 8  resistor,

I T2 R T2 2.0454 14.6666
V= … = 30 V

EXERCISE 21, Page 56

1. For the circuit shown, AS is 3/5 of AB. Determine the voltage across the 120  load. Is this a
potentiometer or a rheostat circuit?

3
400
AS = 5 = 240  hence SB = 400 – 240 = 160 
The simplified circuit is shown below:

160 120 160 120

RP  
For the parallel resistors, total resistance, 160  120 280 = 68.57 

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The equivalent circuit is now as shown below:

Total circuit resistance, R T 240  68.57 308.57 

200
IS  0.6482 A
Hence, supply current, 308.57

VSB IS
Thus, volt drop, = volt drop across the 120  load =  68.57 = 0.6482  68.57 = 44.44 V

The circuit is a potentiometer since the 400  shown in the original diagram has three connections

2. For the circuit shown, calculate the current flowing in the 25  load and the voltage drop across

the load when (a) AS is half of AB, (b) point S coincides with point B.

Is this a potentiometer or a rheostat?

R T R AS  R L
(a) When AS is half of AB, then total circuit resistance, = 250 + 25 = 275 
V 150
R
Current flowing in load, I = T = 275 = 0.5454 A or 0.545 A
Voltage drop across 25  load = I  25 = 0.5454  25 = 13.64 V

(b) When point S coincides with point B, R T R AB  R L = 500 + 25 = 525 

V 150
Current flowing in load, I = R T = 525 = 0.2857 A or 0.286 A

Voltage drop across 25  load = I  25 = 0.2857  25 = 7.14 V

The circuit is a rheostat since the 500  shown in the original diagram has two connections.

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3. For the circuit shown, calculate the voltage across the 600  load when point S splits AB in the

ratio 1:3.

If AB is split in the ratio 1:3, then the number of parts is 1 + 3 = 4

1200
Hence, 1 part = 4 = 300  and 3 parts = 3  300  = 900 

The circuit simplifies to the circuit shown below:

900 600 900 600

RP  
For the parallel resistors, total resistance, 900  600 1500 = 360 

The equivalent circuit is now as shown below:

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Voltage across 360  = VSB = voltage across 600  of original circuit

360
250
= 300  360 = 136.4 V (by voltage division)

250
IT 
(Alternatively, 300  360 = 0.379  and VSB = IT 360 = 0.379  360 = 136.4 V)

4. For the circuit shown, the slider S is set at halfway. Calculate the voltage drop across the 120 
load.

If the slider S is set at halfway, the circuit is as shown below.

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120 1000
107.14 
120 Ω in parallel with 1000 Ω = 120  1000

Hence the circuit is as below.

 107.14 
  100
Voltage drop, V =  1000  107.14  = 9.68 V = voltage across the 120 Ω load

5. For the potentiometer circuit shown, AS is 60% of AB. Calculate the voltage across the 70 

load.

AS = 60% of 150 Ω = 90 Ω. Hence, SB = 150 – 90 = 60 Ω

The circuit is thus shown below.

60 70
32.31
60 Ω in parallel with 70 Ω = 60  70

The equivalent circuit is thus shown below.

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 32.31 
  240
Voltage drop, V =  90  32.31  = 63.40 V = voltage across the 70 Ω load

EXERCISE 22, Page 58

1. For the circuit below, calculate (a) the absolute voltage at points A, B and C, (b) the voltage at A

relative to B and C, and (c) the voltage at D relative to B and A.

Currents are shown in the circuit diagram below.

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5 20
R T 15  6  21  4
Total resistance, 5  20 = 25 
100
IT 
Total current, 25 = 4 A

 5   7  13 
I1    4  0.8 A I 2    4
Current,  5  7  13  and  7 13  5  = 3.2 A

VEarth 0 V VD 4 6 VC
(a) = + 24 V =

VA = VD   I 2   5  24  (3.2)(5) = + 40 V

VB VC   I1   7  24   0.8   7 
= = + 29.6 V

VB VA   I1   13 40   0.8   13

(or = = + 29.6 V)

VAB VA  VB
(b) = = 40 – 29.6 = 10.4 V

VAC = VA  VC = 40 – 24 = 16 V

VDB VD  VB
(c) = = 24 – 29.6 = - 5.6 V

VDA = VD  VA = 24 – 40 = - 16 V

2. For the circuit shown below, calculate (a) the voltage drop across the 7  resistor, (b) the current

through the 30  resistor, (c) the power developed in the 8  resistor, (d) the voltage at point X

w.r.t. earth, and (e) the absolute voltage at point X.

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Currents are shown in the circuit diagram below.

20 30
R T 18  18  12
Total resistance, 20  30 = 30 

12
IT 
Total circuit current, 30 = 0.4 A

 30   20 
I1    0.4  I 2    0.4 
Current,  30  20  = 0.24 A and  20  30  = 0.16 A

I1 7 0.24 7
(a) Voltage drop across the 7  resistor = = 1.68 V

(b) Current through the 30  resistor = I2 = 0.16 A

I12 (8)  0.24   8 

2

(c) Power developed in the 8  resistor = = 460.8 mW

VEarth 0 V VX  I1   7  5   0.24   12 
(d) Voltage at point X, = + 2.88 V

(e) Absolute voltage at X means ‘the voltage at X with respect to earth’ = + 2.88 V

3. In the bridge circuit shown below, calculate (a) the absolute voltages of A and B, and (b) the

voltage at A relative to B.

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Currents are shown in the circuit diagram below.

3000 24 30
RT  IT  1.26 A
Total resistance, 3000  24 = 23.81  and total current, 23.81

 24   3000 
I1    1.26  I 2    1.26 
Current,  3000  24  = 0.01 A and current,  3000  24  = 1.25 A

30 30
I1  I2 
More simply, from the circuit, 3000 = 0.01 A and 24 = 1.25 a

(a)
VA
=
 I1   1k  0.011000 = 10 V

VB
=
 I2   8 1.25 8 = 10 V

VAB VA  VB
(b) = = 10 – 10 = 0 V

EXERCISE 23, Page 60

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1. If four identical lamps are connected in parallel and the combined resistance is 100 , find the
resistance of one lamp.

If each lamp has a resistance of R then:

1 1 1 1 1 4
    
100 R R R R R and R = 4  100 = 400  = resistance of a lamp

2. Three identical filament lamps are connected (a) in series, (b) in parallel across a 210 V supply.
State for each connection the p.d. across each lamp.

210
(a) In series, p.d. across each lamp = 3 = 70 V

(b) In parallel, p.d. across each lamp = 210 V

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